-
WAYNE L. HARLAN AND TERRI A. HARLAN, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentHarlan v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 15698-91, 26605-91
United States Tax Court T.C. Memo 1995-309; 1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310; 70 T.C.M. 48;July 13, 1995, Filed1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*310 Decision will be entered under Rule 155.
Wayne L. Harlan and Terri A. Harlan, pro sese.For respondent:Carol K. Muranaka .JACOBSJACOBSMEMORANDUM OPINION
JACOBS,
Judge : Respondent determined the following deficiencies in petitioners' Federal income taxes, additions to tax, and penalty:Accuracy- Additions to Tax Related Penalty Year Deficiency Sec. 6653(a) Sec. 6661 Sec. 6662(a) 1986 $ 36,332 $ 8,946 -- 1987 22,547 5,637 -- 1988 50,916 2,546 12,729 -- 1989 237,598 -- -- $ 47,520 All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
After concessions by respondent, the issues for decision are: (1) Whether petitioners had unreported income for 1986; (2) whether petitioners are entitled to deductions for Schedule C expenses (with respect to 1986, 1987, and 1989) and subchapter S losses (with respect to 1987 and 1988) in excess of the amounts allowed by respondent; and1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*311 (3) whether petitioners are liable for the additions to tax pursuant to sections 6653(a) and 6661 and the accuracy-related penalty pursuant to section 6662(a).
Some of the facts have been stipulated and are found accordingly. The stipulation of facts and the attached exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. Petitioners resided in Tucson, Arizona, at the time they filed their petitions.
For ease of analysis, our findings of fact and opinion for each issue are combined, and each issue is discussed under a separate heading.
Issue 1. Income During the years in issue, petitioners were married and filed joint Federal income tax returns. Petitioners are presently divorced.
Petitioner Wayne Harlan (Wayne) has taken approximately 2 years of college classes, including some in general accounting. Prior to 1986, he was a real estate agent. From 1986 through the present, he has been a real estate broker. From 1986 through 1989, Wayne was the sole shareholder of United American Realty, Inc. (United American), an Arizona real estate company organized as a subchapter S corporation.
Petitioner Terri Harlan (Terri) is a high school graduate. At the beginning of 1986, Terri worked1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*312 as an electronics technician for Hamilton Test Systems. Later that year, she accepted a position as an electronics technician with IBM Corp. (IBM). She subsequently worked for IBM during each of the years in issue.
On their 1986 Federal income tax return, petitioners reported $ 22,666 of wages, $ 536 of interest income, and $ 224 of taxable refunds of State and local income taxes. In addition, they reported $ 11,459 of gross income on Schedule C for Wayne's business of "real estate, insurance, sub contract acct."
In the notice of deficiency, respondent determined that petitioners failed to report $ 67,738 of income for 1986. Respondent has since conceded that this amount contains a mathematical error, and that the notice of deficiency should have listed the amount of unreported income as $ 64,738. Respondent determined the unreported income by using the bank deposits method.
A summary of petitioners' bank deposits for 1986 is as follows:
Pima Savings & Loan Assn. $ 32,086 Valley National Bank (#2001-0381) 35,073 Valley National Bank (#2414-7947) 30,840 Valley National Bank (#3213-5858 3,000 Less transfers (1,375) Total 99,624 Respondent now concedes that 1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*313 the following amounts, which respondent characterized in the notice of deficiency as taxable deposits for 1986, are in fact nontaxable deposits for that year:
An adjustment on 10/31/86 in the Pima Savings acct. $ 2,289 Transfer from H & H Associates checking acct. to Pima Savings 4,917 Transfer from Pima Savings to Terri Harlan's acct. 4,550 Total 11,756 Subtracting from total bank deposits of $ 99,624, petitioners' reported gross income of $ 34,885 ($ 22,666 + $ 224 + $ 536 + $ 11,459) and respondent's concessions of $ 11,756, yields unexplained bank deposits totaling $ 52,983 for 1986. Respondent contends that petitioners' taxable income for 1986 should be increased by $ 52,983 to reflect these unexplained bank deposits.
Petitioners disagree with respondent's characterization. They contend that a substantial portion of these bank deposits is deposits made in connection with a fund-raising activity conducted by Wayne and a partner on behalf of the South Tucson Firefighters Association (which activity resulted in a loss to petitioners 1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*314 various bank accounts, insurance reimbursements for medical payments made by petitioners, loans entered into by petitioners, and moneys earned by petitioners' children while attending college.
The use of the bank deposits method for computing income has been authorized by the courts for many years.
Estate of Mason v. Commissioner , 64 T.C. 651">64 T.C. 651566 F.2d 2">566 F.2d 2 (6th Cir. 1977). Bank deposits are prima facie evidence of income.Tokarski v. Commissioner , 87 T.C. 74">87 T.C. 7464 T.C. 651"> ; see alsoEstate of Mason v. Commissioner ,supra at 656Estate of Hague v. Commissioner , 132 F.2d 775">132 F.2d 77545 B.T.A. 104">45 B.T.A. 104 (1941).1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*315 In analyzing a bank deposits case, deposits will be considered income when there is no evidence that they represent anything other than income.Price v. United States , 335 F.2d 671">335 F.2d 671United States v. Doyle , 234 F.2d 788">234 F.2d 788Petitioners provided the Court with a detailed summary of the banking activity for their accounts. We accept petitioners' testimony that the disputed deposits came from nontaxable sources. Accordingly, we do not sustain respondent's determination that petitioners' gross income for 1986 should be increased to reflect the bank deposits made by petitioners.
Issue 2. Deductions A.
1986 Schedule C Expenses On Schedule C attached to their 1986 Federal income tax return, petitioners claimed the following deductions:
Advertising $ 1,309 Bank service charges 34 Car and truck expenses 3,824 Depreciation 1,766 Dues 340 Legal and prof. services 144 Office expense 1,139 Rent on business property 3,600 Travel and entertainment 615 Utilities and telephone 906 P.O. box rental 53 Total 13,730 Respondent disputes all of the above Schedule C deductions.
1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*316 It is axiomatic that taxpayers do not have an inherent right to take tax deductions. Deductions are a matter of legislative grace, requiring the taxpayers to establish their right to take them.
Deputy v. duPont , 308 U.S. 488">308 U.S. 488New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering , 292 U.S. 435">292 U.S. 435Taxpayers are required to keep books and records so that they can file true and correct returns. Sec. 6001;
secs. 1.446-1(a)(4) ,1.6001-1(a), Income Tax Regs. A taxpayer will generally be released from the normal substantiation requirements if he establishes that (1) he at one time possessed adequate records, and (2) his loss of these records is due to circumstances beyond his control.Sec. 1.274-5(c)(5), Income Tax Regs. In such a situation, the taxpayer is required to reasonably reconstruct his expenditures.Gizzi v. Commissioner , 65 T.C. 342">65 T.C. 342Neece v. Commissioner , T.C. Memo. 1986-121Petitioners testified that a wind and hail storm destroyed the storage shed in which they maintained their 1986 records. At trial, petitioners provided copies of insurance1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*317 reports documenting the destruction of the shed. We are satisfied that petitioners' failure to provide records stems from the destruction of the storage shed in which such records were stored. However, with regard to their Schedule C expenses, petitioners have failed to attempt to reasonably reconstruct their records. See
65 T.C. 342"> . Despite having several years to contact third-party payees, the record contains no evidence of petitioners' attempting to obtain verification of any of the aforementioned expenses. Further, petitioners did not provide any information regarding the dates, amounts, and payees of their individual expenses. While it is within our purview to estimate the amount of the allowable deductions for many of the expenses claimed,Gizzi v. Commissioner ,supra at 345Cohan v. Commissioner , 39 F.2d 540">39 F.2d 540Vanicek v. Commisssioner , 85 T.C. 731">85 T.C. 731B.
1987 Scheudle C Expenses On Schedule C attached to their 1987 Federal income tax return, petitioners claimed several deductions. In the statutory notice of deficiency for 1987, respondent disallowed all Schedule C deductions. Respondent has since conceded the following disallowed amounts:
Amount Disallowed Now Conceded Cost of goods sold $ 2,160 $ 1,700 Advertising 1,265 462 Bank service charges 63 63 Car and truck expenses 4,026 2,013 Office expense 525 1,375 Rent on business property 3,950 1,180 Travel and entertainment 700 872 Utilities and telephone 420 451 Other 671 632 Legal expense 0 1,127 Depreciation 0 232 Total 13,780 10,107 The following deductions remain in dispute:
Cost of goods sold $ 460 Advertising 803 Car and truck expenses 2,013 Rent on business property 2,770 Total 6,046 At trial, petitioners produced detailed contemporaneous logs documenting their car and truck expenses. We find these logs to be accurate. Sec. 274(d). Accordingly, we do not sustain respondent's determination regarding car and truck expenses. Petitioners1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*319 have not, however, produced convincing evidence to substantiate their other 1987 Schedule C expenses in excess of the amounts allowed by respondent. Further, the claimed deduction for "rent on business property" relates not to business property but to petitioners' residence. Accordingly, except as noted above, we sustain respondent's determination regarding petitioners' 1987 Schedule C expenses.
C.
1989 Schedule C Expenses On Schedule C attached to their 1989 Federal income tax return, petitioners claimed the following deductions:
Advertising $ 3,285 Bad debts 5,000 Car and truck expense 3,778 Insurance 144 Legal and prof. services 235 Office expense 3,725 Meals and entertainment 1,248 Utilities 235 Bank charges 185 Ins. license renew 90 Total 17,925 Respondent concedes that petitioners are entitled to deduct all but the car and truck expense, meals and entertainment, and bad debts.
At trial, petitioners produced detailed contemporaneous logs documenting their car and truck expenses and their meals and entertainment. Again, we find these logs to be accurate. Sec. 274(d). Accordingly, we do not sustain respondent's determination regarding car and truck1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*320 expenses and meals and entertainment.
Wayne owned Arizona Associated Builders, an unincorporated business enterprise that constructed and repaired houses. In connection with unpaid bills for building materials purchased by Arizona Associated Builders, Lumber Country obtained a judgment against Wayne for approximately $ 30,000. Wayne settled this judgment in 1989 for $ 5,000. At trial, petitioners presented a check stub and other evidence documenting that they sustained a $ 5,000 loss with respect to this business venture. Petitioners reported the loss as a bad debt on a 1989 Schedule C that they filed with respect to another business enterprise. While we believe that petitioners mischaracterized their loss as a business bad debt, we are satisfied that they did in fact suffer a $ 5,000 business loss. Consequently, we hold that they are entitled to the claimed $ 5,000 Schedule C deduction.
As a result of respondent's concession and the aforementioned findings, respondent's determination regarding petitioners' 1989 Schedule C expenses is not sustained.
D.
1987 Subchapter S Loss Wayne filed a 1987 corporate income tax return, Form 1120S, for United American. The return reflects1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*321 gross receipts of $ 8,287, and a net loss of $ 23,731. In the statutory notice of deficiency for 1987, respondent disallowed all amounts claimed for cost of goods sold and expenses on the corporate return, resulting in an increase in income of $ 32,018. Respondent has since conceded the following disallowed amounts:
Amount Disallowed Now Conceded Cost of goods sold $ 970 $ 970 Bad debts 500 0 Rents 6,058 2,903 Depreciation 8,454 8,436 Advertising 9,535 7,397 Telephone 1,618 1,618 Utilities 1,421 1,421 Insurance 143 143 Multiple listing service fee 864 864 Office supplies 1,621 1,621 Legal 150 150 Miscellaneous 684 54 Total 32,018 25,577 The following deductions remain in dispute:
Bad debts $ 500 Rents 3,155 Depreciation 18 Advertising 2,138 Miscellaneous 630 Total 6,441 Petitioners have failed to produce convincing evidence to substantiate their 1987 subchapter S loss in excess of the amount allowed by respondent. Accordingly, we sustain respondent's determination on this issue.
E.
1988 Subchapter S Loss Wayne filed a 1988 corporate income tax return, Form 1120S, for United American. The return reflects gross receipts1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*322 of $ 123,252 and a net loss of $ 17,400. In the statutory notice of deficiency for 1988, respondent disallowed all amounts claimed for cost of goods sold and expenses on the corporate return, resulting in an increase in income of $ 140,652. Respondent has since conceded the following disallowed amounts:
Amount Disallowed Now Conceded Cost of goods sold $ 84,430 $ 84,430 Salaries 7,085 7,085 Rents 11,310 11,310 Advertising 22,070 9,838 Telephone 2,475 2,475 Utilities 2,421 2,421 Bad check fee 50 50 Insurance 920 920 Office supplies 5,282 2,542 Multiple listing 2,949 2,304 Miscellaneous 588 588 Returns/allowances 1,072 1,072 Total 140,652 125,035 The following deductions remain in dispute:
Advertising $ 12,232 Office supplies 2,740 Multiple listing 645 Total 15,617 Petitioners have failed to produce convincing evidence to substantiate their 1988 subchapter S loss in excess of the amount allowed by respondent. Accordingly, we sustain respondent's determination on this issue.
Issue 3. Additions to Tax and Accuracy-Related Penalty Petitioners failed to present any evidence that would show that respondent's determinations1995 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 310">*323 of the additions to tax and the accuracy-related penalty were incorrect. Thus, they have not met their burden of proof. See Rule 142(a). Accordingly, we sustain respondent's determinations that petitioners are liable for the additions to tax pursuant to section 6653(a) and the accuracy-related penalty pursuant to section 6662(a). Further, if the Rule 155 computations produce understatements of income tax that exceed the statutory threshold provided in section 6661, then we hold that petitioners are liable for the additions to tax pursuant to section 6661 as well.
To reflect the foregoing and concessions by respondent,
Decisions will be entered under Rule 155 .Footnotes
1. Plus 50 percent of the interest due on $ 35,784.↩
2. Plus 50 percent of the interest due on the deficiency.↩
1. Wayne testified that moneys received as a result of the fund-raising activities were either spent covering the expenses incurred in raising the money or given to the South Tucson Firefighters Association.↩
Document Info
Docket Number： Docket Nos. 15698-91, 26605-91
Judges： JACOBS
Filed Date： 7/13/1995
Precedential Status： Non-Precedential
Modified Date： 11/20/2020