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JERRY S. LAUSMANN and DONNIS O. LAUSMANN, et al., Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentLausmann v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 5201-76, 5212-76, 5225-76, 5273-76.
United States Tax Court T.C. Memo 1978-420; 1978 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 97; 37 T.C.M. (CCH) 1740; T.C.M. (RIA) 78420;October 18, 1978, Filed Charles P. Duffy andJoyle C. Dahl, for the petitioners.Leo A. Reinikka, for the respondent.FAYMEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
FAY,
Judge : Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' Federal income taxes as follows:Dkt. No. Petitioner TYE Deficiency 5201-76 Jerry S. and Donnis 12/31/71 $ 18,065.00 O. Lausmann 12/31/72 24,343.24 12/31/73 4,893.15 12/31/74 562.05 5212-76 Kogap Lumber Industries, 3/31/71 45,836.47 Transferor, Kogap Lumber 3/31/72 114,155.31 Industries, Inc., 3/31/73 144,073.34 Transferee 3/31/74 93,683.37 5225-76 Kogap Manufacturing Co. 3/31/69 44,093.88 3/31/72 86,394.79 3/31/73 128,744.10 3/31/74 99,380.96 5273-76 Anton A. Lausmann 12/31/71 15,586.18 12/31/72 2,075.38 12/31/73 10,161.32 12/31/74 4,989.55 *98 These cases were consolidated for purposes of trial, briefing, and opinion.
Concessions having been made, the only remaining issues for decision are:
(1) Whether Kogap Manufacturing Company is entitled to deduct the total amount of sales commissions paid by it to Kogap Lumber Industries during its taxable years ending March 31, 1972, March 31, 1973, and March 31, 1974, as ordinary and necessary business expenses under section 162(a). *99 offices in Medford, Ore., at all times relevant herein. *100
Shareholder Ownership Percentage Anton A. Lausmann 39.6 Estate of Grace S. Lausmann 10.6 Jerry S. Lausmann 32.4 S. V. McQueen 8.7 Carol A. Kennedy 8.7 Totals 100.0 KLI was incorporated on September 9, 1946, and at all relevant times KLI was engaged in the financing, merchandising, and sale of forest products. Its major activity was selling veneer, pulp, chips, peeler core, and bark produced by KMC.
The capital stock of KLI consisted of 5,000 shares of stock without par value, all of which was owned by Anton A. Lausmann. On March 10, 1966, KLI elected to be taxed pursuant to the provisions of subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code.
On June 5, 1958, KMC and KLI entered into a written agreement whereby KLI agreed to sell the veneer and other wood products manufactured by KMC. Under the terms of the agreement, KLI was to receive a 3 percent sales commission on all net sales of veneer and other wood products produced by KMC and sold by KLI.
In addition, the services performed by KLI pursuant to the 1958 agreement included*101 inventory control, price determination, market analysis, product promotion, daily contact with customers, developing orders, order acceptance, shipping arrangements, invoicing, carrying accounts receivable, collection, handling complaints and claims, and general sales correspondence.
Prior to 1964 KMC began producing large quantities of veneer used to make plywood, including Douglas Fir veneer and White Fir veneer. However, White Fir veneer was not widely accepted in the building industry, making it much more difficult to sell than Douglas Fir veneer. To facilitate the sale of the White Fir veneer manufactured by KMC, in 1964 KLI entered into an agreement with another sales company, Alpine Veneers, Inc. (hereinafter Alpine), whereby Alpine agreed to purchase the White Fir veneer from KLI and resell it to its customers. *102 of Alpine in helping KLI to sell the White Fir veneer did not diminish the need for KLI's services to KMC with respect to the sales of this veneer. KLI's sales department spent 95 percent of its time on White Fir veneer sales and only 5 percent of its time on Douglas Fir veneer sales. Selling the Douglas Fir veneer simply required a phone call to each customer once a week to determine how much of the veneer he would be needing. For these efforts KLI received a 3 percent commission. Selling the White Fir veneer, on the other hand, was a daily problem. Lengthy negotiations between KLI and Alpine were often necessary to reach agreement on the thickness and quantity of the White Fir veneer to be delivered to the ultimate customer.
Moreover, KLI was responsible for shipping, billing, and carrying the accounts receivable on the White Fir veneer sales as well as Douglas Fir veneer sales. Shipping arrangements were much more complex and time consuming on White Fir veneer sales because it had to be shipped by railroad car to the customer. Douglas Fir veneer, on the other hand, was picked up at the mill by the purchaser using his own trucks.
In accordance with the agreement between*103 KLI and Alpine, when Alpine would make a sale of White Fir veneer to one of its customers, it would remit the sales price, less a 3 percent commission to KLI.KLI, under its agreement with KMC, was entitled to a 3 percent commission on all net sales of veneer.
FYE Paid to KLI Paid to Alpine Totals March 31, 1971 $ 55,717.38 $ 58,649.88 $ 114,367.26 March 31, 1972 117,223.07 123,392.71 240,615.78 March 31, 1973 147,420.15 155,179.11 302,599.26 March 31, 1974 102,970.22 108,389.70 211,359.92 As previously mentioned, White Fir veneer was not widely accepted*104 in the building industry. One of the reasons for this was its water content was higher than that of Douglas Fir veneer. Thus, shipping the White Fir veneer wet cost more because it weighed more. To overcome this problem and increase its sales of White Fir veneer, in 1965 KMC decided to install a veneer dryer at its plant site. However, KMC lacked the finances necessary to purchase and install a dryer. KMC rejected a proposal by an unrelated plywood company because it did not want an unrelated party to own a facility located on its property. Thereafter, KLI agreed to construct and operate such a dryer for KMC's use. In accordance with this agreement, the dryer was built and placed into operation in February 1966. Subsequently, KMC and KLI entered into an agreement under which KMC agreed to pay KLI $ 6.00 per thousand board feet 3/8" for veneer drying. In addition, under this agreement KMC was to pay KLI a yearly minimum fee for veneer drying. This fee was unrelated to the volume of veneer dried.
To take advantage of the efficiencies inherent in the pooling of labor and to simplify purchasing, KLI entered into a contract with KMC, whereby KMC agreed to provide the labor and supplies*105 for the operation of the dryer facility. Pursuant to this agreement some of KMC's employees were used in connection with the operation of the dryer. The foreman of the drying operation, however, was directly employed by and responsible to KLI.
FYE Amount March 31, 1971 $ 192,910.37 March 31, 1972 408,263.20 March 31, 1973 425,564.08 In April 1973 KLI sold the dryer facility to KMC.
In the statutory notice of deficiency sent to KMC respondent determined that the commissions paid to KLI on sales of White Fir veneer*106 made through Alpine were excessive and therefore not ordinary and necessary under section 162 except to the extent of 1/2 of 1 percent of net sales.
In the statutory notice of deficiency sent to KLI respondent determined that KLI's election under section 1372(a) to be treated as a small business corporation was terminated for the taxable year ending March 31, 1971, because it had passive investment income in excess of 20 percent of its gross receipts.
OPINION
The first issue for decision is whether KMC is entitled to deduct the total amount of sales commissions paid by it to KLI during its taxable years ending March 31, 1972, March 31, 1973, and Marck 31, 1974, as ordinary and necessary business expenses under section 162(a).
The determination of whether or not a payment constitutes an ordinary and necessary business expense is primarily a question of fact.
Commissioner v. Heiniger , 320 U.S. 467">320 U.S. 467B. Forman Co. v. Commissioner, 453 F.2d 1144">453 F.2d 1144407 U.S. 934">407 U.S. 934 (1972);Goldstein v. Commissioner , 298 F.2d 562">298 F.2d 562Place v. Commissioner , 17 T.C. 199">17 T.C. 199199 F.2d 373">199 F.2d 373 (6th Cir. 1952), cert. denied344 U.S. 927">344 U.S. 927 (1953).Respondent contends that no bona fide business purpose can be found for KMC's payment of a 3 percent commission to KLI on sales through Alpine. On the sales, according to respondent, KLI was merely recording the sale, preparing the veneer for shipment, and carrying KMC's accounts receivable for approximately 15 days. Hence, respondent concludes, these minimal efforts warranted a commission of no more than 1/2 of 1 percent of net sales. We would be inclined to agree with respondent if his simplistic view of the facts represented an accurate description of the services actually performed by KLI. However, in view of the facts presented, we believe KLI performed services sufficient to justify a 3 percent commission. *108 Due to customer resistance, White Fir veneer was a "hard sell." Because of this, KLI enlisted the services of Alpine, a company with an extensive sales organization and expertise in selling veneer, to assist it in marketing this product. While Alpine played an instrumental role in selling the White Fir veneer, KLI also performed substantial services in this sales process.
Charles Heffner, KLI's sales manager, testified that KLI's sales department spent 95 percent of its time on White Fir veneer sales and only 5 percent of its time on Douglas Fir veneer sales.Selling the Douglas Fir veneer simply required a phone call to each customer once a week to determine how much of the veneer he would be needing. Selling the White Fir veneer, on the other hand, was a daily problem. Lengthy negotiations between KLI and Alpine were often necessary to reach agreement on the thickness and quantity of the White Fir veneer to be delivered to the ultimate customer.
Moreover, KLI was responsible for shipping, billing, and carrying the accounts receivable on the White Fir veneer sales as well as Douglas Fir veneer sales. Shipping arrangements were much more complex and time consuming on White*109 Fir veneer sales because it had to be shipped by railroad car to the customer. Douglas Fir veneer, on the other hand, was picked up at the mill by the purchaser using his own trucks.
Furthermore, we note that the record indicates that respondent has not challenged KMC's deduction of the 3 percent commissions paid to KLI for its sales of Douglas Fir Veneer. Yet, as can be seen from the above, KLI did as mdch work or more on its sales of White Fir veneer as it did on its sales of Douglas Fir veneer. Considered in this light, we believe the 3 percent commissions KMC paid to KLI on the sale of White Fir veneer were most reasonable. *110 corporation.
The provisions of subchapter S were intended by Congress to be made available to small corporations "actively engaged in trades or businesses"; a corporation producing substantial amounts of "passive investment income" is not entitled to be treated as a small business corporation.
*111 The parties appear to agree the amounts KMC paid KLI for veneer drying were "rents" within the meaning of the regulations.
If KLI performed the services, then pursuant to regulation section 1.1372-4(b)(5)(vi) the rental income it received is not passive investment income. If KMC performed the services, then the rental income KLI received is passive investment income.
Respondent contends that the significant services were performed by employees of MKC and, hence by KMC. Petitioner, KLI, on the other hand, contends that the dryer foreman was its employee and his activities in connection with supervising the drying operation constituted significant services. Therefore, KLI rendered the*112 significant services. We agree with petitioner.
In the present case we do not believe, as respondent asserts, that because KMC's employees operated the dryer, the inquiry as to who rendered the significant services is ended. On the contrary, we consider the role of the dryer foreman to be the decisive factor in our resolution of this issue.
Based on the testimony of KLI's sales manager, Charles Heffner, and KLI's vice-president, S. V. McQueen, we find that the dryer foreman was directly employed by and responsible to KLI. *113 foreman, we conclude that KLI rendered significant services in connection with the operation of the drying facility.
Accordingly, because we have found that KLI rendered significant services, the amounts it received from KMC for veneer drying were not passive investment income within the meaning of section 1372(e)(5)(C).
From a review of all the facts, we find that KLI's passive investment income for its taxable year ending March 31, 1971, did not exceed 20 percent of its gross receipts and, therefore, KLI's election to be treated as a small business coproration was not terminated for such taxable year. Decisions will be entered under Rule 155.
Footnotes
2. All statutory references are to the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended, and in force during the years in issue.↩
3. On April 1, 1974, KLI merged into Continental Timber Company and thereafter Continental Timber Company was renamed Kogap Lumber Industries, Inc. On September 18, 1975, Kogap Lumber Industries, Inc. executed an agreement with respondent in which Kogap Lumber Industries, Inc., as transferee of the assets of KLI, assumed and agreed to pay the amounts of any and all Federal income or profits taxes determined to be due from K@LI for taxable years ended March 31, 1971, March 31, 1972, March 31, 1973, and March 31, 1974, to the extent of the liability at law or in equity as transferee within the meaning of sec. 6901. Thus, Kogap Lumber Industries, Inc. became the transferee-petitioner herein.↩
4. Grace S. Lausmann was the wife of Anton A. Lausmann, and Jerry S. Lausmann and Carol A. Kennedy are his children.↩
5. Alpine Veneers, Inc. was not related to KMC or KLI.↩
6. In the 1958 agreement between KMC and KLI, "net sales" was defined as the net amount received by KLI after deduction of freight, other usual sales commissions, and discounts.↩
7. These amounts are taken from the explanation of items attached to respondent's statutory notice of deficiency sent to KMC.↩
8. Stan Murrey was the dryer foreman during the taxable years ending March 31, u971, and March 31, 1972. He was replaced by J. Lowder who was the foreman during the taxable year ending March 31, 1973.↩
9. One possible reason for respondent's erroneous determination is that the auditing agent apparently did not discuss the sales of White Fir veneer through Alpine with KLI's sales manager, Charles Heffner.↩
10. See
Magnolia Lumber Corp. v. Commissioner , T.C. Memo. 1962-224↩11. H. Rept. 1238, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. (1966); S. Rept. 1007, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. (1966),
1 C.B. 527">1966-1 C.B. 527↩ , 532.12. Sec. 1372(e)(5). Passive Investment Income.--
(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), an election under subsection (a) made by a small business corporation shall terminate if, for any taxable year of the corporation for which the election is in effect, such corporation has gross receipts more than 20 percent of which is passive investment income. Such termination shall be effective for the taxable year of the corporation in which it has gross receipts of such amount, and for all succeeding taxable years of the corporation.
* * *
(C) For purposes of this paragraph, the term "passive investment income" means gross receipts derived from royalties, rents, dividends, interest, annuities, and sales or exchanges of stock or securities * * *.↩
13. Since the record shows that the amounts KLI received from KMC for veneer drying far exceeded KLI's original investment in the dryer, we question whether these amounts constituted rent. Nevertheless, in this opinion we will assume, as apparently do the parties, that these amounts were rent.↩
14. We also note that in the statutory notice sent to KMC respondent treated the dryer foreman as a 100 percent employee of KLI and therefore disallowed KMC's deduction for contributions to its profit-sharing trust on his behalf.↩
15. Due to our disposition of this issue we need not consider petitioner's alternative argument.↩
Document Info
Docket Number： Docket Nos. 5201-76, 5212-76, 5225-76, 5273-76.
Citation Numbers： 37 T.C.M. 1740, 1978 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 97, 1978 T.C. Memo. 420
Filed Date： 10/18/1978
Precedential Status： Non-Precedential
Modified Date： 11/21/2020