Sellers v. Commissioner , 80 T.C.M. 135 ( 2000 )

PHILIP A. SELLERS AND ESTATE OF CAROLINE R. SELLERS, DECEASED, PHILIP A. SELLERS, EXECUTOR, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Sellers v. Commissioner

No. 17064-97

United States Tax Court

T.C. Memo 2000-235; 2000 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 279; 80 T.C.M. (CCH) 135; T.C.M. (RIA) 53977;

August 3, 2000, Filed

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Decision will be entered under Rule 155.

William B. Sellers, for petitioners.

Joseph Ineich, for respondent.

Thornton, Michael B.

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THORNTON

MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

THORNTON, JUDGE: Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioners' Federal income tax and accuracy-related penalties under section 6662 for taxable years 1993 and 1995 as follows:

                        Penalty

     Year       Deficiency       Sec. 6662(a)

     ____       __________       ____________

     1993       $ 49,843        $ 9,969

     1995        9,567         1,913

Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

After concessions, ^{*280 2. Whether advances that petitioner husband (hereinafter petitioner) made to a related corporation are deductible as bad debts under section 166.}

3. Whether advances that petitioner made to a related corporation are deductible as ordinary losses under section 165. *281 petitioner has made loans through his sole proprietorship, Continental Mortgage Co. (Continental Mortgage).

Petitioner is also a 75-percent shareholder of Philip A. Sellers & Co., Inc. (PASEL), which engages in investment banking. His son, Philip L. Sellers (Philip), owns the remaining 25 percent of PASEL. PASEL owns all the stock of Merchant Capital Corp. (Merchant Capital), an investment banking business with a concentration in municipal type business.

THE GANDY'S ACQUISITION

In 1987, PASEL acquired a 67-percent ownership interest in Kenneth H. Bauer & Associates, Inc. (KHB), a newly organized Georgia corporation formed for the purpose of acquiring interests in existing businesses, including Gandy's Industries, Inc. (Gandy's), a Georgia corporation that manufactured pool tables and related equipment. PASEL acquired its 67-percent ownership interest in KHB as partial consideration for a $ 544,000 loan that it made to KHB to facilitate KHB's leveraged buy-out of Gandy's. *282 Consequently, PASEL and Bauer then held ownership interests in Gandy's of 67 percent and 33 percent, respectively.

KHB acquired Gandy's through the issuance of $ 5,040,000 in Macon-Bibb County Industrial Revenue Bonds (the Gandy's bonds). The underwriter of the Gandy's bonds was Merchant Capital, which, as previously described, was a wholly owned subsidiary of PASEL.

In 1988 and 1989, petitioner and PASEL made separate loans to Gandy's totaling over $ 250,000. Bauer, who was then Gandy's president, cosigned for the loans in his individual capacity. The loans were not repaid, and judgments were entered against Bauer, resulting in the transfer to PASEL of Bauer's ownership interest in Gandy's. *284 THE ADVANCES IN QUESTION

Gandy's never produced enough income to pay any of the interest on the $ 5,040,000 Gandy's bonds. After June 1, 1988, Gandy's was delinquent on its bond interest payments. *285    Date           Amount

        _______          ________

        7/30/90         $ 100,000

        8/13/90           40,000

        8/13/90           60,000

        12/11/90          100,000

Each of these four advances (the 1990 advances) was evidenced by a promissory note, each stating an 8-percent interest rate. The July 30, 1990, promissory note indicates a due date of December 31, 1991. *286 advances. During 1991 and 1992, neither petitioner nor any other party made any additional advances to Gandy's.

On January 7, 1993, and January 27, 1993, petitioner made two additional advances to Gandy's of $ 25,000 each. Neither advance is evidenced by a note.

On December 2, 1993, petitioner wired an additional $ 10,483 to a broker to pay shipping charges on slate from Italy that Gandy's had ordered for use in the manufacture of pool tables. This advance is evidenced by a demand note bearing 8 percent interest.

Although Gandy's was in default on two of petitioner's advances after December 31, 1991, petitioner did not sue Gandy's for collection or otherwise demand payment of principal or interest with respect to any of the advances.

Petitioner's advances to Gandy's from 1990 through 1993 were all unsecured, because Gandy's had pledged all its assets to other lenders. Petitioner's advances to Gandy's were subordinated to the Gandy's bonds.

Gandy's treated all the advances in question (with the possible exception of the $ 10,483 advance of December 2, 1993) as shareholder debt and accrued interest thereon. *287 producing positive cash-flow. This never happened. On its September 30, 1991, and September 30, 1992, Forms 1120, U.S. Corporate Income Tax Return, Gandy's reported net losses of $ 1,205,578 and $ 1,412,516. Near the end of 1993, Gandy's had retained earnings deficits of approximately $ 4 to $ 5 million.

On December 23, 1993, Gandy's repaid $ 5,000 of petitioner's advances. *288 the Gandy's bonds. On February 1, 1994, the Gandy's bonds trustee declared Gandy's in default of its bond obligations and foreclosed on Gandy's assets. Philip purchased Gandy's assets from the foreclosure, and Gandy's has continued to operate under the name Macon Manufacturing. In 1994 and 1995, petitioner advanced additional, undisclosed sums to Macon Manufacturing.

PETITIONERS' RETURN POSITIONS AND RESPONDENT'S DETERMINATIONS

On their 1993 joint Federal income tax return, petitioners deducted $ 355,483 as a bad debt deduction and reported a net operating loss of $ 169,331. *289 deduction "because it has not been established that any amount of bad debts existed in fact and in law." Similarly, for taxable year 1995, respondent disallowed the $ 169,331 claimed net operating loss carryover "because it has been determined that a net operating loss did not exist in the year that caused the carryforward."

OPINION

A. THE PARTIES' CONTENTIONS

Petitioners argue that the advances to Gandy's were loans that petitioner made in the course of his lending business, that the loans became worthless in 1993, and that they are properly deductible either under section 166 as business bad debts or under section 165 as ordinary losses incurred in a trade or business.

Respondent agrees that petitioner was in the business of lending money but argues that the advances in issue represent contributions to Gandy's capital rather than debt. At trial and on brief, respondent concedes that petitioners are entitled to deduct the losses under section 165 but only as long-term capital losses, pursuant to section 165(f).

B. BURDEN OF PROOF

Under generally applicable principles, petitioners bear the burden of proving entitlement to a deduction resulting from petitioner's advances to Gandy's. See Rule 142(a); United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 433">428 U.S. 433, 441-442, 49 L. Ed. 2d 1046">49 L. Ed. 2d 1046, 96 S. Ct. 3021">96 S. Ct. 3021 (1976); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111">290 U.S. 111, 115, 78 L. Ed. 212">78 L. Ed. 212, 54 S. Ct. 8">54 S. Ct. 8 (1933); Amey & Monge, Inc. v. Commissioner, 808 F.2d 758">808 F.2d 758, 761 (11th Cir. 1987), affg. T.C. Memo 1984-642">T.C. Memo 1984-642.

Petitioners argue that the notice of deficiency failed to set forth the reasons for respondent's determinations with sufficient specificity to satisfy the requirements of section 7522 and that respondent should therefore bear the burden of proof.

Section 7522(a) provides in relevant part that any notice of deficiency "shall describe the basis for, and identify the amounts (if any) of, the tax due * * *. An inadequate description under the preceding sentence shall not invalidate such notice."

The purpose of section 7522 is to give the taxpayer notice of the Commissioner's basis for determining a deficiency. See Shea v. Commissioner, 112 T.C. 183">112 T.C. 183, 196 (1999). Here the notice of deficiency sufficiently apprised petitioners of the basis for respondent's deficiency determination and identified the amount of tax due. At trial, respondent has taken no position that would require petitioners to present evidence different from that necessary to resolve the determinations that were described in the notice of deficiency, so as to justify placing the burden of proof on respondent. Cf. Shea v. Commissioner, supra at 197. The burden of proof remains with petitioners.

C. BAD DEBT DEDUCTION

A taxpayer generally may deduct a debt that becomes worthless within the taxable year. See sec. 166(a)(1). Whether a transfer of funds to a closely held corporation constitutes debt or equity is determined based on all relevant facts and circumstances. The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, to which an appeal of this case would generally lie, applies a nonexclusive 13-factor test as enunciated in Estate of Mixon v. United States, 464 F.2d 394">464 F.2d 394, 402 (5th Cir. 1972). See In re Lane, 742 F.2d 1311">742 F.2d 1311, 1314-1315 (11th Cir. 1984); Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, 730 F.2d 634">730 F.2d 634, 638 (11th Cir. 1984), affg. T.C. Memo 1982-314">T.C. Memo 1982-314. The Mixon factors are: (1) The names given to certificates evidencing the indebtedness; (2) the presence or absence of a fixed maturity date; (3) the source of payments; (4) the right to enforce payment; (5) the effect on participation in management; (6) the status of the contribution in relation to regular corporate creditors; (7) the parties' intent; (8) "thin" or adequate capitalization; (9) identity of interest between creditor and stockholder; (10) the source of interest payments; (11) the ability of the corporation to obtain loans from outside sources; (12) the use to which the advances were put; and (13) the failure of the debtor to repay on the due date. See also Dixie Dairies Corp. v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 476">74 T.C. 476, 493 (1980).

The identified factors are not equally significant, nor is any one factor determinative. See Estate of Mixon v. United States, supra; Dixie Dairies Corp. v. Commissioner, supra. The factors must be evaluated in light of all the facts and circumstances. See Dixie Dairies Corp. v. Commissioner, supra.

1. NAMES GIVEN TO THE CERTIFICATES

The issuance of a note may be indicative of bona fide debt. See Estate of Mixon v. United States, supra.The existence of a note, however, is not in and of itself conclusive. An unsecured note, with payments thereon made long after the due date or else not at all, weighs toward equity. See Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, supra; Estate of Van Anda v. Commissioner, 12 T.C. 1158">12 T.C. 1158, 1162 (1949), affd. per curiam 192 F.2d 391">192 F.2d 391 (2d Cir. 1951).

Two of petitioner's 1993 advances, of $ 25,000 each, were not evidenced by any kind of debt instrument. As applied to these two advances, this factor weighs toward equity.

The four 1990 advances were each evidenced by promissory notes, ^{Anchor Natl. Life Ins. Co. v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 382">93 T.C. 382, 407 (1989).Accordingly, we assign little weight to the labeling of certain of the advances as notes.}

2. THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A FIXED MATURITY DATE

The presence of a fixed maturity date is indicative of debt but is not dispositive. See American Offshore, Inc. v. Commissioner, 97 T.C. 579">97 T.C. 579, 602 (1991). The absence of a fixed maturity date or repayment schedule may indicate a contribution to capital rather than a loan. See Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, supra;Estate of Mixon v. United States, supra at 404; American Offshore, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra at 602.

Five out of seven of petitioner's advances to Gandy's had no fixed maturity date and no repayment schedule. The notes reflecting the other two advances had 1-year maturity dates, but the significance of this factor is diminished by Gandy's failure to make repayments in accordance with the maturity dates and petitioner's failure to make any efforts to collect.

This factor weighs against a bona fide debtor-creditor relationship.

3. SOURCE OF THE PAYMENTS

Repayment that depends on corporate earnings has the appearance of a contribution to capital. See Estate of Mixon v. United States, supra at 405; see also Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, 730 F.2d at 638-639. Gandy's controller testified that repayment of the advances from petitioner was contingent on the company's making a profit. Similarly, petitioner testified that in order for his advances to be repaid, Gandy's had to operate successfully.

This factor weighs toward equity.

4. RIGHT TO ENFORCE PAYMENT

A definite obligation to repay principal and interest weighs toward debt. See Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, supra at 639. Repayment that is within the discretion of the parties and not conditioned upon the occurrence of certain events weighs toward equity. See id. Even where there is a basic right to enforce payment, failure to take customary steps to ensure payment -- such as securing the advance or establishing a sinking fund -- weighs toward equity. See In re Lane, 742 F.2d at 1317.

As far as the record reveals, Gandy's had no fixed obligation to repay the two 1993 advances of $ 25,000 each. With regard to the other five advances, even if we were to assume arguendo that petitioner had a basic right to enforce payment, petitioner made no effort to do so and failed to take customary steps to ensure payment. The advances were unsecured. There is no evidence that any sinking fund was established by which the principal and interest could be paid. In short, the record does not establish that the parties expected Gandy's to repay the advances.

This factor weighs toward equity.

5. INCREASED PARTICIPATION IN MANAGEMENT

An increase in the nominal creditor's participation in management of the nominal debtor as a result of the advance weighs toward equity. See Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, supra at 639. The record is inadequate for us to evaluate whether petitioner's management interest in Gandy's increased as a result of his advances.

This factor is neutral, and we give it no weight.

   6. STATUS OF THE CONTRIBUTIONS IN RELATION TO REGULAR CORPORATE

    CREDITORS

Subordination of repayment of an advance to other indebtedness weighs toward equity. See Estate of Mixon v. United States, 464 F.2d at 406. Petitioner's advances were subordinated to the Gandy's bonds. Moreover, despite advancing Gandy's more than $ 360,000 in 1990 and 1993, petitioner received only a token payment of $ 5,000 at the end of 1993. Gandy's controller testified that petitioner's advances were used to pay Gandy's suppliers -- suggesting a de facto subordination of petitioner's advances to these creditors.

This factor weighs toward equity.

7. THE PARTIES' INTENT

Although the parties' intent is relevant, the "subjective intent on the part of an actor will not alter the relationship or duties created by an otherwise objectively indicated intent." Id. at 407. The parties' stated intent is not necessarily conclusive of the parties' true intent as revealed by the objective facts. See In re Lane, supra at 1316; Tyler v. Tomlinson, 414 F.2d 844">414 F.2d 844, 850 (5th Cir. 1969).

Petitioner argues that he intended to make the loans in furtherance of his trade or business of lending money, in order to make Gandy's profitable so as to help his investment banking business prosper. The objective facts in the record, however, do not support the conclusion that these advances were made in a manner consistent with normal lending practices or consistent with petitioner's own practices in making loans to other, unrelated borrowers. Although petitioner testified that he intended the advances to be repaid, the record does not reveal that he made any efforts to collect principal or interest on the advances over a period of 2 to 3 years. Petitioner was aware of Gandy's perilous financial situation when he first made the advances in issue and could not realistically have expected to be repaid, especially in light of Gandy's delinquency on the Gandy's bonds, to which his advances were subordinated. He acknowledged that he made the 1990 advances on an unsecured basis at a time when Gandy's needed the advances to operate. He made three further unsecured advances in 1993, without having received or requested repayment of the overdue 1990 advances, and in two instances without receiving any kind of debt instrument.

This factor weighs toward equity.

8. THIN OR ADEQUATE CAPITALIZATION

Advances to corporations are generally indicative of equity where the corporation is thinly capitalized (i.e., has a high ratio of debt to equity). See Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, 730 F.2d 634">730 F.2d 634, 638-639 (11th Cir. 1984); Estate of Mixon v. United States, supra at 408. Gandy's controller testified that when petitioner made the advances in question, Gandy's debts far exceeded its equity.

This factor weighs toward equity.

9. IDENTITY OF INTERESTS BETWEEN CREDITOR AND SHAREHOLDER

If stockholders make advances in proportion to their stock ownership, a capital contribution is indicated. See Estate of Mixon v. United States, supra at 409. Petitioner argues that his advances to Gandy's were not proportional to his ownership interests since he made all the advances and Gandy's had other shareholders.The only other shareholders, however, were corporations that he and Philip wholly owned and of which petitioner was the majority shareholder, thereby weakening if not negating any significance otherwise accorded to a lack of proportionality. See Slappey Drive Indus. Park v. United States, 561 F.2d 572">561 F.2d 572, 584 (5th Cir. 1977) ("Because shareholding family members were thus less likely to attribute major significance to departures from strict equality in their positions, the instances of disproportionate debt and equity holdings provide a much weaker inference than they ordinarily would that the ostensible debt was in fact what it purported to be").

This factor is neutral, and we give it no weight. ^{Curry v. United States, 396 F.2d 630">396 F.2d 630, 634 (5th Cir. 1968). Failure of the putative lender to insist on interest payments suggests that he is instead interested in the future earnings of the corporation or increased market value of his ownership interest, thereby indicating equity contributions. See Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, supra at 640. Petitioner never demanded, and Gandy's never made, interest payments on the advances.}

This factor weighs toward equity.

11. ABILITY TO OBTAIN FUNDS FROM OUTSIDE LENDERS

If a party receiving an advance can borrow funds from another lender in an arm's-length transaction on similar terms, the advance may appear to be debt. See Electronic Modules Corp. v. United States, 695 F.2d 1367">695 F.2d 1367, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 1982); Estate of Mixon v. United States, supra at 410. Petitioner alleges to have made completely unsecured loans to Gandy's at a time when all its assets were completely leveraged and when it was deeply encumbered by delinquent debt on the Gandy's bonds. Petitioner allegedly relied upon uncertain future earnings for repayment and generally insisted upon no fixed schedule for repayment. We are unpersuaded that any unrelated third party would have made loans to Gandy's on these terms and in these circumstances. Indeed, Gandy's controller testified that when petitioner made the advances, Gandy's could not have obtained financing from any other financial institution. ^{*303 TO WHICH THE ADVANCES WERE USED TO ACQUIRE CAPITAL}

     ASSETS

The use of a shareholder's advances to pay day-to-day operating expenses, rather than to acquire capital assets, tends to indicate that the advances are bona fide indebtedness. See Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, supra at 639; Estate of Mixon v. United States, 464 F.2d at 410. Gandy's used the advances as working capital to meet day-to-day operating expenses.

This factor weighs toward debt.

13. THE FAILURE OF THE DEBTOR TO REPAY ON THE DUE DATE

This factor is the most telling of the Mixon factors. See In re Lane, 742 F.2d at 1317. Except for a token $ 5,000 repayment at the end of 1993, Gandy's repaid none of the advances, nor did petitioner ever demand repayment. We conclude that petitioner never intended to compel repayment of the advances. Cf. Stinnett's Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, supra at 640.

This factor weighs strongly toward equity.

CONCLUSION

In light of the foregoing, we conclude and hold that petitioner's advances to Gandy's were capital contributions and not bona fide debt. Therefore, petitioner may not deduct the advances as bad debts under section 166.

D. CHARACTERIZATION OF PETITIONER'S LOSSES AS ORDINARY OR CAPITAL

Petitioners argue that even if petitioner's advances to Gandy's constituted capital contributions rather than bona fide indebtedness, they are nevertheless entitled to claim ordinary losses under section 165 rather than the capital losses to which respondent has conceded they are entitled, because petitioner was in the business of lending money and because his initial involvement with Gandy's came in furtherance of his business rather than as an investment. In support of their position, petitioners cite W.W. Windle Co. v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 694">65 T.C. 694 (1976) and various other cases for the proposition that ordinary loss treatment may be permitted with respect to assets that were acquired for a business purpose rather than for an investment purpose.

A loss from the sale or exchange of a capital asset is generally subject to section 1211(a), which limits the amount of the loss allowed. See sec. 165(a). Section 1221 generally defines "capital asset" as "property held by the taxpayer (whether or not connected with his trade or business)", but specifically excludes five classes of assets. The cases cited and relied upon by petitioners were all decided under the doctrine of Corn Prods. Refining Co. v. Commissioner, 350 U.S. 46">350 U.S. 46, 100 L. Ed. 29">100 L. Ed. 29, 76 S. Ct. 20">76 S. Ct. 20 (1955), in which the Supreme Court appeared to recognize a nonstatutory exception to the section 1221 definition of capital asset, in holding that certain futures contracts acquired and held for a business purpose qualified as a noncapital asset. In Arkansas Best Corp. v. Commissioner, 485 U.S. 212">485 U.S. 212, 223, 99 L. Ed. 2d 183">99 L. Ed. 2d 183, 108 S. Ct. 971">108 S. Ct. 971 (1988), however, the Supreme Court called into question the continuing vitality of many of the cases that had been decided under the Corn Products doctrine, stating that "a taxpayer's motivation in purchasing an asset is irrelevant to the question whether the asset is 'property held by a taxpayer (whether or not connected with his business)' and is thus within section 1221's general definition of 'capital asset.'"

Petitioners do not argue, and the facts do not indicate, that petitioner's ownership interest in Gandy's qualifies for any of the section 1221 exclusions from the definition of capital assets. Notwithstanding that petitioner was in the business of lending money, and regardless of the purpose for which he initially acquired the stock, his ownership interest in Gandy's was a capital asset as generally defined in section 1221.

Accordingly, we conclude, pursuant to respondent's concession, that petitioner's advances to Gandy's resulted in long- term capital losses, deductible pursuant to the limitations of section 1211(b).

To reflect the foregoing and concessions by the parties,

Decision will be entered under Rule 155.

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Footnotes

• 1. Respondent concedes that petitioners' losses from the advances at issue are long-term capital losses that are deductible under sec. 165(f), subject to the limitations of sec. 1211. Petitioners have failed to address, either at trial or on brief, respondent's assertion of sec. 6662 accuracy-related penalties. We treat their failure to argue as, in effect, a concession of this issue. See Rule 151(e)(4) and (5); Sundstrand Corp. v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 226">96 T.C. 226, 344↩ (1991).

• 2. Respondent's disallowance of petitioners' net operating loss carryover deduction for 1995 appears to be a computational matter, depending entirely on our resolution of the proper income tax treatment of petitioner's advances to the related corporation.↩

• 3. On Dec. 17, 1987, Philip A. Sellers & Co., Inc. (PASEL), lent $ 544,000 to Kenneth H. Bauer & Associates (KHB), pursuant to a promissory note, bearing 11 percent interest, with principal and accrued interest payable in two installments on Mar. 17, 1988, and Dec. 17, 1988. On July 1, 1988, this loan was repaid in full.↩

• 4. On June 24, 1988, petitioner lent $ 150,000 to Gandy's Industries, Inc. (Gandy's) pursuant to a promissory note, payable in 60 days with 11 percent interest. The note is signed by Steven K. Bauer (Bauer) both in his capacity as president of Gandy's and in his individual capacity. The note was not repaid, and petitioner sued Bauer. On Feb. 20, 1990, judgment was entered for petitioner.

  On Mar. 22, 1989, PASEL lent $ 104,000 to Gandy's pursuant to a promissory note payable in monthly installments of $ 10,000 plus accrued interest, beginning Apr. 1, 1989. The note was cosigned by Bauer in his individual capacity. The note was not repaid. PASEL sued Bauer and obtained a judgment that included the transfer of Gandy's stock.↩

• 5. It is unclear from the record what continuing involvement, if any, Bauer had in Gandy's during the years in issue.↩

• 6. The Gandy's project bonds bore interest from Dec. 1, 1987, at a per annum rate of 11 percent, payable semiannually on Dec. 1, 1987, and June 1 of each year, commencing June 1, 1988.↩

• 7. The note in the record regarding the July 30, 1990, advance is dated Dec. 31, 1990, and bears a handwritten notation that it "covers wire of 7/30/90".↩

• 8. The record does not reveal how Gandy's treated the December 1993 advance of $ 10,483.↩

• 9. The record does not reveal specifically to which advance this repayment related. Petitioner testified that the repayment was allocated "to principal."↩

• 10. This amount represents the total amount of money that petitioner advanced to Gandy's in 1990 and 1993, less the $ 5,000 that Gandy's repaid in Dec. 1993.↩

• 11. One of these notes indicates on its face that it was made some 6 months after petitioner had wired the principal amount to Gandy's, suggesting the absence of a "businesslike, arm's length transaction." Estate of Mixon v. United States, 464 F.2d 394">464 F.2d 394, 403↩ (5th Cir. 1972).

• 12. The record is unclear about the exact configuration over time of ownership interests in Gandy's among petitioner, Philip, and their corporations. Petitioners state in their reply brief that petitioner "eventually held all the [Gandy's] stock".↩

• 13. To the extent that petitioner, as majority shareholder and father of the sole minority shareholder, controlled the corporations that held ownership interests in Gandy's (and there is no evidence to the contrary), we could also conclude that there was identity of interest between petitioner and the other shareholders -- a factor that would weigh strongly toward treating the advances as equity. Cf. Plantation Patterns, Inc. v. Commissioner, 462 F.2d 712">462 F.2d 712, 722↩ (5th Cir. 1972).

• 14. In support of its argument that Gandy's could obtain financing from other sources, petitioner cites the controller's testimony that during 1991 and 1992, Gandy's factored its accounts receivable with a factoring company. This testimony does not establish, however, that the factoring company would have made unsecured loans to Gandy's on terms similar to those that pertained to petitioner's advances.↩