Cyntoia Brown v. Carolyn Jordan , 563 S.W.3d 196 ( 2018 )

12/06/2018
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
Assigned on Briefs October 11, 2018
CYNTOIA BROWN v. CAROLYN JORDAN
Rule 23 Certified Question of Law
from the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
No. 16-6738 Julia Smith Gibbons, Judge
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No. M2018-01415-SC-R23-CO
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We accepted certification of a question of law from the United States Court of Appeals
for the Sixth Circuit that requires us to determine if a defendant convicted of first-degree
murder committed on or after July 1, 1995, and sentenced to life in prison under
Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-202(c)(3) will become eligible for release, and
if so, after how many years. We conclude that a defendant so convicted and sentenced to
life in prison under Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-202(c)(3) may be released,
at the earliest, after fifty-one years of imprisonment.
Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 23 Certified Question of Law
ROGER A. PAGE, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which JEFFREY S. BIVINS, C.J.,
and CORNELIA A. CLARK, SHARON G. LEE, and HOLLY KIRBY JJ., joined.
Charles Mark Pickrell and Charles W. Bone, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Cyntoia Brown.
John H. Bledsoe, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Carolyn Jordan.
OPINION
I. Factual and Procedural Background
The certified question of law at issue in this appeal arises from a lawsuit Cyntoia
Brown brought in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee
(“District Court”) pursuant to United States Code title 28, section 2254 against Vicki
Freeman, Warden.1 In February 2005, then-sixteen-year-old Cyntoia Brown was charged
with criminal offenses involving the 2004 shooting death of Johnny Allen. State v.
Brown, No. M2007-00427-CCA-R3-CD, 2009 WL 1038275, at *3 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Apr. 20, 2009), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 28, 2009). After a transfer hearing in
juvenile court, Ms. Brown was transferred to criminal court, where her case was tried
before a jury. Id. at n.3. The jury convicted her of premeditated first-degree murder,
felony murder, and especially aggravated robbery. Id. at *12. The trial court merged the
murder convictions and imposed a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment to run
concurrently with a twenty-year sentence for especially aggravated robbery.2 Id. at *12
n.6, *35. In its sentencing order, the trial court noted that Ms. Brown “must serve at least
fifty-one (51) calendar years before she is eligible for release . . . .”3
Ms. Brown filed a timely petition for post-conviction relief, in which she claimed
her life sentence was unconstitutional under Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012).
The post-conviction court denied relief, and that decision was affirmed on appeal. Brown
v. State, No. M2013-00825-CCA-R3-PC, 2014 WL 5780718 (Tenn. Crim. App, Nov. 6,
2014), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 15, 2015).
Ms. Brown subsequently filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus under United
States Code title 28, section 2254 in the District Court, in which she alleged, inter alia,
that her mandatory minimum sentence of life imprisonment constitutes cruel and unusual
punishment prohibited under Miller v. Alabama. The District Court denied relief,
reasoning that Miller prohibits a mandatory sentence of life without the possibility of
parole for juvenile offenders, and Ms. Brown received a life sentence, not a sentence of
life without the possibility of parole. Brown v. Freeman, No. 3:15-cv-00712, 2016 WL
1
Ms. Freeman is no longer the warden of the prison where Ms. Brown is confined. Carolyn
Jordan was substituted as the respondent in the federal court proceedings upon her appointment as
Warden. See, e.g., Tenn. R. App. P. 19(c).
2
The trial court initially sentenced the defendant to twenty years for especially aggravated
robbery. Based on a discrepancy between the indictment and the judgment of conviction, the Court of
Criminal Appeals modified the defendant’s conviction to aggravated robbery and remanded the matter to
the trial court for resentencing. On remand, the trial court sentenced the defendant to an eight-year
sentence concurrent with the life sentence. Brown v. State, No. M2013-00825-CCA-R3-PC, 2014 WL
5780718, at *1 (Tenn. Crim. App. Nov. 6, 2014), perm. app. denied (Tenn. May 15, 2015).
3
We take judicial notice of the court records and actions in earlier proceedings in this case. See
Nunley v. State, 552 S.W.3d 800, 806 n.3 (Tenn. 2018).
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8711705, at *8 (M.D. Tenn. Oct. 28, 2016). Ms. Brown’s appeal from that decision is
currently pending before the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, which
certified the following question for this Court’s consideration:
Will a defendant convicted of first-degree murder committed on or after
July 1, 1995, and sentenced to life in prison under Tennessee Code
Annotated [section] 39-13-202(c)(3) become eligible for release and, if so,
after how many years?
Brown v. Jordan, No. M2018-01415-SC-R23-CO (Tenn. Oct. 11, 2018) (order accepting
certification).
II. Standards of Review
Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 23, section 1 provides that
[t]he Supreme Court may, at its discretion, answer questions of law
certified to it by . . . a Court of Appeals of the United States . . . . This rule
may be invoked when the certifying court determines that, in a proceeding
before it, there are questions of law of this state which will be determinative
of the cause and as to which it appears to the certifying court there is no
controlling precedent in the decisions of the Supreme Court of Tennessee.
Further, the answers to these questions of law depend upon the interpretation of
statutes; therefore, we apply the familiar rules of statutory construction. Shorts v.
Bartholomew, 278 S.W.3d 268, 274 (Tenn. 2009). A court’s overarching purpose in
construing statutes is to ascertain and effectuate legislative intent without expanding a
statute beyond its intended scope. Baker v. State, 417 S.W.3d 428, 433 (Tenn. 2013).
Words used in a statute “must be given their natural and ordinary meaning in the context
in which they appear and in light of the statute’s general purpose.” Mills v. Fulmarque,
Inc., 360 S.W.3d 362, 368 (Tenn. 2012) (citations omitted). We endeavor to construe
statutes in a reasonable manner that “avoids statutory conflict and provides for
harmonious operation of the laws.” Baker, 417 S.W.3d at 433 (internal quotations
omitted). Where statutory language is ambiguous or a statutory conflict exists, we may
consider and discern legislative intent from matters other than the statutory language,
“such as the broader statutory scheme, the history and purpose of the legislation, public
policy, historical facts preceding or contemporaneous with the enactment of the statute,
earlier versions of the statute, the caption of the act, and the legislative history of the
statute.” Womack v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 448 S.W.3d 362, 366 (Tenn. 2014) (citing
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Pickard v. Tenn. Water Quality Control Bd., 424 S.W.3d 511, 518 (Tenn. 2013)). We
presume that the General Assembly has knowledge of its prior enactments and knows the
state of the law and the existence of other statutes relating to the same subject at the time
it enacts new statutes. Shorts, 278 S.W.3d at 277 (citing Wilson v. Johnson Cnty., 879
S.W.2d 807, 810 (Tenn. 1994)).
III. Analysis
The certified question concerns the interpretation and application of the Tennessee
sentencing statutes governing release eligibility of criminal defendants under Tennessee
Code Annotated sections 40-35-501(h) and (i). Those sections currently provide:
(h)(1) Release eligibility for each defendant receiving a sentence of
imprisonment for life for first degree murder shall occur after service of
sixty percent (60%) of sixty (60) years less sentence credits earned and
retained by the defendant, but in no event shall a defendant sentenced to
imprisonment for life be eligible for parole until the defendant has served a
minimum of twenty-five (25) full calendar years of the sentence,
notwithstanding the governor’s power to reduce prison overcrowding
pursuant to title 41, chapter 1, part 5, any sentence reduction credits
authorized by § 41-21-236 or any other provision of law relating to
sentence credits. A defendant receiving a sentence of imprisonment for life
for first degree murder shall be entitled to earn and retain sentence credits,
but the credits shall not operate to make the defendant eligible for release
prior to the service of twenty-five (25) full calendar years.
(2) There shall be no release eligibility for a defendant receiving a
sentence of imprisonment for life without possibility of parole for
first degree murder.
(i)(1) There shall be no release eligibility for a person committing an
offense, on or after July 1, 1995, that is enumerated in subdivision (i)(2).
The person shall serve one hundred percent (100%) of the sentence
imposed by the court less sentence credits earned and retained. However,
no sentence reduction credits authorized by § 41-21-236 or any other
provision of law, shall operate to reduce the sentence imposed by the court
by more than fifteen percent (15%).
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(2) The offenses to which subdivision (i)(1) applies are:
(A) Murder in the first degree;
(B) Murder in the second degree;
(C) Especially aggravated kidnapping;
(D) Aggravated kidnapping;
(E) Especially aggravated robbery;
(F) Aggravated rape;
(G) Rape;
(H) Aggravated sexual battery;
(I) Rape of a child;
(J) Aggravated arson;
(K) Aggravated child abuse;
(L) Aggravated rape of a child;
(M) Sexual exploitation of a minor involving more than one
hundred (100) images;
(N) Aggravated sexual exploitation of a minor involving
more than twenty-five (25) images; or
(O) Especially aggravated sexual exploitation of a minor.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501(h), (i).4
At first blush, it may appear that sections (h) and (i) are in conflict. Such a
conclusion is not unreasonable, given the lack of clarity within the statute that could
cause the subsections in question to be read as contradictory to each other. Indeed, the
Tennessee Attorney General opined as much in a 1997 opinion when responding to a
question about how to calculate the term of confinement for a defendant convicted of a
first-degree murder committed on or after July 1, 1995. See Tenn. Att’y Gen. Op. 97-
098, 1997 WL 449672 (July 1, 1997). While the Attorney General correctly opined that a
defendant sentenced to life imprisonment for a first-degree murder committed on or after
July 1, 1995, is eligible for release, at the earliest, after service of fifty-one years, the
Attorney General incorrectly concluded that a conflict exists between sections (h) and (i).
Further, to the extent our opinion in Vaughn v. State, 202 S.W.3d 106 (Tenn. 2006),
endorsed the Attorney General’s opinion that a conflict exists between these two
provisions, that part of the opinion is abrogated.
4
Section (i) was added in 1995 when the Tennessee General Assembly ratified 1995 Tenn. Pub.
Acts, ch. 492, §§ 1,2.
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Tennessee does not have indeterminate sentences for criminal offenses.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-211 requires the imposition of a determinate
sentence in all felony and misdemeanor cases.
Specific sentences for a felony shall be for a term of years or months or life,
if the defendant is sentenced to the department of correction. . . There are
no indeterminate sentences. Sentences for all felonies and misdemeanors
are determinate in nature, and the defendant is responsible for the entire
sentence undiminished by sentence credits of any sort, except for credits
authorized by . . . § 41-21-236.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-211(1). The determinate sentence for a life sentence is sixty
years, as set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-501(h)(1). For a
defendant convicted of a first-degree murder committed before July 1, 1995, the release
eligibility occurs after service of sixty percent of sixty years less any sentence credits
earned, but those sentence credits cannot operate to enable a defendant to become eligible
for release until a minimum of twenty-five calendar years have been served. Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-501(h)(1).
When the General Assembly added subsection (i) in 1995, the minimum sentence
a defendant must serve prior to becoming eligible for release was increased from sixty
percent to one-hundred percent not only for those convicted of first-degree murder and
given a life sentence but also for convictions of the other enumerated offenses listed in
subsection (i)(2). The addition of subsection (i) to 40-35-501 did not alter the provision
in section 40-35-501 setting forth the length of the determinate sentence. It merely
altered the release eligibility for the sentence. Thus, first-degree murders committed
either before or after July 1, 1995, carry the same determinate sentence length of sixty
years. However, for first-degree murders committed on or after July 1, 1995, a defendant
must serve one hundred percent of sixty years less any sentence credits received, but the
sentence credits cannot operate to reduce the sentence imposed by more than fifteen
percent. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501(i). Fifteen percent of sixty years is nine years,
thus resulting in service of a minimum fifty-one-years. As such, a defendant who
commits a first-degree murder on or after July 1, 1995, may be released, at the earliest,
after service of fifty-one years.5
5
It is important to note that a defendant convicted of a first- degree murder that occurred on or
after July 1, 1995, will not necessarily become eligible for release after service of fifty-one years. A
defendant’s release will depend on the sentence credits a defendant receives under Tennessee Code
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The Attorney General opined in 1997 that retention of subsection (h) created a
conflict when subsection (i) was added because subsection (h) provides a twenty-five-
year floor before a defendant sentenced to life for first-degree murder becomes eligible
for release and subsection (i) raises that floor. Finding no way to reconcile the two
provisions, the Attorney General opined that Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-
501(h)(1) was repealed by implication by the enactment of Public Chapter 492, to the
extent the two provisions conflict. As noted by the Attorney General, the legislative
history indicates that the intent of subsection (i) was to increase the floor from sixty
percent (as provided in subsection (h)) to one-hundred percent but to retain the sixty-year
sentence for first-degree murder. See Tenn. Att’y Gen. Op. 97-098, 1997 WL 449672, at
*2 (citing Special Report to the House Judiciary Comm., Tape # 1, May 3, 1995, at 672).
The petitioner contends that the Attorney General’s reasoning is flawed because under a
proper statutory construction, the only possible way to read these two provisions together
is to find that under the rule of specificity, subsection (h) controls as it applies to first-
degree murder.
However, both interpretations are flawed. Subsection (h) was retained for two
reasons. First, as noted in the Attorney General’s opinion, subsection (h) sets forth the
determinate sentence of sixty years for a life sentence, which was not changed by the
addition of subsection (i). Second, because subsection (h) applies only to first-degree
murders, for which there is no statute of limitation, the sentencing laws pertaining to
release eligibility for a life sentence for a first-degree murder committed prior to July 1,
1995, by necessity, must remain in effect. Therefore, the release eligibility provisions of
subsection (h) do not conflict with the release eligibility provisions of subsection (i)(1)
but instead provide for a different release eligibility for first-degree murders (among
other offenses) occurring on or after July 1, 1995. This interpretation gives effect to the
legislative intent without broadening the statute beyond its intended scope and allows all
provisions to be given fair import to their terms in a way that promotes justice and
effectuates the objectives of the criminal code.
Indeed, we indicated as much in Vaughn. In that case, the Court considered
whether defense counsel were ineffective for failing to object to erroneous jury
instructions regarding their clients’ change in release eligibility under Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-35-501(i). Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at 116-20. The defendants in that
case committed a first-degree murder on July 2, 1995, the day after the effective date of
Annotated section 41-21-236 or other applicable law governing sentence credits. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-
35-501(i).
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subsection (i). Id. at 110, 118. Counsel, unaware of the changes to release eligibility for
first-degree murder, failed to challenge jury instructions that stated the defendants’
release eligibility for a life sentence was twenty-five years pursuant to subsection (h)
rather than fifty-one years pursuant to subsection (i). Id. at 110, 119. To reach the merits
of the ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the Court discussed the underlying issue ‒
that is, what was the release eligibility for a first-degree murder committed on or after
July 1, 1995. Id. at 118. The Court referenced the Attorney General’s 1997 opinion and
the potential conflict between subsections (h) and (i) and seemed to agree that a conflict
existed between the two in that “it was not expressly stated that section (h) would no
longer apply to a person committing an offense on or after July 1, 1995.” Id. at 118-19.
In resolving that conflict, the Court stated, “As for the conflict in the statutes, well-settled
principles of statutory construction make it clear that the most recently enacted statute
repeals by implication any irreconcilable provisions of the former act.” Id. at 118 (citing
Tennessee Carolina Transp., Inc. v. Pentecost, 362 S.W.2d 461, 463 (1962)). Relevant to
the question at issue here, the Court observed that “[t]he passage of section 40-35-501(i)
did not repeal section (h), as (h) still applies to a person committing an offense before
July 1, 1995.” Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at 118.
To the extent Vaughn affirms the Attorney General’s opinion that an irreconcilable
conflict exists between subsections (h) and (i), that portion of the opinion is abrogated.
As we have determined, no conflict exists between these statutory provisions. Both
subsections remain in full effect and are not irreconcilable; therefore, no part of
subsection (h) is repealed by implication. Vaughn, however, correctly held that a
defendant convicted of first-degree murder committed on or after July 1, 1995, may be
released after serving at least fifty-one years in confinement. Vaughn, 202 S.W.3d at
117.
IV. Conclusion
A defendant convicted of first-degree murder that occurred on or after July 1,
1995, may be released after service of at least fifty-one years if the defendant earns the
maximum allowable sentence reduction credits. The Clerk shall transmit this opinion to
the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit and to the parties in accordance
with Rule 23, section 8 of the Rules of the Tennessee Supreme Court. Costs in this Court
are taxed to the respondent, Carolyn Jordan.
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ROGER A. PAGE, JUSTICE
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