State of Tennessee v. Antonio D. Blaylock - Dissent ( 2021 )

05/27/2021
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs February 3, 2021
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ANTONIO D. BLAYLOCK
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
No. 19-636 Donald H. Allen, Judge
___________________________________
No. W2020-00080-CCA-R3-CD
___________________________________
The Defendant, Antonio D. Blaylock, entered an open plea to multiple charges resulting
from a high-speed chase through Jackson, which culminated in an automobile crash
injuring the other driver, a collision with a telephone pole, and damage to the front porch
of a house. The trial court sentenced the Defendant to an effective sentence of eight years’
incarceration. On appeal, the Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying him
probation. After reviewing the record and considering the applicable law, we reverse the
judgments of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Circuit Court Reversed;
Case Remanded
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J. delivered the opinion of the court, in which CAMILLE R.
MCMULLEN, J., joined. J. ROSS DYER, J., filed a dissenting opinion.
J. Colin Morris, Jackson, Tennessee, for the appellant, Antonio D. Blaylock.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Ruth Anne Thompson, Senior
Assistant Attorney General; Jody Pickens, District Attorney General; and Matthew Floyd,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Facts and Procedural History
I. Guilty Plea
On August 12, 2019, the Defendant entered an open plea to felony evading arrest,
felony reckless endangerment, reckless driving, reckless aggravated assault, leaving the
scene of an accident involving injury, misdemeanor evading arrest, driving without a
license, and leaving the scene of an accident involving property damage, with sentencing
to be determined by the trial court. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-13-102, -13-103; 39-16-603;
55-10-101, -10-105, -10-205; 55-50-301. The facts underlying the plea, as explained by
the State, were as follows:
[O]n October 28th of 2018, deputies with the Madison County
Sheriff’s Department were dispatched to 116 Baymeadows Drive in
reference to underage drinking. While en route, a complain[ant] called back
and said that shots had been fired. Deputy Burmeister was first on the scene.
He observed multiple cars leaving the area. He blocked the roadway at
Henderson Road and River Chase Drive where vehicles could not leave. He
observed every vehicle stop but a 2002 silver Jeep Cherokee who continued
to turn into a homeowner’s yard and turn around. The deputy then cut the
vehicle off blocking the roadway to River Chase Drive and Candlewick
Drive. The vehicle then turned around again in another homeowner’s yard.
The windows in the Cherokee were down. The officers did give
verbal commands for the driver to stop his vehicle. He refused to obey the
commands and the officer[’]s emergency equipment and then turned around
the vehicle.
Deputies then turned around and again continued to make a traffic
stop. At that time the vehicle refused to stop and headed down Henderson
Road towards Old Medina Road.
At the intersection of Henderson Road and Old Medina Road, two
other deputies attempted to make contact with the vehicle. The driver then
cut through a yard and drove around the deputies onto Old Medina Road
headed southbound.
Deputy Reasons was then following directly behind the vehicle and
was calling out locations so the other officers could also assist in following
the vehicle. While attempting to stop the vehicle, the driver, [the Defendant],
reached speeds of 90-plus miles an hour through residential areas and
business areas and construction zones. He continued to drive erratically
going in and out of oncoming traffic.
The vehicle drove through a red light at the intersection of Campbell
and Ridgecrest almost hitting two vehicles. The driver then drove through a
construction barricade on South Campbell. While running through the
construction zone, the vehicle then ran a red light at the intersection of
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Campbell and North Parkway. The vehicle then hit a vehicle turning off of
Maple Street onto Campbell where the vehicle then swerved and ran through
an electric pole and hit a tree causing the vehicle to go airborne where it then
hit the front porch of a house and overturned onto the driver’s side at the
residence of 149 Campbell Street.
EMS was called at that time to check on the people involved in the
crash. Deputy Reasons cleared the Jeep, but no contact with any occupants.
He observed a black male jump out of the sunroof of the silver Jeep Cherokee
headed west. He was wearing a gray hoodie and blue jeans. Deputies then
chased the suspect shouting multiple times, “Sheriff’s Department. Stop.”
The suspect refused to stop and respond to voice commands.
The suspect continue[d] to run onto Pearl Avenue where Deputy
Reasons did catch the suspect behind a residence and he was placed under
arrest at this time.
Your Honor, the vehicle that [the Defendant] hit was a 2010 Ford
Edge. Your Honor, that was driven by the victim, [Taseshalyn Newsom.]
She did complain of neck pain and neck injury as a result of the crash which
is the reckless aggravated assault.
[The Defendant] once he was taken into custody did ask the officers
why did the officers try and pull him over. He then stated that he needed
medical attention. EMS did check [the Defendant] and he was cleared.
When running [the Defendant’s] information through dispatch, it
showed that he was unlicensed. [The Defendant] then stated that there was
another person in the vehicle and he was not the driver. No passenger was
ever found or observed in the vehicle at the time of the crash. He was
transported to the Criminal Justice Complex at that time.
Your Honor, just to be clear, in regards to the two leaving the scenes
of an accident, the first leaving the scene of the accident with injury would
be the crash with the 2010 Ford Edge, Ms. Newso[m.] He then was able to
flee a little bit further distance and the second leaving the scene of an accident
was the property damage to where he hit the telephone pole and the house,
but then exited the vehicle and ran from the scene.
This all did occur here in Madison County, Tennessee, Your Honor.
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II. Sentencing Hearing
During the sentencing hearing, the presentence report was received as an exhibit.
Ms. Newsom1 provided a victim impact statement to the presentence report officer, which
reflected that the crash “destroyed” Ms. Newsom’s car, her only means of transportation.
She stated that due to the loss of her car, she lost her job, was forced to withdraw her child
from school, and could not attend doctors’ appointments. Ms. Newsom said that she
“barely [rode] around in a vehicle now,” that she was “real nervous,” and that she suffered
“bad whiplash” and “real bad pains.” Ms. Newsom acknowledged that she received
medical treatment for her injuries, which was covered by her medical insurance. Ms.
Newsom estimated her monetary damages at $19,000 for the loss of her 2010 Ford Edge,
$150 for three children’s car seats, and $100 for shoes. Ms. Newsom requested that the
Defendant serve more than one year in prison, pay restitution, and have no contact with
her.
The presentence report officer noted that Jimmy Carmichael, who owned the house
with which the Defendant collided at the end of the high speed chase, reported $10,429.44
in damages to the house and loss of rent to his insurance company. The insurance company
file reflected that Mr. Carmichael paid a $500 deductible. Mr. Carmichael requested that
the Defendant receive probation, pay restitution, and have no contact with him. The parties
stipulated at the hearing that the Jackson Electric Authority’s loss due to the damaged
telephone pole was $3,817.47.
Relative to the Defendant’s criminal history, the presentence report officer stated
that no prior charges or convictions were found. However, it was noted that the
Defendant’s driver’s license was eligible for reinstatement after having been suspended
since October 7, 2016, “due to a truancy law violation.” The report contained no
information regarding the Defendant’s family, education, or health.
The Defendant, who was twenty years old at the time of the hearing, testified on his
own behalf, insisting he had just arrived at the party and had not yet exited his vehicle when
he heard gunshots and saw people fleeing. He testified that he was “in fear for [his] life”
and ran from the police because he “was just trying to make it home.” The Defendant
averred that if he had known the extent of the damage he would cause, he would have
stopped for the police. The Defendant took full responsibility for his actions and
apologized to the victims. He stated that he intended to obtain employment in an effort to
pay restitution; he noted that he had previously worked for “Ryder’s,” where he made
between nine and ten dollars per hour, but had to quit in order to attend his court dates.
1
The prosecutor noted that they had been unable to contact Ms. Newsom to arrange for her sentencing
hearing testimony.
-4-
The Defendant stated that he had also previously worked with his uncle at “A&B
Driveway,” where he earned between five and six hundred dollars per week, and that the
uncle was willing to hire him again.
The Defendant testified that he did not graduate high school after he “had a wreck”
and “trouble with a teacher.” He noted that he completed partial homeschooling and that
when he turned eighteen, “they wouldn’t allow [him] to come back to school.” The
Defendant was willing to obtain his GED, although he noted that the school he needed to
attend was in Whiteville, Tennessee, and that he was previously trying to obtain
transportation to the school.
The Defendant requested that the trial court allow him to serve his sentence on
probation and testified he would follow all rules and restrictions imposed by the trial court.
Although he did not have a prior criminal history as an adult, the Defendant acknowledged
that “a couple of things” happened when he was a juvenile. He stated, though, that he
“always completed the probation.” The Defendant testified he did not use drugs or drink
alcohol.
Sharon Polk, the Defendant’s mother, testified that the Defendant lived with her and
her husband. She apologized for the Defendant’s behavior and emphasized that he was “a
good child” who typically did not get into trouble. Ms. Polk testified that the Defendant’s
father abused her throughout the Defendant’s childhood and that the Defendant’s exposure
to the abuse “had a lot to do with his reaction.” She noted that the Defendant had been
diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), for which he received
counseling and was prescribed Adderall. Ms. Polk testified the Defendant never had any
trouble with drugs or alcohol and that he did not own a gun. She asked the trial court to
place the Defendant on probation and promised to help the Defendant pay his fines and
restitution.
The trial court proceeded to question Ms. Polk about the Defendant’s juvenile court
history, apparently reading from a document that is not present in the record. Ms. Polk
acknowledged that the Defendant ran away in 2011 “for a couple of hours” in response to
his father’s abusing Ms. Polk. She stated that she picked the Defendant up once he was
found and that he appeared before a judge in connection with the incident. She did not
recall whether the Defendant violated his probation in that case. The court continued to
discuss a 2014 case in Madison County related to “Disrupting a meeting or procession.”
Ms. Polk stated, “That probably was something to do with . . . a class that he had to go
through for juvenile[.]” Ms. Polk affirmed that the Defendant was ordered to complete
“some kind of treatment or counseling,” including “Pathways and QUINCO” and “some
work kind of program” after school related to behavioral problems. Ms. Polk stated that
the Defendant was “sentenced to alternative school.”
-5-
The trial court asked Ms. Polk whether the Defendant was under her care during the
incidents the court referenced, and she responded affirmatively. The court asked, “And
you couldn’t make him mind?” Ms. Polk averred that the Defendant’s “acting out”
stemmed from his having observed his father’s abuse rather than Ms. Polk’s not being able
to “handle him[.]”
The trial court continued reading from the unidentified document, stating that on
June 1, 2016, the Defendant had been convicted of theft of property. Ms. Polk responded
that the Defendant had been previously “in trouble with some boys,” but “that got
dismissed.” The court stated that “this shows he was convicted and put on intensive
probation . . . involving a theft charge. Did he steal a vehicle or something?” Ms. Polk
replied, “No, sir. Because the one that got that vehicle[,] that got dismissed.” She agreed,
though, that the juvenile court attempted to help rehabilitate the Defendant. Ms. Polk
agreed that the Defendant’s driver’s license was suspended in 2016 due to truancy
violations. She stated that she did not know the Defendant had taken her car on the night
of the offenses, but she denied that he stole it.
After questioning Ms. Polk at length regarding her knowledge of the circumstances
of the offenses in this case, the trial court asked her, “You know, how are you going to pay
over $25,000 in restitution because I know he can’t do it?” Ms. Polk replied, “We’ll do it.
We can get it done.” The court responded, “All right. How much money have you saved
since this happened October 27th of last year? How much money have you saved to pay
Ms. Newsom[] for her damages or the other victims? How much money have you saved?”
Ms. Polk stated that she was in the process of saving money. The court asked how much
money Ms. Polk paid to post the Defendant’s bond, and she responded that she and some
relatives jointly paid $750. The court stated, “So what actions have you taken since that
time, since your son did all of these that he’s pled guilty to, what have you done as his
mother – is he working anywhere now?” Ms. Polk stated that the Defendant had been
working for a company that would not give him excused absences for court dates, although
the company was willing to hire him “as soon as he gets out.” The trial court then
questioned Ms. Polk about whether she had insurance on the car the Defendant crashed;
she stated that the car was new and that she and her husband were intending to obtain
insurance the following Monday.
The trial court questioned the presentence report officer regarding the lack of any
health information or a Strong-R assessment in the presentence report. The officer
responded that she had the Defendant’s completed questionnaire, but due to an oversight
on her part, she had not run the computer program to produce the Strong-R assessment.
The court noted that it was required to consider the assessment and that it was also relevant
to the court’s consideration of alternative sentencing. The court continued the hearing until
the presentence report officer could complete the assessment; although the court entered
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the Defendant’s assessment questionnaire as an exhibit, it does not appear in the appellate
record.
At the second sentencing hearing about one month later, the trial court noted that
the Defendant had requested the court to consider alternative sentencing “like the Day
Reporting Center” and that the court had received an “Assessment and Eligibility Report”
from the day reporting center by letter dated December 13, 2019. The letter was entered
as an exhibit, but does not appear in the appellate record.2 The court read from the letter
that the Defendant was ineligible for placement at the Day Reporting Center because
“according to their assessment” he did not have a “severe to moderate substance abuse
history” but that he qualified for the “CRC Services[.]” The court noted its unfamiliarity
with CRC Services and asked whether Henry Holladay, who was the Corrections Program
Director at the Day Reporting Center, was at the courthouse. The presentence report officer
responded that Mr. Holladay was attending a holiday party, but that she had called Mr.
Holladay and that he was on his way and would be there “in a few minutes.” The court
responded that it was “not waiting for him.” The court discussed that “the assessment just
says that he’s just not eligible or doesn’t meet the requirements for the Day Reporting
Center.”
The trial court noted that according to the Day Reporting Center assessment, the
Defendant “reported to . . . [Mr. Holladay] that this [was] the first time that he ha[d] gotten
into trouble. Now that’s not exactly true, is it?” The Defendant responded from the defense
table that Mr. Holladay asked “how many priors did [the Defendant] have as an adult.”
The court replied, “Okay. Well, you know, usually when they ask if you’ve ever been in
trouble before that means forever in your life . . . . You told him this is the first time you
had gotten into trouble.”
Before proceeding, the trial court asked defense counsel if the Defendant wished to
proceed or wait for Mr. Holladay to arrive. The court noted, “I was just waiting because
you wanted me to consider the Day Reporting Center and I didn’t have an assessment and
that’s the reason I reset it. Again, I’m just going on what his report says that he technically
doesn’t qualify for the program.” The Defendant indicated that he wished to proceed.
The trial court stated that it had considered the presentence report, the principles of
sentencing, the arguments of counsel as to sentencing alternatives, the evidence presented
during the guilty plea hearing, the Defendant’s statement, and his potential for
rehabilitation and treatment. The court noted that the State’s narrative of the relevant
2
We note that the court referenced an additional version of the presentence report’s having been entered as
an exhibit. The appellate record contains one copy of the presentence report in the technical record and one
copy in an exhibit volume, respectively, and they are identical.
-7-
events reflected the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct. The court then
reviewed the applicable enhancement factors and found that the following factors applied:
(1) the Defendant has a previous history of criminal convictions or criminal behavior, in
addition to those necessary to establish the appropriate range; (3) the offense involved more
than one victim; and (6) the personal injuries inflicted upon, or the amount of damage to
property sustained by or taken from, the victim was particularly great. Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-114(1), (3), (6). The trial court gave enhancement factors (3) and (6) great weight,
noting the Defendant placed multiple lives at risk and caused extensive damage. The court
noted that although the Defendant’s juvenile convictions did not appear to be felonies, he
had previously been in trouble, did not “take advantage of opportunities for rehabilitation,”
and continued to violate the law as an adult.
In mitigation, the trial court considered the Defendant’s youth. Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-113(13). After applying and weighing the applicable enhancement and mitigating
factors and considering the facts and circumstances of the case, the trial court sentenced
the Defendant as a Range I, standard offender as follows:
Count Offense Sentence
Count 1 Evading Arrest (D felony) 4 years
Count 2 Reckless Endangerment (E felony) 2 years
Count 3 Reckless Driving (B misdemeanor) 6 months
Count 4 Reckless Aggravated Assault (D felony) 4 years
Count 5 Leaving the Scene of an Accident Involving Injury (A 11 months, 29 days
misdemeanor)
Count 6 Evading Arrest (A misdemeanor) 11 months, 29 days
Count 7 Driving Without License (C misdemeanor) 30 days
Count 8 Leaving the Scene of an Accident Involving Property 30 days
Damage (C misdemeanor)
The trial court further ordered counts one through three to be served concurrently with each
other and counts four through eight to be served concurrently with each other but
consecutive to counts one through three, for an effective sentence of eight years. The court
also ordered restitution in the following amounts: $19,250 to Ms. Newsom, $500 to Mr.
Carmichael, and $3,817.47 to Jackson Electric Authority.
-8-
The trial court stated as its greatest concern that the Defendant “really had no regard
for [the] lives of other people out there that night.” The trial court recounted the
“outrageous” circumstances of the offenses and found that society had a “great” interest in
being protected from the Defendant’s “possible future criminal conduct.” The court further
found that a sentence of probation would unduly depreciate the seriousness of the offenses.
The court also found that it was “important to send a deterrent to other people.” The court
noted that people who ran from the police put their lives, the lives of other motorists, and
the lives of law enforcement officers in jeopardy. The trial court acknowledged that the
Defendant testified he was scared when he ran from the police but told the Defendant he
needed “to think about other people.” The court stated “based upon his juvenile history”
and the offenses in the instant case that the Defendant had an extensive criminal history.
The trial court found that the Defendant was not a good candidate for alternative
sentencing or “any type of probation.” At this juncture, defense counsel noted for the court
that Mr. Holladay had arrived. The court responded,
Well, Mr. Holladay, I’ve read his report. I’ve read his recommendations. I
do want to say this: I don’t think [the Defendant] was very honest. In the
assessment when he tells Mr. Holladay he’s never been in trouble before then
that is certainly not the truth. He has been in trouble before as a juvenile on
multiple occasions. I don’t think he’s a good candidate for that. I don’t think
he’s been very truthful or honest and that reflects poorly upon his potential
for rehabilitation.
The trial court also addressed a general issue in which “[so] many young people these days
feel like they have a right to run from the police and . . . jeopardize other motorists on the
roadway and . . . put law enforcement officers in jeopardy.” The court noted its experience
that “every week or every month we have new indictments” for felony evading arrest and
that the offense had become a “serious problem” in the judicial district. The court stated
that “it’s about time that people beg[a]n to realize when you decide to run from the police
in a motor vehicle especially when you cause damage and injury . . . and then . . . you just
keep fleeing, I don’t think you deserve probation at that point.” As a result, the trial court
denied the Defendant’s request for probation and ordered him to serve his sentence in
confinement. This timely appeal followed.
Analysis
On appeal, the Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying probation or
an alternative sentence, arguing that the principles of sentencing, his youth, and his lack of
criminal history make him a “proper candidate for probation or at a minimum a proper
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candidate for split confinement.”3 The State contends that the trial court properly exercised
its discretion in ordering the Defendant to serve his sentence in confinement.
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-102 states that “[t]he foremost purpose of
[the Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989] is to promote justice, as
manifested by [section] 40-35-103.” Code section 40-35-102(3) also adopts the following
principles:
(3) Punishment shall be imposed to prevent crime and promote respect for
the law by:
(A) Providing an effective general deterrent to those likely to violate the
criminal laws of this state;
(B) Restraining defendants with a lengthy history of criminal conduct;
(C) Encouraging effective rehabilitation of those defendants, where
reasonably feasible, by promoting the use of alternative sentencing
and correctional programs that elicit voluntary cooperation of
defendants; and
(D) Encouraging restitution to victims where appropriate[.]
Before a trial court imposes a sentence upon a defendant, it must consider: (a) the
evidence adduced at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (b) the presentence report; (c) the
principles of sentencing and arguments as to sentencing alternatives; (d) the nature and
characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (e) evidence and information offered by
the parties on the enhancement and mitigating factors set forth in Tennessee Code
Annotated sections 40-35-113 and 40-35-114; (f) any statistical information provided by
the Administrative Office of the Courts (“AOC”) as to Tennessee sentencing practices for
similar offenses; (g) any statement the defendant wishes to make in the defendant's own
behalf about sentencing; and (h) the result of the validated risk and needs assessment
conducted by the department and contained in the presentence report. Tenn. Code Ann. §
40-35-210(b). Ultimately, in sentencing a defendant, a trial court should impose a sentence
that is “no greater than that deserved for the offense committed” and is “the least severe
measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed.” Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-103(2), (4).
3
The Defendant does not contest the length of his sentences or the trial court’s imposing partial consecutive
sentences.
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Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-102(5) states that “convicted felons
committing the most severe offenses, possessing criminal histories evincing a clear
disregard for the laws and morals of society and evincing failure of past efforts at
rehabilitation shall be given first priority regarding sentencing involving incarceration.”
As such, a defendant who is a standard offender convicted of a Class C, D, or E felony
should be considered a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing absent evidence to
the contrary. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6)(A). “[A] defendant who is being
sentenced for a third or subsequent felony conviction involving separate periods of
incarceration or supervision shall not be considered a favorable candidate for alternative
sentencing.” Id. However, a defendant is not entitled to a presumption that he or she is a
favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. State v. Carter, 254 S.W.3d 335, 347 (Tenn.
2008). Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-102(6) is now only advisory. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6)(D). “Any sentence that does not involve complete confinement
is an alternative sentence.” State v. Robert Elijah Oxendine, No. M2019-00288-CCA-R3-
CD, 2020 WL 704578, at *4 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 12, 2020) (quoting State v. Gregory
Tyrone Dotson, No. M2018-00657-CCA-R3-CD, 2019 WL 3763970, at *10 (Tenn. Crim.
App. Aug. 9, 2019) (citing State v. Fields, 40 S.W.3d 435 (Tenn. 2001))).
This court reviews a trial court’s sentencing determination “related to probation or
any other alternative sentence” under an abuse of discretion standard accompanied by a
presumption of reasonableness. State v. Caudle, 388 S.W.3d 273, 278-79 (Tenn. 2012);
see State v. Bise, 380 S.W.3d 682, 707 (Tenn. 2012). The burden of showing that a
sentence is improper is upon the appealing party. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-401,
Sentencing Comm’n Cmts.; see also State v. Arnett, 49 S.W.3d 250, 257 (Tenn. 2001).
This court will uphold the trial court’s sentencing decision “so long as it is within
the appropriate range and the record demonstrates that the sentence is otherwise in
compliance with the purposes and principles listed by statute.” Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709-
10. Moreover, under such circumstances, appellate courts may not disturb the sentence
even if we had preferred a different result. See Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 346.
a. Purposes and Principles of Sentencing
In this case, the trial court’s effective sentence of eight years in confinement for a
nineteen-year-old Defendant whose reckless behavior was confined to one incident in
which no lives were lost,4 who did not have a history of violent behavior or felony
convictions, and who lacked a history of drug or alcohol abuse, was inconsistent with the
purposes and principles of sentencing. Specifically, the Defendant was not a person with
4
We do not intend to minimize the serious physical and financial injuries to Ms. Newsom as a result of the
Defendant’s colliding with her car during the high speed pursuit.
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a lengthy history of criminal conduct who needed to be restrained, and the sentence did not
encourage the Defendant’s rehabilitation or restitution to the victims. See Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 40-35-102(3). Moreover, in consideration of the Defendant’s youth and history, a
sentence of eight years in confinement was not the “least severe measure necessary to
achieve the purposes for which the sentence was imposed.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-
103(4). Most notably, although the trial court discussed at length the high monetary value
of the damage the Defendant caused, even questioning the Defendant’s mother about how
much money she had saved to assist the Defendant in making restitution payments, the
sentence the trial court imposed significantly hindered the Defendant’s ability to pay
restitution to the victims. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(3)(D). The Defendant
testified that two employers were willing to hire him if he were released on probation and
that those employers paid nine or ten dollars per hour and five hundred to six hundred
dollars per week, respectively; it is unlikely the Defendant has been able to pay any of his
restitution while in confinement.
b. Alternative Sentencing
An offender is eligible for probation if he or she is sentenced to ten years or less and
has not been convicted of certain specified offenses. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(a).
Although the trial court was required to automatically consider probation as a sentencing
option, see Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-303(b), no criminal defendant is
automatically entitled to probation as a matter of law, see State v. Davis, 940 S.W.2d 558,
559 (Tenn. 1997). It is the defendant’s burden to establish his or her suitability for full
probation. See Carter, 254 S.W.3d at 347 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(b)). The
defendant must demonstrate that probation will “subserve the ends of justice and the best
interests of both the public and the defendant.” Hooper v. State, 297 S.W.2d 78, 81 (Tenn.
1956), overruled on other grounds, State v. Hooper, 29 S.W.3d 1, 9-10 (Tenn. 2000).
Among the factors applicable to probation consideration are the circumstances of the
offense; the defendant’s criminal record, social history, and present condition; the deterrent
effect upon the defendant; and the best interests of the defendant and the public. State v.
Grear, 568 S.W.2d 285, 286 (Tenn. 1978).
Relative to alternative sentencing considerations generally, a trial court should
consider the following when determining any defendant’s suitability:
(A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defendant
who has a long history of criminal conduct;
(B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the
offense or confinement is particularly suited to provide an effective
deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses; or
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(C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently
been applied unsuccessfully to the defendant[.]
Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-103(1).
As a standard offender convicted of Class D and E felonies, the Defendant was a
favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6)(A).
When determining that the Defendant specifically was not a good candidate for probation,
the trial court discussed at length the “outrageous” circumstances of the offenses, including
the numerous lives the Defendant endangered during the high-speed pursuit and the
physical and property damage to the victims. The court declined to accept the Defendant’s
averment that he initially fled from the police because he was afraid. The court stated that
full probation would depreciate the seriousness of the offenses and noted that in the court’s
experience, the judicial district had numerous cases involving young defendants fleeing
from the police; as a result, the court implicitly found that denying probation would deter
other similarly situated individuals. The court considered the Defendant’s juvenile record
and suggested by its questioning that it was concerned about returning the Defendant to the
care of his mother, with whom the Defendant lived when he committed offenses as a
juvenile. We agree with the State that the trial court considered the proper factors and that
in light of the court’s reliance on the aggravated circumstances of the offenses and the need
to deter similarly situated individuals, the Defendant was not entitled to full probation.
Relative to other alternative sentences and whether a sentence of full incarceration
was the least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes of sentencing and no greater
than deserved for the offenses, see Tennessee Code Annotated sections 40-35-103(2), (4),
we note that the trial court was statutorily obligated to consider the AOC’s statistical
information regarding sentencing practices and that the record is devoid of any indication
that the court complied with this duty. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-210(b)(6).
The 2017-185 AOC statistical data on sentencing practices reflected that about sixty-
three percent of Range I sentences for Class D felonies were for full probation or split
confinement; thirty-seven percent of the sentences were for complete confinement. The
trial court ordered the maximum in-range sentence of four years, or forty-eight months, in
confinement for each of the Defendant’s Class D felony convictions—Count 1, evading
arrest in a motor vehicle, and Count 4, reckless aggravated assault. The four-year sentences
were ordered to run consecutively and formed the base of the eight-year effective sentence.
Relative to the Class D felony sentences, the 2017-18 AOC report reflected that the
“mean,” or average, sentence for a Range I, standard offender was about thirty-three
5
The 2017-18 report was released in November 2018; the 2018-19 report was not released until March
2020. As a result, the latest available statistical data available to the trial court at the Defendant’s December
2019 sentencing hearing was from the 2017-18 report.
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months; the “median,” or middle number of the set of data, was thirty months. See
Administrative Office of the Courts, Sentencing Practices in Tennessee (Nov. 2018).
Although the trial court was not mandated to give the statistical information any particular
weight, it bears noting that the trial court’s sentences in Counts 1 and 4 were higher than
average; given the facts of this case, the sentences do not comport with the legislature’s
directive that trial courts should prioritize the incarceration of “convicted felons
committing the most severe offenses, possessing criminal histories evincing a clear
disregard for the laws and morals of society and evincing failure of past efforts at
rehabilitation[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(5).
Relevant to the Defendant’s potential for rehabilitation, the record reflects that the
trial court also failed to consider a validated risk and needs assessment. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 40-35-210(b)(8); cf. State v. Ronald Ailey, No. E2017-02359-CCA-R3-CD, 2019
WL 3917557, at *32 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 19, 2019) (concluding that the trial court had
considered the presentence report and statistical information adequately when both were
entered as exhibits and the court stated multiple times that it would review or had reviewed
all the information the defendant had submitted). At the first sentencing hearing, the court
addressed the presentence report officer regarding the lack of a Strong-R assessment or any
health information in the presentence report. The officer responded that she had the
Defendant’s completed questionnaire, but due to an oversight on her part, she had not run
the computer program to produce the Strong-R assessment. The court entered the
questionnaire as an exhibit to the hearing, but it does not appear in the appellate record; the
presentence report officer stated that she needed a copy of the questionnaire to complete
her task, and it is not obvious from the transcript what happened to the questionnaire. At
the second sentencing hearing, the court articulated a mistaken impression that it had
continued the first hearing in order to obtain a letter of eligibility from the “day center”;
the Strong-R assessment was never addressed by the court, and it was not entered as an
exhibit to the second hearing.
A “validated risk and needs assessment” is “a determination of a person’s risk to
reoffend and the needs that, when addressed, reduce the risk to reoffend through the use of
an actuarial assessment tool designed by the department that assesses the dynamic and
static factors that drive criminal behavior.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-207(d). Although
the trial court must consider the risk and needs assessment in determining a defendant’s
sentence, “the statute does not mandate that any particular weight be given to the risk and
needs assessment, and . . . the weight to be assigned to the assessment falls within the trial
court’s broad discretionary authority in the imposition of sentences.” State v. Christopher
C. Solomon, No. M2018-00456-CCA-R3-CD, 2018 WL 5279369, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Oct. 23, 2018) (citing Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 708). In this case, nothing in the record indicates
that the trial court considered the Strong-R assessment or that the assessment was ever
provided to the court.
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Instead, the trial court only briefly considered the Defendant’s potential for
rehabilitation by finding that the Defendant lied to Mr. Holladay about his juvenile history.
At the second hearing, the trial court examined a letter stating that the Defendant was not
eligible for day center services because he was not suffering from a moderate to severe
drug or alcohol addiction. The letter, which was not entered as an exhibit, also stated that
the Defendant denied having been “in trouble” before. The Defendant interjected from the
defense table that Mr. Holladay asked him only about adult charges. Mr. Holladay, who
was attending a work-related holiday party, was called to court, but the trial court stated
that it would not wait for him to arrive. The trial court then asked the Defendant if he
wanted to proceed; the Defendant acquiesced. Near the end of the hearing, it was noted
that Mr. Holladay had arrived and was available to testify, but the court only responded
that the Defendant was not “very truthful or honest” with Mr. Holladay and that it reflected
poorly upon his potential for rehabilitation.
Further, relative to the Defendant’s history of criminal behavior, it is unclear
whether the trial court referred to documents not in evidence at the hearings, as the court’s
mentioning a theft incident involving a car was not prompted by answers the Defendant or
his mother gave during their testimony on direct examination, and the presentence report
only referred to prior truancy charges. Utilizing the witness testimony and the presentence
report, almost all of the Defendant’s prior offenses were for unruly actions resulting from
difficult behavior—disrupting school, running away, and truancy. The remaining
delinquency adjudication, which was only referenced by the trial court, for misdemeanor6
theft did not indicate that the Defendant was incapable of rehabilitation, and we note that
it could not be used to enhance the Defendant’s sentence. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-40-
114(16) (“The defendant was adjudicated to have committed a delinquent act or acts as a
juvenile that would constitute a felony if committed by an adult”).
We further note that the Defendant’s criminal history contained far less than the
three prior felony convictions specified by statute to denote offenders who are not favorable
candidates for alternative sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6)(A). We
emphasize that the Defendant’s juvenile offenses, with the exception of truancy, were not
documented at the sentencing hearings, and the behavior to which the Defendant and his
mother testified was uniformly nonviolent—running away, disrupting school, and
truancy—and did not indicate that he had previously engaged in the same degree of
reckless behavior he exhibited in this case. The Defendant also testified that he
successfully completed his probation on previous occasions, and he had no history of
alcohol or drug abuse. The Defendant’s mother and stepfather were supportive and offered
to help the Defendant make restitution payments if necessary. As such, none of the
6
The trial court acknowledged during sentencing that the Defendant’s juvenile record did not contain
delinquency adjudications that would have constituted felony offenses if the Defendant had been an adult
when they were committed.
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evidence presented at the sentencing hearings was “to the contrary” that the Defendant was
a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-102(6)(A).
In sum, the trial court did not consider the mandated risk assessment and statistical
information before imposing the Defendant’s sentence; instead, it relied on the Defendant’s
response regarding his prior record to determine that the Defendant had poor prospects for
rehabilitation and concluded that although the victims were entitled to a significant amount
of restitution, the Defendant should be incarcerated for eight years instead of being placed
under supervised release and working toward paying that restitution. Because the record
does not demonstrate that the Defendant’s sentence “is otherwise in compliance with the
purposes and principles listed by statute” the court’s sentencing determination has lost the
presumption of reasonableness for purposes of our review. Bise, 380 S.W.3d at 709-10.
We acknowledge that defense counsel allowed these errors to occur without lodging
a contemporaneous objection. However, the trial court had an independent statutory duty
to consider a risk assessment and any statistical information from the AOC about similar
offenses before imposing a sentence. At any rate, this court may at any time “consider an
error that has affected the substantial rights of a party[.]” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). In this
case, the absence of a risk assessment was significant—the Defendant’s family situation,
juvenile record, and potential to reoffend weighed heavily in the trial court’s decision not
to grant probation or split confinement. Likewise, the AOC statistics would have assisted
the trial court by providing context about sentencing practices for similar offenses; instead,
the court imposed the maximum in-range sentence in confinement without considering that
the majority of trial courts are imposing shorter sentences and favoring alternative
sentencing over imprisonment for standard offenders.
Based upon the circumstances of the offenses, which involved reckless behavior
causing serious bodily and financial injury to Ms. Newsom and property damage to Mr.
Carmichael’s home and a utility pole, and which endangered numerous police officers,
motorists, and residents of the areas through which the Defendant drove, we agree with the
trial court that a period of incarceration acknowledges the seriousness of the offenses and
impresses upon the Defendant and others that such conduct carries consequences.
However, our review of the record also indicates that the Defendant is a favorable candidate
for split confinement, which allows the State to supervise him and also give him the
opportunity to work toward rehabilitation while making restitution payments to the victims.
As a result, we order that the Defendant’s sentence be modified to reflect one year in
confinement and seven years on supervised probation.
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Conclusion
Based on the foregoing authorities and reasoning, we reverse the judgments of the
trial court and remand the case for entry of modified judgments reflecting an effective
sentence of eight years, with one year to serve and seven years on supervised probation.
________________________________________
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE
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