State of Tennessee v. Anthony Lee Carter ( 2021 )

06/22/2021
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
February 2, 2021 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ANTHONY LEE CARTER
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County
No. 19-94 Donald H. Allen, Judge
No. W2019-02278-CCA-R3-CD
The Defendant, Anthony Lee Carter, appeals from his Madison County Circuit Court
conviction for driving as a motor vehicle habitual offender (“MVHO”), for which he
received a six-year sentence. On appeal, the Defendant argues that after his arrest and
before his trial, our legislature amended the Motor Vehicle Habitual Offenders Act such
that the Defendant was entitled to the benefit of a lesser penalty under our criminal savings
statute. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 39-11-112 (savings statute), 55-10-601 (MVHO Act).
Following our review, we conclude that when the legislature removed the offense of
driving as a MVHO and the associated penalty and replaced it with a mechanism for
MVHOs to petition for reinstatement of their driver’s licenses, the legislature enacted a
lesser penalty. As a result, the Defendant should benefit from the lesser penalty pursuant
to the criminal savings statute.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Reversed;
Case Remanded
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which CAMILLE R.
MCMULLEN and J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.
Jessica F. Butler, Assistant Public Defender, Public Defender’s Conference (on appeal);
George Morton Googe, District Public Defender, and Gregory D. Gookin, Assistant Public
Defender (at trial), for the appellant, Anthony Lee Carter.
Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jonathan H. Wardle, Assistant
Attorney General; Jody S. Pickens, District Attorney General; and Eric V. Wood,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On September 17, 2018, the Defendant, who had a lengthy criminal history and was
declared a MVHO in 1987, was arrested for driving as a MVHO, felony evading arrest,
and misdemeanor traffic offenses.1 The proof at trial established that in the early hours of
the morning, officers initiated a traffic stop after observing the Defendant’s committing a
traffic infraction and driving a car with an expired registration. The Defendant drove one
mile to a motel parking lot before stopping, fled from the officers on foot, and
unsuccessfully attempted to hide in a motel room. The officers questioned the
Defendant’s passenger, who identified the Defendant as the driver, and the officers
reviewed their dashboard camera’s recording at the scene and identified the room into
which the Defendant fled. It was undisputed that the Defendant was a MVHO at the time
he drove the car.
Before the Defendant’s case went to trial, on May 24, 2019, our legislature passed
a bill removing the statutory provisions related to the MVHO offense and replacing them
with a procedure to reinstate a MVHO’s driver’s license. See 2019 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch.
486, § 3. The relevant portion of the bill, which was entitled “AN ACT to amend
Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 39; Title 40 and Title 55, relative to criminal law,”
provided,
Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 55, Chapter 10, Part 6 is amended by
deleting the part and substituting instead the following:
A person whose driver license has been revoked or restricted due solely to
the person’s status as a motor vehicle habitual offender prior to July 1, 2019,
may petition the court that originally made such a finding to reinstate the
person’s driver license. Upon receiving a petition for a reinstated driver
license, the court shall determine whether the person’s driver license was
subject to revocation or restriction under prior law due solely to the person’s
status as a motor vehicle habitual offender and, if so, order the reinstatement
of the person’s driver license. The person may provide a copy of the court’s
order to the department of safety, which shall then reissue the person’s driver
license without restriction.
After a jury trial on August 1, 2019, the Defendant was convicted of driving as a
MVHO, a Class E felony; evading arrest in a motor vehicle, a Class E felony; improper
lane change, a Class C misdemeanor; violation of the financial responsibility law, a Class
1
The Defendant’s only issue on direct appeal is whether the criminal savings statute applies to his
conviction in Count 1, driving as a MVHO. He does not contest the factual basis for his conviction in
Count 1 or raise issues relative to his remaining convictions; accordingly, we will limit our recitation of the
facts to those necessary to provide context.
2
C misdemeanor; and evading arrest, a Class A misdemeanor.2 See Tenn. Code Ann. §§
39-16-603, 55-8-123, 55-10-616, 55-12-139.
At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel made a motion to dismiss the
Defendant’s conviction in Count 1, noting the July 1, 2019 change in the law; in the
alternative, defense counsel requested that the trial court enter a judgment in Count 1
reflecting no sentence. The trial court stated relative to the amendment, “I’m not sure the
legislature understood what they were doing. I understand they were trying to make it so
that people who were [MVHOs] could hopefully get that status lifted[.]” The court asked
defense counsel whether the legislature intended to “do away with prosecutions” for
driving as a MVHO. Counsel responded affirmatively, noting that the legislature wished
to prioritize incarceration of violent offenders in order to curtail the cost of rising prison
populations. Counsel also cited to a section of the relevant bill reclassifying all failures to
appear as misdemeanor offenses.
The trial court denied the motion, noting that the Defendant’s conduct was illegal at
the time it was committed and that “notwithstanding any subsequent repeal” of the statute,
the Defendant was subject to prosecution for driving as a MVHO. The court subsequently
imposed a sentence of six years for driving as a MVHO as a Range III, career offender.
The trial court ordered partial consecutive sentencing such that the Defendant’s effective
sentence was twelve years. After the Defendant’s motion for a new trial was denied, he
timely appealed.
ANALYSIS
The Defendant’s sole contention on appeal is whether the criminal savings statute
should apply to his conviction for driving as a MVHO in light of the legislature’s having
removed the penalty and the offense itself from Title 55, Chapter 10, Part 6. The
Defendant argues that no penalty is a form of a lesser penalty and requests that this court
order the entry of a judgment reflecting a zero-day sentence. The Defendant notes in
support of his argument that although the legislature eliminated the possibility that a
MVHO could receive a felony sentence in confinement, it did not remove the MVHO
designation from those previously designated as such and that as a result, MVHOs could
still be prosecuted for misdemeanor offenses like driving with a revoked license. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-50-504. The State responds that the legislature repealed the
MVHO Act and did not thereby reduce the penalty for driving as a MVHO.
2
The jury acquitted the Defendant of violation of the registration law, as it was noted at trial that the car
was not registered in the Defendant’s name.
3
In order to address the Defendant’s issue, we must engage in statutory interpretation.
“The most basic principle of statutory construction is to ascertain and give effect to the
legislative intent without unduly restricting or expanding a statute’s coverage beyond its
intended scope.” Owens v. State, 908 S.W.2d 923, 926 (Tenn. 1995) (citing State v.
Sliger, 846 S.W.2d 262, 263 (Tenn. 1993)). “We presume that every word in a statute has
meaning and purpose and should be given full effect if the obvious intention of the General
Assembly is not violated by so doing.” State v. Sherman, 266 S.W.3d 395, 401 (Tenn.
2008). Where the statute’s language is clear and unambiguous, we derive the legislative
intent from its plain and ordinary meaning. State v. Collins, 166 S.W.3d 721, 726 (Tenn.
2005) (citing State v. Wilson, 132 S.W.3d 340, 341 (Tenn. 2004)). If, however, “the
parties derive different interpretations from the statutory language, an ambiguity exists,
and we must look to the entire statutory scheme in seeking to ascertain legislative intent.”
Owens, 908 S.W.2d at 926 (citing Lyons v. Rasar, 872 S.W.2d 895, 897 (Tenn. 1994)).
In ascertaining the intent of the legislature, courts “‘may look to the language of the
statute, its subject matter, the object and reach of the statute, the wrong or evil which it
seeks to remedy or prevent, and the purpose sought to be accomplished in its enactment.’”
Collins, 166 S.W.3d at 726 (quoting State v. Gilliland, 22 S.W.3d 266, 275 (Tenn. 2000)).
“Statutes ‘in pari materia’—those relating to the same subject or having a common
purpose—are to be construed together.” Owens, 908 S.W.2d at 926 (citing Lyons, 872
S.W.2d at 897). Statutes are presumed to apply prospectively in the absence of clear
legislative intent to the contrary. Van Tran v. State, 66 S.W.3d 790, 797-98 (Tenn. 2001).
Furthermore, the rules of statutory construction direct courts not to “apply a particular
interpretation to a statute if that interpretation would yield an absurd result.” State v. Sims,
45 S.W.3d 1, 11 (Tenn. 2001). Statutory interpretation involves questions of law that we
review de novo with no presumption of correctness. State v. McNack, 356 S.W.3d 906,
908 (Tenn. 2011).
The Defendant was convicted in Count 1 of violating Tennessee Code Annotated
section 55-10-616(b) (2018), which provided that “[a]ny person found to be an habitual
offender under this part who thereafter is convicted of operating a motor vehicle in this
state while the judgment or order of the court prohibiting such operation is in effect
commits a Class E felony.” As stated above, the legislature deleted the entirety of Part 6
by an amendment passed on May 24, 2019; the relevant part was replaced by the current
Code section 55-10-601, which provides a method for a MVHO to petition for
reinstatement of a driver’s license that was revoked solely pursuant to the MVHO Act.
2019 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch. 486, § 3. The parties dispute whether the Defendant can benefit
from the change in the law.
The Defendant’s December 2019 sentencing hearing took place after the MVHO
4
Act was repealed. 3 The criminal savings statute found in Tennessee Code Annotated
section 39-11-112 provides as follows:
When a penal statute or penal legislative act of the state is repealed or
amended by a subsequent legislative act, the offense, as defined by the statute
or act being repealed or amended, committed while the statute or act was in
full force and effect shall be prosecuted under the act or statute in effect at
the time of the commission of the offense. Except as provided under § 40-
35-117, in the event the subsequent act provides for a lesser penalty, any
punishment imposed shall be in accordance with the subsequent act.
On November 25, 1987, the Madison County Circuit Court found that the Defendant
was a MVHO pursuant to the version of the MVHO Act in effect at the time; accordingly,
it issued an order prohibiting the Defendant from operating a motor vehicle in Tennessee
and directing the Defendant to surrender his driver’s license to the Circuit Court Clerk. At
the time the Defendant was stopped for improperly changing lanes and driving a car with
an expired registration, Code section 55-10-616(b) provided that as a MVHO, the
Defendant had committed a Class E felony.
Relevant to the situation presented here, when a criminal statute is amended or
repealed, “in the event the subsequent act provides for a lesser penalty,” a defendant who
is sentenced after the effective date of the new statute is entitled to the benefit of the lesser
penalty. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-111. Our task in this case is to interpret whether the
legislature imposed a “lesser penalty” when it revised the MVHO Act on May 24, 2019.
The Defendant asserts that the savings statute and MVHO Act are ambiguous and
that we should therefore consult the legislative history of the amendment to the MVHO
Act to determine whether the legislature intended to impose a “lesser penalty.” In
response, the State argues that delving into the legislative history is unnecessary because
3
The question of law raised in this appeal has also been raised in three other appeals from the 26th Judicial
District pending disposition in this court; we note that two of those appeals were lodged by the State. See
State v. Marvin Maurice DeBerry, No. W2019-01666-CCA-R3-CD, 2021 WL 1561688 (Tenn. Crim. App.
Apr. 21, 2021); State v. George H. Person, No. W2020-00937-CCA-R3-CD (oral argument heard Apr. 6,
2021); State v. William Austin, Jr., No. W2020-01428-CCA-R3-CD (defendant’s notice of appeal filed
October 14, 2020). In Deberry, a panel of this court noted that the effective date of the MVHO Act’s
repeal was ambiguous. 2021 WL 1561688, at *5-6. After a thorough examination of the legislative
history, the panel concluded that the intended effective date was July 1, 2019, and we concur in that analysis.
Id. At any rate, it is not argued in this appeal that the conduct underlying the Defendant’s conviction
occurred after the repeal’s effective date or that the Defendant’s December 2019 sentence was imposed
before the repeal’s effective date.
5
neither the new MVHO Act nor the savings statute are ambiguous.
In support of his argument for ambiguity in the savings statute, the Defendant argues
that “ongoing confusion” exists in the trial courts and highlights our supreme court’s three
recent opinions clarifying the application of the savings statute to changes in the theft
grading statute. See State v. Tolle, 591 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2019); State v. Keese,
591 S.W.3d 75, 84 (Tenn. 2019); State v. Menke, 590 S.W.3d 455, 470 (Tenn. 2019).4
The Defendant also notes the parties’ arguments at the sentencing hearing, the trial court’s
“own confusion” about the application of the amended MVHO statute, and two Madison
County cases filed in this court, in which Circuit Court Judge Roy B. Morgan, Jr.,
concluded that the savings statute applied to the MVHO statute. See DeBerry, 2021 WL
1561688; Person, No. W2020-00937-CCA-R3-CD.
We conclude that the parties provide two reasonable statutory interpretations. The
State asserts that the savings statute does not “prohibit the imposition of penalties for
crimes committed before a criminal statue [was] repealed”; that is, the State urges us to
distinguish between situations in which the legislature replaced statutory language such
that the statute explicitly sets forth a less severe penalty, and those in which the legislature
repealed a statute such that the relevant behavior is no longer a crime. The Defendant
asserts that the absence of a penalty is inherently a lesser penalty and that the legislature
intended the amendment to the MVHO law to provide a lesser punishment for MVHO
offenders. We conclude that these interpretations are both reasonable; accordingly, we
turn to the legislative history. See Powers v. State, 343 S.W.3d 36, 50 n.20 (Tenn. 2011)
(noting that although an ambiguity cannot be manufactured by a nonsensical interpretation,
two reasonable interpretations of a statute demonstrate an ambiguity).
Our review of the legislative history of the amendment to the MVHO statute reflects
that the legislature intended to provide for a decreased punishment. The law repealing the
MVHO Act included changes to penalties associated with other criminal statutes; for
example the law decreased punishment for a failure to appear and increased punishment
for theft of a firearm. See 2019 Tenn. Pub. Acts, ch. 486, §§ 4, 8. When Senator John
Stevens described the law to the Senate Judiciary Committee, he stated that it “decreases
some penalties for some things, but then it ends up increasing the penalties for others.”
Senator Stevens specifically noted the repeal of the MVHO Act in his discussion of
decreased penalties. Senator Stevens also summarized the history of the MVHO Act to
the Senate Finance, Ways, and Means Committee, where he noted that the original intent
of the MVHO Act was to provide law enforcement with a tool for addressing multiple
motor vehicle offenders, but that sufficient penalties currently existed through laws
4
The Defendant acknowledges that his case is distinguishable from these three cases.
6
prohibiting driving under the influence. He characterized the bill as “a reduction in the
criminal code.” Senator Stevens reiterated prior to the bill’s passage in the Senate that the
new statute was intended to provide relief for those who “would just continue to drive
illegally either going to work or something like that because they would have their license
lost.”
Likewise, in the Tennessee House of Representatives, Representative William
Lamberth characterized the bill as providing for several “reductions in penalty” for certain
offenses as well as “increases in penalties” for others. Representative Lamberth stated to
the Judiciary Committee that the law “moves some penalties down on a few crimes; it
moves some others up.” Likewise, he noted to the Finance, Ways, and Means Committee
that the bill was meant to “alleviate some incarceration time” for some offenders while
increasing it for others. Representative Lamberth also stated that the act was intended to
reduce prison expenditures by reserving prison beds for “the worst of the worst” while
lowering sanctions for other offenses.
We conclude that the legislative history clearly reflects that that the legislature
intended to impose a lesser penalty on MVHOs by repealing and amending the MVHO Act
to eliminate the offense of driving as a MVHO. Accordingly, we must endeavor to give
effect to the legislature’s intent in our analysis of the Defendant’s issue. See Carter, 279
S.W.3d at 564.
We note that our supreme court has previously given defendants the benefit of the
lesser of two punishments when the alteration of a statute resulted in a reduced penalty.
In State v. Pearson, our supreme court concluded that relative to a defendant who
committed an offense prior to the passage of the 1989 Sentencing Act and was sentenced
after its effective date, the court “must calculate the appropriate sentence under both the
1982 statute and the 1989 statute, in their entirety, and then impose the lesser sentence of
the two.” 858 S.W.2d 879, 884 (Tenn. 1993). Likewise, in Menke, the Tennessee
Supreme Court concluded that the amendment of the theft grading statute imposed a lesser
punishment under the savings statute. 590 S.W.3d at 468. The Menke court concluded
that “[u]nder the language of the Criminal Savings Statute, a clear legislative directive
regarding retroactive application is not required for a defendant to benefit from the lesser
punishment imposed by the subsequent act.” Id. at 470 (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-
112). Here, we likewise conclude that, even in the absence of explicit language mandating
retroactive application of the lesser penalty, the savings statute should be applied to the
Defendant’s benefit. See Deberry, 2021 WL 1561688, at *9.
Because we determine that no penalty is a lesser penalty under the savings statute,
we conclude that the trial court erred by applying the greater punishment to the Defendant’s
7
conviction. See Amber Jones, et al., v. Kent Coleman, et al., No. 3:16-CV-00677, 2017
WL 3025596, at *3 (M.D. Tenn. July 14, 2017) (concluding that the plaintiffs’ claims were
moot in part because the law they were challenging, under which they feared they could be
fined for acts committed while the law was in place, had been repealed, and the new law
provided no penalties), aff’d sub nom. Jones v. Haynes, 736 Fed. App’x 585 (6th Cir.
2018); compare State v. Ariel Ben Sherman and Jacqueline P. Crank, No. E2006-01226-
CCA-R3-CD, 2007 WL 2011032, at *2, 4 (Tenn. Crim. App. July 12, 2007) (concluding
the defendants could be prosecuted under a repealed statute despite their argument that zero
punishment was a lesser penalty), aff’d by Sherman, 266 S.W.3d at 401 n.5 (noting that
this court had concluded that the savings statute applied to preserve prosecution under the
former version of the statute and observing that the issue was “not before this [c]ourt”).
Accordingly, we vacate the Defendant’s six-year sentence in Count 1 and direct the trial
court to enter an amended judgment form reflecting a conviction for driving as a MVHO
and a zero-day sentence. See Deberry, 2021 WL 1561688, at *9 (affirming the trial
court’s application of the savings statute by vacating the sentence and fine from the
defendant’s conviction for driving as a MVHO).
CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing and the record as a whole, we reverse the judgment of the
trial court and remand this case for the entry of an amended judgment in Count 1, driving
as a MVHO, reflecting a sentence of zero days.
_________________________________
D. KELLY THOMAS, JR., JUDGE
8