State of Tennessee v. Tyler Brooks and Tavares Jackson ( 2019 )


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  •                                                                                         03/11/2019
    IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
    AT JACKSON
    Assigned on Briefs June 5, 2018
    STATE OF TENNESSEE v. TYLER BROOKS and TAVARES JACKSON
    Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
    No. 16-00942       J. Robert Carter, Jr., Judge
    ___________________________________
    No. W2017-00768-CCA-R3-CD
    ___________________________________
    A Shelby County Criminal Court Jury convicted the Appellants, Tyler Brooks and
    Tavares Jackson, of aggravated robbery. Additionally, Appellant Jackson was convicted
    of vandalism of property valued over $500. The trial court sentenced each Appellant to a
    total effective sentence of nine years in the Tennessee Department of Correction. On
    appeal, both Appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence sustaining their
    aggravated robbery convictions. Appellant Jackson also contends that the trial court
    erred by denying his motion to suppress the victim’s identification of the perpetrators at
    the scene, by “denying the defense to enter the case notes of the lead detective,” by
    making prejudicial gestures during trial, and by allowing an officer to give speculative
    testimony regarding the Appellants’ guilt. Upon review, we affirm the judgments of the
    trial court.
    Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Criminal Court Affirmed
    NORMA MCGEE OGLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T.
    WOODALL and ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JJ., joined.
    Stephen C. Bush and Tony N. Brayton (on appeal), and Joseph Benjamin Baker (at trial),
    Memphis, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Tyler Brooks.
    Shannon M. Davis, Memphis, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Tavares Jackson.
    Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Jonathan H. Wardle, Assistant
    Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Leslie C. Fouche,
    Assistant District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.
    OPINION
    I. Factual Background
    The Appellants’ charges stem from the August 21, 2015 vandalism of Gabe’s
    Market and robbery of the victim, Gebeyehu Teklemariam, who owned the market.
    At trial, the victim testified that his convenience store, Gabe’s Market, was located
    on Macon Road. Sometime before 11:00 p.m. on August 21, 2015, he received a call
    from ADT Security Service informing him he needed to go to the store and wait for the
    police because the store’s front doors had been broken.
    The victim left home and drove his truck to the store. Upon arrival, he parked, got
    out, and walked around the outside of the store. Upon seeing broken glass at the side of
    the building, he returned to his truck and sat inside to wait for the police. When he heard
    a knock from the rear of the truck, he got out and turned in that direction. He saw two
    men approaching him from the back of the truck. One of the men “was lighter skinned, a
    little skinnier and taller. The other one [was] shorter and a little bit chubbier at the time.”
    The taller man pointed a silver gun at the victim and said, “Give me my money. Give me
    the money.” The gunman was wearing a white bandana that covered the lower part of his
    face. When he spoke, the bandana went “down a little bit.” The victim thought the
    gunman was wearing a button-down shirt and white jeans. The shorter man was wearing
    a black hoodie and black pants. The victim told the gunman that he did not have any
    money. The shorter man then ordered, “Give me the money.” The victim repeated that
    he did not have any money. The perpetrators then took the victim’s cellular telephone
    and ran across Macon Road towards “the bush” and “a lot of trees.” The victim
    explained that a subdivision and a school were located on the other side of the trees.
    In the courtroom, the victim identified the gunman as Appellant Jackson and the
    other perpetrator as Appellant Brooks. He asserted that he was certain of his
    identification. The victim explained that a lot of young people came into his store, that
    the Appellants had been in the store often, and that he had recognized the Appellants’
    voices during the offense. The victim described Appellant Brooks’ voice as “thicker”
    than Appellant Jackson’s voice. The victim explained that he recognized Appellant
    Brooks’ voice because they had many discussions during Appellant Brooks’ visits to the
    store. The victim knew and liked Appellant Jackson because he had never caused
    problems in the store and was the only young customer who was a “nice guy.”
    The victim said that the robbery occurred about five minutes after he arrived at the
    store and that the police arrived approximately seven to ten minutes later. Upon
    questioning, the victim told the police that he knew the perpetrators and said that “one of
    them was kind of light skinned and taller [and had the gun]. The other one was shorter
    and ha[d] a deep voice.” The victim also told the police which way the perpetrators ran.
    -2-
    The victim’s store had a surveillance video system, and he provided a copy of that
    night’s video to the police. Some of the officers left the scene, but other officers stayed
    and watched the security video with the victim. As they watched the video, an officer
    again asked if the victim knew the perpetrators. The victim responded, “Yes, I know
    them. They are my customers. I know their families.” Ultimately, some officers brought
    the Appellants to the store, and the victim verified they were the perpetrators. About
    twenty or thirty minutes later, the officers brought a third man to the store, but the victim
    said he was not one of the perpetrators.
    The victim said that he had seen the Appellants almost daily for approximately
    four or five years. Appellant Jackson had never given him problems, but he had “some
    problems” with Appellant Brooks.
    The victim said that an air conditioner and breaker at the back of the store had
    been cut, an “MLGW meter” had been damaged, and a window had been broken. He
    estimated that the damage would cost over $1,000 to repair.
    On cross-examination, the victim said that the store closed at 10:00 p.m. and that
    he was called by ADT before 10:30 p.m. He recalled that the robbery occurred shortly
    after he arrived at the store. The victim noted that the cellular telephone the Appellants
    took from him was never returned.
    The victim said that he knew one of the Appellants was wearing a black hoodie.
    When Appellant Jackson pointed the gun at him, the victim watched his face and did not
    note the time or look at Appellant Jackson’s clothes. The victim thought Appellant
    Jackson was wearing white pants but acknowledged the security video did not show
    Appellant Jackson wearing white pants. The victim did not recall testifying at a previous
    hearing that he initially did not tell the police that he recognized their voices. He could
    not recall when he told the police he recognized the perpetrators’ voices and recalled only
    that the police asked if he knew the perpetrators and that he said he did. The victim did
    not know the Appellants’ names or nicknames but knew they both lived in the
    neighborhood.
    The victim said that the security video showed three men vandalizing the store but
    that their faces could not be seen. The victim explained that he was able to recognize the
    Appellants’ voices during the robbery because almost all of the “boys” from the
    neighborhood frequented his store, the Appellants came to his store almost every day
    after school, and he frequently had conversations with the Appellants.
    The victim noted that Appellant Jackson was “one of [his] favorite boys.”
    Appellant Jackson tried to keep his face covered during the robbery; however, at one
    point, the victim saw “all the face.” The victim said that he did not want to send any
    -3-
    young people to jail but that he had no doubts about his identification of the perpetrators,
    explaining, “I know them, exactly what they did to me, and who [they are].”
    On redirect examination, the victim noted that Appellant Brooks sometimes came
    into the store with older males and stole items. The victim told Appellant Brooks not to
    return to the store.
    The victim recalled that Appellant Jackson’s mask covered the lower part of his
    face beginning at the middle of his nose. When Appellant Jackson demanded money
    from the victim, his mask slipped down to his mouth. On recross-examination, the victim
    said that he was sure of Appellant Jackson’s identity even before his mask slipped.
    Mark Lowe, a deputy with the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office, testified that on the
    night of August 21, he was off-duty and driving down Macon Road toward Raleigh
    Lagrange in his personal vehicle when he saw three men come out of a bushy, wooded
    area. One man returned to the bushes, and the other two men crossed the road and
    walked into a parking lot. One of the two men had a gun, and Deputy Lowe saw the
    gunman raise the weapon. Deputy Lowe called the dispatcher to convey what he had
    seen and included a description of the men’s clothing. The dispatcher advised Deputy
    Lowe that an “alarm” had been called in near that location.
    Deputy Lowe drove into the parking lot and saw the two men run back into the
    bushes. At that time, a marked patrol unit arrived. Deputy Lowe told the other officers
    what he had seen and asked them to check the subdivision on the other side of the
    wooded area.
    On cross-examination, Deputy Lowe acknowledged that he was not involved in
    the investigation of the case. At the time, Deputy Lowe was able to give the other
    officers a description of the men’s clothing; however, at trial Deputy Lowe was unable to
    recall what the men were wearing. Deputy Lowe never saw the men’s faces.
    Deputy Anthony White testified that he responded to the area to help search for
    two or three black males who had robbed the store. Twenty or thirty minutes after being
    dispatched, Deputy White saw a couple of men walking across the street near the
    intersection of Raleigh Lagrange and McCaleb, which was less than a quarter of a mile
    from the store where the robbery occurred.
    The officers, who were in a marked patrol vehicle, pulled up next to the men and
    asked where they had been and what they were doing in the area. One of the men “took
    off running.” Deputy White’s partner ran after the man and caught him. Deputy White
    identified Appellant Jackson in court as the man who ran and Appellant Brooks as the
    -4-
    man who stayed behind to speak with the officers. The officers took the Appellants to
    the victim’s store, and the victim identified them as the perpetrators.
    Deputy White recalled that the Appellants had cut grass and grass stains on their
    shoes and clothes. He could not recall what the Appellants were wearing.
    On cross-examination, Deputy White recalled that the police dispatcher had given
    a description of the suspects. Deputy White could recall only that the police were
    searching for two or three black males. He acknowledged the description would have
    matched most of the young men in that neighborhood but explained that he did not see
    any other groups of two or three young men walking together during the search. He
    stopped the men near the parking lot of Dexter Middle School, which was located
    between Beringer Drive and Lagrange. The police had not received any trespassing calls
    from the area, but Deputy White spoke with some people in the area who had seen a
    couple of “kids” run through the backyards. Deputy White said that it was unusual for
    young people to be out at that time of night because of the curfew and that when the
    police found them during curfew checks between 10:00 and 11:00 p.m., they generally
    took the children home.
    Deputy White patted down one of the Appellants while his partner patted down
    the other one. The officers did not find a gun or a cellular telephone.
    Deputy White said that he usually did not take suspects for a show-up
    identification; however, “[t]he reason we took them back to the store was one of the
    suspects [took off] running. That’s normally an indication of guilt, when they take off
    running after you just stopped and talked to them.” Deputy White did not take the
    Appellants out of the car at the store but had the victim walk over to the car and look at
    them through the window.
    Detective Andrew Terrell testified that he was the lead investigator and that he and
    his supervisor went to the store to process the scene and take photographs. Patrol officers
    located some clothing in a drainage ditch approximately seventy to one hundred yards
    from the store. Detective Terrell went to the area, took photographs, and collected the
    evidence. The evidence included several items of wet clothing: a black jacket, black
    hoodies, black shoes, a black shirt, black pants, and a “piece of white clothing.”
    Detective Terrell spoke with the victim and asked if he would recognize the
    perpetrators. The victim immediately responded, “Well, I know who they are.” The
    victim was adamant that he knew who robbed him.
    On cross-examination, Detective Terrell said that one of the black shirts appeared
    to have pink lettering on the front, possibly a “Gap logo.” Detective Terrell said that the
    -5-
    victim never described any lettering on the perpetrators’ clothing. Detective Terrell
    explained, however, that the victim “stated that he knew who they were.” The victim
    described the perpetrators as black males who were frequent customers of his store. One
    of the perpetrators had lighter skin, the other had darker skin, and one was taller than the
    other. The victim was unable to provide names or nicknames for the perpetrators.
    Detective Terrell said that he was at the scene at approximately 11:30 p.m. when the
    Appellants were brought to the store for identification.
    Detective Terrell said that he watched the store’s surveillance video. He thought
    the video showed two individuals approaching the store and one of the men shooting out
    a storefront window.
    Detective Terrell acknowledged that he did not compare the size of the clothes
    found in the drainage ditch to the sizes worn by the Appellants and did not test their
    hands for gunshot residue.
    Tameka Carter, Appellant Brooks’ mother, testified that the Appellants were
    friends and commonly “h[u]ng out” together at her house. On Friday, August 21, the
    Appellants arrived at her house around 9:00 or 9:30 p.m. and went upstairs to play video
    games. Carter stayed downstairs watching television. The Appellants left around 10:30
    p.m. Usually, Appellant Brooks walked with Appellant Jackson to Dexter Middle
    School, which was about halfway to Appellant Jackson’s home, then returned home for
    his 11:00 p.m. curfew. Appellant Brooks was wearing a white shirt, blue jeans, and white
    shoes, and Appellant Jackson was wearing a yellow shirt that “was light and dark” and
    jeans. Neither boy had a backpack or duffle bag. No one else was with the Appellants
    that night.
    Carter said that the walk from her house to Gabe’s Market was a five- to seven-
    minute walk and from her house to Dexter Middle School was a ten-minute walk. She
    fell asleep after Appellant Brooks left the house and did not notice he had not returned
    until she received a call from the police around midnight informing her of his arrest. She
    gave the police her permission to speak with Appellant Brooks.
    Carter said that she would not “make something up to protect [her] son.” She
    knew a lot of neighborhood kids went to Gabe’s Market because it was close to a bus
    stop, that Appellant Brooks had gone to Gabe’s Market after school, and that Appellant
    Brooks had “a couple little run-ins with” the victim. Appellant Brooks told her he had
    been in a “shoot-out” at the store before the robbery.
    The Appellants chose not to testify or present proof. Appellant Brooks was found
    guilty of the aggravated robbery charge but was acquitted of the vandalism charge.
    Appellant Jackson was found guilty of both offenses. The trial court sentenced each of
    -6-
    the Appellants to nine years in confinement for the aggravated robbery convictions and
    imposed a concurrent sentence of one year for Appellant Jackson’s vandalism conviction.
    On appeal, both Appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence sustaining
    their aggravated robbery convictions.1 Appellant Jackson also contends that the trial
    court erred by denying his motion to suppress the victim’s identification of the
    perpetrators at the scene, by “denying the defense to enter the case notes of the lead
    detective,” by making prejudicial gestures during trial, and by allowing an officer to give
    speculative testimony regarding the Appellants’ guilt.
    II. Analysis
    A. Timeliness of Notice of Appeal
    Initially, we note that the State contends Appellant Jackson’s notice of appeal was
    untimely. At the time the notices of appeal were filed, Rule 4(a) of the Tennessee Rules
    of Appellate Procedure required that the notices “be filed with and received by the clerk
    of the trial court within 30 days after the date of entry of the judgment appealed from[.]”2
    The trial court denied the Appellants’ motions for new trial on March 10, 2017.
    Appellant Brooks filed a timely notice of appeal on April 7, 2017. Appellant Jackson’s
    notice of appeal reflects that it was mailed on April 11, 2017, and filed on April 19, 2017.
    Therefore, we agree with the State that Appellant Jackson’s notice of appeal was
    untimely.
    Regardless, Rule 4 provides that “in all criminal cases the ‘notice of appeal’
    document is not jurisdictional and the filing of such document may be waived in the
    interest of justice.” Tenn. R. App. P. 4(a). We have chosen to waive the timely filing.
    B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
    Both Appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence sustaining their
    aggravated robbery convictions, specifically contending that the victim’s identification of
    the Appellants as the perpetrators was not reliable. On direct appeal, a jury conviction
    removes the presumption of the Appellants’ innocence and replaces it with one of guilt,
    so that the Appellants carry the burden of demonstrating to this court why the evidence
    will not support the jury’s findings. See State v. Tuggle, 
    639 S.W.2d 913
    , 914 (Tenn.
    1982). The Appellants must establish that no reasonable trier of fact could have found
    1
    Appellant Jackson does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence sustaining his vandalism
    conviction.
    2
    Effective July 1, 2017, Rule 4(a), Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, was amended to
    require that notices of appeal be filed with the appellate court clerk rather than the trial court clerk.
    -7-
    the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v. Virginia,
    
    443 U.S. 307
    , 319 (1979); Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e).
    Accordingly, on appeal, the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the
    evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom. See State v.
    Williams, 
    657 S.W.2d 405
    , 410 (Tenn. 1983). In other words, questions concerning the
    credibility of witnesses and the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all
    factual issues raised by the evidence, are resolved by the trier of fact, not the appellate
    courts. See State v. Pruett, 
    788 S.W.2d 559
    , 561 (Tenn. 1990).
    The guilt of a defendant, including any fact required to be proven, may be
    predicated upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct
    and circumstantial evidence. See State v. Pendergrass, 
    13 S.W.3d 389
    , 392-93 (Tenn.
    Crim. App. 1999). Even though convictions may be established by different forms of
    evidence, the standard of review for the sufficiency of that evidence is the same whether
    the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence. See State v. Dorantes,
    
    331 S.W.3d 370
    , 379 (Tenn. 2011).
    Aggravated robbery is defined as robbery accomplished with a deadly weapon or
    by display of any article used or fashioned to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be
    a deadly weapon. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-402(a)(1). Robbery is defined as “the
    intentional or knowing theft of property from the person of another by violence or putting
    the person in fear.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-401(a). A theft of property occurs when
    someone, with the intent to deprive the owner of property, knowingly obtains or exercises
    control over the property without the owner’s effective consent. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-
    14-103.
    In the light most favorable to the State, the evidence showed that the victim went
    to his store after his security company advised him the alarm had been activated. After
    walking around the store to assess the damage, the victim returned to his vehicle to wait
    for the police to arrive. The victim heard a noise and got out of his vehicle. Two young
    men with masks over the lower part of their faces approached him, and one of the men
    pointed a gun at him. The men repeatedly demanded money from the victim. The victim
    told them that he did not have any money, and the perpetrators took his cellular telephone
    and then walked toward a wooded area. The victim recognized the Appellants’ by their
    eyes and voices because they were frequent customers of his store. Additionally,
    Appellant Jackson’s mask slipped during the crime, and the victim was able to see more
    of his face. After the police arrived at the store, the victim described the Appellants, and
    the police quickly found the Appellants and their discarded clothing a short distance from
    the store. The police brought the Appellants to the store for a show-up identification, and
    the victim confirmed that the Appellants were the perpetrators.
    -8-
    Our courts have held consistently that a victim’s testimony, standing alone, is
    sufficient to sustain a conviction of aggravated robbery. See State v. Koffman, 
    207 S.W.3d 309
    , 322 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2006); State v. Radley, 
    29 S.W.3d 532
    , 536 (Tenn.
    Crim. App. 1999); State v. Strickland, 
    885 S.W.2d 85
    , 87-88 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993).
    Moreover, it was within the jury’s purview to determine the credibility of the witnesses.
    See State v. Millsaps, 
    30 S.W.3d 364
    , 368 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000) (stating that “the
    weight and credibility of the witnesses’ testimony are matters entrusted exclusively to the
    jury as the trier[ ] of fact”). In the instant case, the jury clearly resolved the issue of
    credibility in the State’s favor. We may not now reconsider the jury’s credibility
    assessment. See State v. Carruthers, 
    35 S.W.3d 516
    , 558 (Tenn. 2000). We conclude that
    the evidence was sufficient to sustain the Appellants’ convictions of aggravated robbery.
    C. Suppression of Identification
    Appellant Jackson contends that the trial court erred by denying his motions to
    suppress the victim’s identification of the Appellants. However, the record does not
    include a transcript of the suppression hearing or the trial court’s order ruling on
    Appellant Jackson’s motions. An appellant carries the burden of ensuring that the record
    on appeal conveys a fair, accurate, and complete account of what has transpired with
    respect to those issues that are the bases of appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 24(b); see also
    Thompson v. State, 
    958 S.W.2d 156
    , 172 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997). “In the absence of an
    adequate record on appeal, this court must presume that the trial court’s rulings were
    supported by sufficient evidence.” State v. Oody, 
    823 S.W.2d 554
    , 559 (Tenn. Crim.
    App. 1991). We conclude that Appellant Jackson has waived this issue.
    D. Detective Terrell’s Case Notes
    Next, Appellant Jackson contends that the trial court erred by “denying the
    defense to enter the case notes of the lead detective.” As the State notes in its brief, at
    trial Appellant Jackson indicated that the notes would help Detective Terrell recall what
    the victim said about his past experience with each of the Appellants. Appellant Jackson
    further indicated that he wanted to introduce the case notes as substantive evidence. The
    State objected, explaining that an audio recording of the victim’s description of the
    perpetrators was given to the Appellant. However, the case notes and a supplement to the
    notes reflected that the victim identified Appellant Brooks as his “friend” and Appellant
    Jackson as the person he had barred from his store while the audio recording and the
    police report reflected that the victim identified Appellant Jackson as his “favorite boy”
    and Appellant Brooks as someone who caused trouble in the store. The State explained
    that the defense was given the audio recording but wanted to use the supplement instead
    of the recording. The trial court excluded the evidence holding that it was hearsay and
    not relevant.
    -9-
    On appeal, however, Appellant Jackson argues that he “attempted to attack the
    credibility of the lead detective by refreshing the witness’s memory, by introducing his
    case notes” and that the case notes should have been admitted into evidence. Appellant
    Jackson does not explain how the case notes were admissible or what information in the
    case notes he wanted to use. See Vern Braswell v. State, No. W2016-00912-CCA-R3-
    PC, 
    2018 WL 1719443
    , at *52 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Apr. 9, 2018), perm. to
    appeal denied, (Tenn., Sept. 14, 2018); State v. Jeffrey Scott Long, No. E2015-01287-
    CCA-R3-CD, 
    2017 WL 2958700
    , at *16 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, July 11, 2017),
    perm. to appeal denied, (Tenn., Nov. 16, 2017).
    In his brief, Appellant Jackson quotes two exceptions to the rule against hearsay,
    namely Tennessee Rule of Evidence 803(5), which concerns recorded recollection, and
    Rule 803(6), which concerns business records. After quoting the rules, Appellant
    Jackson, without further argument, contends that “[i]n each of the above rules of
    evidence, the case notes of the Officer could have been admitted.” Appellant Jackson
    next quotes Rule 806, which provides for the impeachment of hearsay declarants.
    Appellant Jackson, without further explanation or argument, states that “rule 806 gives
    credence to the argument by the Defense that [Appellant Jackson] was trying to attack the
    credibility.” In our view, the mere quotation of Rules of Evidence followed by summary
    contentions that the Rules support the Appellant’s position does not constitute an
    argument as required by the Rules of Appellate Procedure. Therefore, the issues are
    waived. Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7) (“The brief of the appellant shall contain . . . [a]n
    argument, which may be preceded by a summary of argument, setting forth the
    contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues presented, and the reasons therefor,
    including the reasons why the contentions require appellate relief, with citations to the
    authorities and appropriate references to the record (which may be quoted verbatim)
    relied on.”); see Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b) (“Issues which are not supported by
    argument, citation to authorities, or appropriate references to the record will be treated as
    waived in this court.”); State v. John Calvin Sipe, Jr., No. E2005-00039-CCA-R3-CD,
    
    2005 WL 3479288
    , at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Knoxville, Dec. 16, 2005).
    Regarding Appellant Jackson’s claim that the trial court prevented counsel from
    proceeding with her line of questioning and failed to allow her to “give any arguments
    regarding the validity [sic],” the record reveals that the trial court gave counsel ample
    opportunity to explain the argument for the admissibility of the case notes, and she was
    unable to do so. Indeed, the trial court patiently attempted to explain the specific rules
    and the problems with the manner in which counsel was attempting to use the documents.
    Appellant Jackson is not entitled to relief on this issue.
    E. Trial Court’s Gestures
    - 10 -
    Next, Appellant Jackson complains that the trial court made prejudicial gestures
    during trial. His entire argument on appeal regarding this issue is as follows:
    Under Judicial Canon 1, the law states, “A judge shall
    uphold and promote the independence, integrity, and
    impartiality of the judiciary, and shall avoid impropriety and
    the appearance of impropriety.”
    During the course of the trial, the Trial Court Judge
    made facial gestures that were negative towards the defense.
    These included, but not limited to [sic], eye rolling, smirks,
    and the like. The jury saw this, and it tainted the jury.
    This court previously has observed that “[i]t is difficult to assess allegations
    regarding body language and sarcasm. The written record rarely provides an accurate
    reflection of any such behavior. That is the case here as well.” State v. John Knapp, No.
    02C01-9608-CR-00282, 
    1997 WL 759433
    , at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. at Jackson, Dec. 10,
    1997). Appellant Jackson did not object contemporaneously to any alleged facial
    gestures made by the trial court and did not provide any citations to the record where
    such gestures allegedly occurred. We conclude that Appellant Jackson’s failures result in
    a waiver of this issue. See Tenn. Ct. Crim. App. R. 10(b); Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7).
    F. Deputy White’s Testimony
    Appellant Jackson’s final complaint concerns whether the trial court erred by
    overruling an objection he made during Deputy White’s testimony. On cross-
    examination, Appellant Brooks’ counsel questioned Deputy White about why he took the
    Appellants to the victim’s store for a show-up identification. At that point, the following
    colloquy occurred:
    [Appellant Brooks’ counsel]: Is that typically how you would
    approach somebody for identification of a suspect, take
    people for a showing like that?
    [Deputy White]: Negative, sir.
    [Appellant Brooks’ counsel]:     Why did you do that that
    evening?
    [Deputy White]: The reason we took them back to the store
    was one of the suspects running. That’s normally an
    - 11 -
    indication of guilt, when they take off running after you just
    stopped and talked to them.
    Appellant Jackson objected to Deputy White’s testimony. The trial court
    overruled the objection and instructed the jury that they would be responsible for
    determining whether a person’s guilt could be inferred from his fleeing from police.
    On appeal, Appellant Jackson summarily argues that the trial court should have
    sustained his objection, explaining that he objected on the basis of speculation. He
    further contends the jury was so tainted by hearing the testimony that it was rendered
    “unfit to rule on a sentence.”
    However, Appellant Jackson provided no argument or citations in support of his
    issue. Generally, “[i]ssues which are not supported by argument, citation to authorities,
    or appropriate references to the record will be treated as waived in this court.” Tenn. Ct.
    Crim. App. R. 10(b); see also Tenn. R. App. P. 27(a)(7). We conclude that Appellant
    Jackson has waived this issue.
    III. Conclusion
    The judgments of the trial court are affirmed.
    _________________________________
    NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JUDGE
    - 12 -
    

Document Info

Docket Number: W2017-00768-CCA-R3-CD

Judges: Judge Norma McGee Ogle

Filed Date: 3/11/2019

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 3/11/2019