State of Tennessee v. Anthony Whited ( 2011 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
December 15, 2010 Session
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. ANTHONY WHITED
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Wilson County
No. 07-0138 David E. Durham, Judge
No. M2010-00612-CCA-R3-CD - Filed December 27, 2011
A Wilson county jury convicted the Defendant, Anthony Whited, of second degree murder,
a Class A felony. The trial court sentenced him as a violent offender to serve twenty years
at 100% in the Tennessee Department of Correction. On appeal, the Defendant argues that
(1) the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction; (2) the trial court erroneously
ruled that the State could cross-examine the Defendant about two prior misdemeanor
convictions if the Defendant chose to testify; (3) the trial court erred by allowing a witness
to give evidence in the form of an opinion when (a) the State did not tender the witness as
an expert and (b) the testimony was outside any area of expertise possibly attributable to the
witness; (4) the trial court erroneously overruled the Defendant’s motion for judgment of
acquittal; (5) the trial court’s jury instructions illegally shifted the burden of proof to the
Defendant; and (6) the trial court erred by using the Defendant’s prior convictions to
determine the length of the Defendant’s sentence. Following our review, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
R OBERT W. W EDEMEYER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D AVID H. W ELLES,
Sp. J., joined. J.C. M CL IN, J., not participating.1
G. Jeff Cherry (on appeal), David H. Veile (at trial and on appeal) and B. F. Jack Lowery (at
trial), Lebanon, Tennessee, for the appellant, Anthony Whited.
1
The Honorable J.C. McLin died September 3, 2011, and did not participate in this opinion. We
acknowledge his faithful service to this Court.
1
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Benjamin A. Ball, Assistant Attorney
General; Tom P. Johnson, District Attorney General; and Brian W. Fuller and Linda D.
Walls, Assistant District Attorneys General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Facts
On March 13, 2007, a Wilson County grand jury indicted the Defendant, Anthony
Whited, for the second degree murder of Charles Kieren. The matter was tried before a jury
on July 8 through July 9, 2009.
At trial, Katherine Crouse, the victim’s mother, testified that, at the time of his death,
the victim was thirty-six years old and working as a truck driver. She explained that she, the
victim, and another son, Curtis Kieren, lived together at 301-A Wilson Avenue in Lebanon,
Tennessee. She described the residence as a two-family duplex. Her family lived in one unit
of the duplex while the Defendant occupied the other unit of the same duplex. Ms. Crouse
said that, although she did not “really” know the Defendant, her family and the Defendant
had “[j]ust a few little arguments,” such as when he called the animal shelter because their
cat was on his side of the porch.
Ms. Crouse testified that on July 29, 2006, she and the victim went fishing at 5:00
a.m. and returned home between 12:00 p.m. and 1:00 p.m. They both went inside and
planned to nap. Ms. Crouse took a nap and was unaware anything was wrong until a
neighbor knocked on her door and told her to call the police because the victim had been
stabbed. She went outside and saw the victim lying on the ground by the driveway. Ms.
Crouse testified that she “could see the blood coming out of his shirt.”
Thomas Wayne Hampton testified that he had lived on Martin Avenue for ten years.
On July 29, 2006, he was helping his friend, Mitch Dyer, move out of his duplex on Martin
Avenue. Mr. Hampton knew that the victim and the Defendant were Mr. Dyer’s neighbors,
but he did not know them personally. He recalled seeing the victim coming in and out of his
house and cleaning out his van throughout the day. He was standing on the front porch of
Mr. Dyer’s house when he saw the Defendant sprinkling something around a tree in front of
his house. Mr. Hampton testified that the Defendant told him and Mr. Dyer that “he was
warding off the spirits.” He heard the victim, who “was on his way outside,” ask the
Defendant what he was doing, and then the victim and the Defendant began “a hollering
match.” The Defendant said, “F*** you,” to the victim. Mr. Hampton testified that the
victim “walked up to” the Defendant and told him “to get back on [his] side.” He said that
“a little altercation broke out,” but “no punches were thrown.” Mr. Hampton thought that
the Defendant pulled out a pocket knife at that point, and he and Mr. Dyer yelled at the
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Defendant to put the knife away. The Defendant put his knife into his pocket, and the
Defendant and the victim both “squared off” into “a boxing stance.” Mr. Hampton testified
that the Defendant kicked the victim’s leg, and the victim knocked the Defendant’s hat off
of his head. He recalled that “maybe a couple more little punches were thrown” before the
Defendant “pulled the knife back out again.” Mr. Hampton said that the Defendant lunged
at the victim and stabbed him in the heart once. The victim walked away and collapsed in
his driveway. Mr. Hampton testified that he told the Defendant to go inside, which he did.
On cross-examination, Mr. Hampton recalled that after the Defendant stabbed the
victim, the victim said, “I can get a knife, too.”
Mitchell Slade Dyer testified that on July 29, 2006, he lived at 299-B Martin Avenue,
next door to the duplex where the victim and the Defendant lived. He and his wife were
moving out of their home that day, with the help of Thomas Hampton. Mr. Dyer recalled
seeing the Defendant outside with a bag sprinkling something around the tree in the duplex’s
front yard. When Mr. Hampton asked what he was doing, the Defendant responded that “he
was warding off evil spirits.” Mr. Dyer also saw the victim cleaning out his van in his
driveway. He said that the victim responded to the Defendant’s statement by saying
“something like, ‘[W]hat did you say[?]’” Mr. Dyer testified that the Defendant and the
victim began “bickering back and forth,” and that they were “kind of squared with each other
. . . like they were squaring off maybe to fight or talking kind of harsh words to each other.”
He said that the victim “walked up” and the Defendant “reached [into] his pocket and clicked
open a pocket knife.” Mr. Dyer testified that Mr. Hampton “hollered” to the Defendant,
telling him to put the knife away, and the Defendant complied. According to Mr. Dyer, the
Defendant kicked the victim in the shin, and the victim lunged at the Defendant, knocking
the Defendant’s hat off of his head. Mr. Dyer said that they began “tussling,” describing it
as a “mild fist fight.” He testified that they were moving across the yard, away from Mr.
Dyer’s house, until the victim turned around and began walking back toward the driveway.
Mr. Dyer said that the victim was bleeding, but he managed to walk several steps before he
stopped and laid down. He testified that, while Mr. Hampton stayed with the victim, he went
to the victim’s door to get his mother to come outside. Mr. Dyer recalled that Mr. Hampton
told the Defendant to go inside his house, and the Defendant complied.
On cross-examination, Mr. Dyer testified that he saw the victim’s brother break a
window and say, “‘I’m going to kill the mother f***er.”
Christian Dyer, Mitchell Dyer’s wife, testified that on July 29, 2006, she and her
husband were moving out of their home with the help of Thomas Hampton. She said that
they lived next door to the duplex where the victim and the Defendant lived. Mrs. Dyer
testified that she saw the Defendant sprinkling something around a tree and that her husband
asked him what he was doing. The Defendant responded that he was sprinkling dust to ward
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off evil spirits. Mrs. Dyer saw the victim come outside and heard him ask the Defendant
what he was doing. She did not recall the Defendant’s response to the victim. Mrs. Dyer
testified that the Defendant pulled out a knife but put it away at Mr. Hampton’s request. She
said that as the altercation escalated, the men moved across the front yard. She called 911
as soon as the altercation began, so she was already on the phone with the dispatcher when
she saw the victim turn around, walk back toward the driveway, and collapse. She said that
the victim was “real pale,” had a “stunned look” on his face, and he was bleeding in the area
underneath his rib cage. She stayed with the victim until the police and medical personnel
arrived. Mrs. Dyer said that because her focus was on the victim she was unaware of the
Defendant’s actions after the victim collapsed.
Lebanon Police Detective Eddie Brown testified that he responded to a call from 301
Martin Avenue in Lebanon, Tennessee, on July 29, 2006. The police received the call at 1:23
p.m., and he arrived at the scene at 1:27 p.m. When he arrived, paramedics were treating the
victim, and patrol officers had detained the Defendant in a patrol car. He advised the
Defendant of his Miranda rights, and the Defendant signed a waiver form. Detective Brown
testified that the Defendant told him that he had “been having a feud [with his neighbors]
over the last two or three weeks” about the neighbors’ cats. The Defendant told the detective
that he was taking his trash out when the victim yelled at him and approached him. He
further said that the victim pushed him, so he warned the victim “not to put his hands on him
anymore.” The victim “took a swing” at the Defendant, knocking off his hat, and the
Defendant warned the victim not to touch him again or he would hurt him. The Defendant
told Detective Brown that he pulled out his knife, and the victim “leaned towards him or
[went] after him and the knife stuck him in the chest.” The Defendant also gave the
following written statement, which Detective Brown read into evidence:
[H]ave had ongoing dispute with neighbors. Landlord notified.
Refused to get involved. Today going outside to trash can. [The victim]
started hollering at me. Crossed over to my front yard, still hollering. Put his
hand . . . [on] me. At this time, I informed him not to touch me again. He then
took a swing at me. I received a glancing blow to the . . . [left] side of my
head, at which time I informed him that if he did it again, I would not stand for
it. He then came at me again at which time I pulled knife. One of [the]
neighbors . . . (Thomas) . . . said [to] put knife away. [The victim] then
jumped at me and stepped in to knife. Knife struck [the victim] in right upper
torso. I then went into house, locked door and called 911 for ambulance and
police. The [victim’s] brother, Curtis, came on front porch and broke bay
window shortly after police arrived.
Detective Brown testified that the Defendant described the knife he used as “a black Smith
& Wesson lock blade pocket knife” and told him it was inside his home on a table in the
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living room. The Defendant signed a consent form to allow police to search his home for the
knife. Detective Brown collected the knife from the Defendant’s unit and sent it to the
Tennessee Bureau of Investigation for testing. Detective Brown testified that the Defendant
appeared calm and did not have any bruises, cuts, or abrasions on his person.
The parties stipulated that testing revealed that the victim’s blood was on the knife.
Dr. Alex Brent Fruin testified that he treated the victim at the University Medical
Center on July 29, 2006. He testified that the victim had a stab wound to his right lower
chest and had no signs of life upon entry to the emergency room. Dr. Fruin performed an
emergency thoracotomy and saw that the right ventricle of the victim’s heart was damaged.
Dr. Fruin testified that he repaired the hole in the victim’s heart and gave the victim blood
transfusions. He said that the victim regained blood pressure but never regained brain
activity. Dr. Fruin testified that the staff documented that the victim had brain death, and the
victim became an organ donor. Dr. Fruin opined that “significant direct force” was required
to penetrate the heart because of the framework protecting the heart from external damage.
Dr. Amy McMaster, a forensic pathologist, testified that she performed the victim’s
autopsy. She testified that in her external examination, she noted large sutured incisions
from the victim’s emergency surgery and subsequent organ donation. In her internal
examination, she noted the absence of several organs that had been donated and a stab wound
to the right ventricle of the heart that showed evidence of medical intervention. Dr.
McMaster testified that the cause of the victim’s death was a stab wound to the chest and the
manner of death was homicide.
On cross-examination, Dr. McMaster testified that the stab wound entrance on the
victim’s chest was obscured by the medical intervention and that she could not determine the
exact location of the entrance wound. She said that her office did not perform a toxicology
test on the blood drawn from the victim, and she explained that the victim would not have
had any of his own blood remaining due to the transfusions he received.
Following the close of proof and deliberations, the jury convicted the Defendant of
second degree murder. The trial court sentenced the Defendant as a violent offender to
twenty years in the Tennessee Department of Correction.
II. Analysis
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
The Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction for
second degree murder. He contends that the evidence substantiates his claim of self-defense,
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and, alternatively, that the evidence at most supports a conviction for voluntary
manslaughter.
When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court’s standard of
review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
“any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); see Tenn. R. App. P.
13(e); State v. Goodwin, 143 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tenn. 2004) (citing State v. Reid, 91 S.W.3d
247, 276 (Tenn. 2002)). This rule applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence,
circumstantial evidence, or a combination of both direct and circumstantial evidence. State
v. Pendergrass, 13 S.W.3d 389, 392-93 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999). In the absence of direct
evidence, a criminal offense may be established exclusively by circumstantial evidence.
Duchac v. State, 505 S.W.2d 237, 241 (Tenn. 1973). The jury decides the weight to be given
to circumstantial evidence, and “[t]he inferences to be drawn from such evidence, and the
extent to which the circumstances are consistent with guilt and inconsistent with innocence,
are questions primarily for the jury.” State v. Rice, 184 S.W.3d 646, 662 (Tenn. 2006)
(citations omitted). “The standard of review [for sufficiency of the evidence] ‘is the same
whether the conviction is based upon direct or circumstantial evidence.’” State v. Dorantes,
331 S.W.3d 370, 379 (Tenn. 2011) (quoting State v. Hanson, 279 S.W.3d 265, 275 (Tenn.
2009)). In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court should not re-weigh or
reevaluate the evidence. State v. Matthews, 805 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
Nor may this Court substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact from the
evidence. State v. Buggs, 995 S.W.2d 102, 105 (Tenn. 1999); Liakas v. State, 286 S.W.2d
856, 859 (Tenn. 1956). “Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight
and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are resolved by
the trier of fact.” State v. Bland, 958 S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997); Liakas, 286 S.W.2d at
859. “A guilty verdict by the jury, approved by the trial judge, accredits the testimony of the
witnesses for the State and resolves all conflicts in favor of the theory of the State.” State
v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978) (quoting State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474,
476 (Tenn. 1973)). The Tennessee Supreme Court stated the rationale for this rule:
This well-settled rule rests on a sound foundation. The trial judge and the jury
see the witnesses face to face, hear their testimony and observe their demeanor
on the stand. Thus the trial judge and jury are the primary instrumentality of
justice to determine the weight and credibility to be given to the testimony of
witnesses. In the trial forum alone is there human atmosphere and the totality
of the evidence cannot be reproduced with a written record in this Court.
Bolin v. State, 405 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tenn. 1966) (citing Carroll v. State, 370 S.W.2d 523(Tenn. 1963)). This Court must afford the State of Tennessee the strongest legitimate view
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of the evidence contained in the record, as well as all reasonable inferences which may be
drawn from the evidence. Goodwin, 143 S .W.3d at 775 (citing State v. Smith, 24 S.W.3d
274, 279 (Tenn. 2000)). Because a verdict of guilt against a defendant removes the
presumption of innocence and raises a presumption of guilt, the convicted criminal defendant
bears the burden of showing that the evidence was legally insufficient to sustain a guilty
verdict. State v. Carruthers, 35 S.W.3d 516, 557-58 (Tenn. 2000).
Second degree murder is “[a] knowing killing of another.” See T.C.A. §
39-13-210(a)(1) (2010). A knowing act requires one to be “aware of the nature of the
conduct” and “aware that the conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.” T.C.A. §
39-11-302(b) (2010). “[A] result-of-conduct crime does not require as an element that an
actor engage in a specified course of conduct to accomplish the specified result.” State v.
Ducker, 27 S.W.3d 889, 896 (Tenn. 2000). The claim of self-defense is essentially a fact
question for the jury. See State v. Goode, 956 S.W.2d 521, 527 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997);
State v. Clifton, 880 S.W.2d 737, 743 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v. Ivy, 868 S.W.2d 724,
727 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Of significance, voluntary manslaughter requires proof that
the defendant intentionally or knowingly killed another in a state of passion produced by
adequate provocation sufficient to lead a reasonable person to act in an irrational manner.
See T.C.A. § 39-13-211 (2010).
After reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, we conclude that
the evidence was sufficient to support the Defendant’s conviction for second degree murder.
The evidence established that the Defendant had some conflict with the victim over the
victim’s pets. On the day in question, the victim asked the Defendant what he was doing in
the yard, a yard shared by the victim and the Defendant as tenants of a duplex, which led to
a verbal argument. The eyewitnesses testified that the Defendant pulled out a knife and put
the knife away before the verbal argument escalated into a physical altercation. The
witnesses agreed that the physical altercation was mild and that it was begun by the
Defendant, who kicked the victim. The witnesses also agreed that the Defendant and victim
were moving across the yard, with the Defendant backing away until he pulled out his knife
again and stabbed the victim in his heart. The stab wound was in an area protected by the
rib cage which required significant force in order to reach and penetrate the heart in the
manner it did. One witness testified that the Defendant lunged at the victim with the knife
and thereafter the victim collapsed near the driveway. The record reflects that the victim was
unarmed at all times. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to establish that the Defendant
knowingly killed the victim.
Upon review, we note that the jury was instructed on voluntary manslaughter as a
lesser-included offense of second degree murder. The jury was also instructed on
self-defense. From the evidence, the jury could have rationally found that the Defendant’s
action in stabbing the victim was excessive and unnecessary for self-defense and that the
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Defendant’s use of deadly force was not founded on reasonable grounds. Whether adequate
provocation exists so as to support a conviction for voluntary manslaughter is a question for
the jury. See State v. Johnson, 909 S.W.2d 461, 464 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). In finding
the defendant guilty of second degree murder, the jury obviously rejected the theory that the
Defendant was adequately provoked to act in an irrational manner by stabbing and killing the
victim. As previously noted, the jury, as the trier of fact, determines the weight and value
of the evidence and resolves all conflicts in the evidence. See Bland, 958 S.W.2d at 659.
The jury, as was their prerogative, chose not to credit the Defendant’s theory that he stabbed
the victim while in a state of passion because he was adequately provoked, and we will not
second-guess the factual determinations of the jury. Accordingly, the Defendant is not
entitled to relief on this issue.
B. Prior Convictions
The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by ruling prior to trial that the State
could cross-examine the Defendant, should he have chosen to testify, about two
misdemeanor theft convictions. Specifically, the Defendant argues that the trial court never
considered the prejudicial effect of the prior convictions, thus violating Tennessee Rule of
Evidence 609.
This Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of prior convictions for
impeachment purposes under an abuse of discretion standard. See State v. Waller, 118
S.W.3d 368, 371 (Tenn. 2003). Rule 609 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence permits the
accused’s credibility to be impeached by prior criminal convictions on cross-examination if
certain conditions and procedures are satisfied. The conviction must be for a crime (1)
punishable by death or incarceration in excess of one year, or (2) involving dishonesty or
false statement. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(2). Generally, convictions that are ten years old or
more cannot be used for purposes of impeachment. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(b). The State is also
required to give reasonable written notice prior to trial of the particular convictions it intends
to use to impeach the accused. Tenn. R. Evid. 609(a)(3). Before permitting the use of a prior
conviction, the trial court must find that the probative value of the conviction on the issue of
credibility outweighs its unfair prejudicial effect on the substantive issues. Id. The trial
court shall rule on the admissibility of the prior conviction before the accused testifies. Id.
If the court rules that the prior conviction is admissible to impeach, there is no requirement
that the accused testify at trial in order to later challenge the court’s ruling on the
admissibility of the prior conviction. Id.
The mere fact that a prior conviction of the accused is identical or similar in nature
to the offense for which the accused is being tried does not, as a matter of law, bar the use
of the conviction to impeach the accused as a witness. State v. Baker, 956 S.W.2d 8, 15
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (citations omitted). However, “[w]hen an impeaching conviction
is substantially similar to the crime for which the defendant is being tried, there is a danger
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that jurors will erroneously utilize the impeaching conviction as propensity evidence of guilt
and conclude that, since the defendant committed a similar offense, he or she is probably
guilty of the offense charged.” State v. Mixon, 983 S.W.2d 661, 674 (Tenn. 1999) (citations
omitted). Accordingly, trial courts should engage in a two-prong analysis when determining
if the probative value of the impeaching conviction is outweighed by its prejudicial effect.
Id. Trial courts are required to expressly (1) “analyze the relevance the impeaching
conviction has to the issue of credibility,” as well as (2) “assess the similarity between the
crime on trial and the crime underlying the impeaching conviction.” Id. (citations omitted).
If the trial court fails to engage in an explicit analysis under Mixon and Rule 609, then “the
court’s decision to admit or exclude a prior conviction is not entitled to deference by the
reviewing court . . . [, and] we must independently determine the admissibility of the prior
impeaching conviction based on the evidence presented.” State v. Lankford, 298 S.W.3d
176, 182 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2008).
Prior to trial, the State notified the Defendant of two misdemeanor theft convictions
it intended to use for impeachment purposes, should the Defendant testify. In a pre-trial
hearing, the trial court noted that prior convictions are prejudicial against any witness and
ruled that the State could cross-examine the Defendant about the prior convictions if the
Defendant testified because “convictions for theft are always probative of credibility.” The
trial court further stated that credibility was an issue in cases where the Defendant alleged
self-defense and that the trial court would give a curative instruction to the jury “to the effect
that they are to consider these convictions only as to [the Defendant’s] credibility on the
stand and for no other purpose.” At trial, the Defendant chose not to testify.
Because the trial court did not explicitly weigh the prejudicial effect against the
probative value, the trial court’s decision is not entitled to deference. See Lankford, 298
S.W.3d at 182. Therefore, we must independently determine the admissibility of the
Defendant’s convictions for impeachment purposes. Id. First, the Defendant’s misdemeanor
theft convictions were relevant to his credibility had he chosen to testify because they were
crimes of dishonesty. This Court has previously held that theft-related offenses are probative
of a defendant’s credibility because they are crimes of dishonesty. See State v. Addison, 973
S.W.2d 260, 268 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1997) (citing State v. Crane, 780 S.W.2d 375, 377
(Tenn. Crim. App. 1989); State v. Fluellen, 626 S.W.2d 299, 300 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1981);
State v. Holtcamp, 614 S.W.2d 389, 394 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980)). The trial court in this
case determined that the Defendant’s credibility would be an issue if he chose to testify
because he was claiming self-defense, and we agree. Secondly, because the Defendant was
charged with second degree murder, there was no similarity between the indicted offense and
the impeaching convictions; therefore, there was little, if any, danger that the jury would use
the impeaching convictions as propensity evidence. We conclude that the probative value
of the impeaching convictions on the Defendant’s credibility was not outweighed by danger
of unfair prejudice.
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Although the trial court erred in not determining the similarity between the crime on
trial and the prior felony conviction and not weighing the probative value of the evidence
against its prejudicial effect, we conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting the
Defendant’s prior theft convictions for impeachment purposes. However, we must still
consider whether the trial court’s procedural error more probably than not affected the
judgment against the Defendant. See Lankford, 298 S.W.3d at 182. Additionally, the
Defendant also claims that the trial court’s ruling violated his due process right to present a
defense.
Taking the Defendant’s due process violation claim first, we conclude that the
Defendant’s argument is without merit because he remained free to testify despite the trial
court’s ruling. As the Tennessee Supreme Court noted in Galmore, an erroneous ruling
under Rule 609 “does not involve the deprivation of a fundamental constitutional right.”
State v. Galmore, 994 S.W.2d 120, 125 n. 3 (Tenn. 1999). We further conclude that the trial
court’s procedural error was harmless because the Defendant has failed to show any proof
that would establish that he was prejudiced by the trial court’s error. Therefore, the
Defendant is without relief as to this issue.
C. Expert Testimony
The Defendant alleges two errors regarding Dr. Fruin’s testimony. First, he argues
that the State did not tender Dr. Fruin as an expert. Secondly, he claims that the trial court
allowed Dr. Fruin to give an opinion that was outside any area of expertise possibly
attributable to the witness. The State responds that the Defendant has waived these issues,
and we agree.
The record reveals that the Defendant stipulated to Dr. Fruin’s qualifications. The
Defendant objected to Dr. Fruin’s testimony, apparently on the ground of relevancy, asking
whether it was necessary “to go in to this big in depth synopsis on this.” The Defendant
never objected to Dr. Fruin’s characterization of the amount of force required to puncture the
victim’s heart. By failing to make a contemporaneous objection to testimony, a Defendant
waives appellate consideration of the issue. See State v. Schmeiderer, 319 S.W.3d 607, 625
(Tenn. 2010) (citing State v. Alder, 71 S.W.3d 299, 302 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001)). Appellate
relief is not required when a party has “failed to take whatever action was reasonably
available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(a). His
general objection to the breadth of Dr. Fruin’s testimony was insufficient to preserve the
issue for appeal, and thus, he has waived this argument. See Alder, 71 S.W.3d at 302.
D. Motion for Judgment of Acquittal
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The Defendant alleges that the trial court erred by overruling the Defendant’s motion
for judgment of acquittal. However, as the standard for reviewing a trial court’s ruling on
such a motion is the same as the standard for reviewing sufficiency of the evidence, and as
we have determined that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the Defendant’s conviction,
we conclude that the trial court did not err by overruling the motion. See State v. Peat, 790
S.W.2d 547, 549 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990).
E. Jury Instructions
The Defendant argues that the trial court erred by giving the jury instructions that
illegally shifted the burden of proof to the Defendant. Specifically, he contends that the
instruction, “If you unanimously find beyond a reasonable doubt the Defendant not guilty to
the more serious indicted offense, you then will consider the Defendant’s guilt or innocence
of the lesser included offenses in order,” illegally required the Defendant to prove his
innocence. The State responds that the jury instructions, taken as a whole, correctly stated
the law.
Under the United States and Tennessee Constitutions, a defendant has a right to trial
by jury. State v. Garrison, 40 S.W.3d 426, 432 (Tenn. 2000). A defendant also has a right
to a correct and complete charge of the law, so that each issue of fact raised by the evidence
will be submitted to the jury on proper instructions. Id. In evaluating claims of error in jury
instructions, courts must remember that “‘jurors do not sit in solitary isolation booths parsing
instructions for subtle shades of meaning.’” State v. Vann, 976 S.W.2d 93, 101 (Tenn. 1998)
(quoting Boyde v. California, 494 U.S. 370, 380-381 (1990)). Therefore, we review each
jury charge to determine if it fairly defined the legal issues involved and did not mislead the
jury. See State v. Hall, 958 S.W.2d 679, 696 (Tenn. 1997).
In this case, the trial court gave the jury the following instructions about the burden
of proof:
The law presumes that the Defendant is innocent of the charge against
him. This presumption remains with the Defendant throughout every stage of
the trial[,] and it is not overcome unless from all of the evidence in the case
you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant is guilty.
The State has the burden of proving the guilt of the Defendant beyond
a reasonable doubt[,] and this burden never shifts but remains on the State
throughout the trial of the case. The Defendant is not required to prove his
innocence.
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The State must have proven beyond a reasonable doubt all of the
elements of the crime charged and that it was committed before the finding
and returning of the indictment in this case.
....
If you unanimously find beyond a reasonable doubt the Defendant not
guilty to the more serious indicted offense, you then will consider the
Defendant’s guilt or innocence of the lesser included offense or offenses.
The Defendant argues that the language, “If you unanimously find beyond a
reasonable doubt the Defendant not guilty,” illegally shifted the burden of proof to the
Defendant to prove that he was innocent. The State counters that the language is similar to
Tennessee Pattern Jury Instruction 41.01: “If you unanimously find the defendant not guilty
of that offense, or have a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt of that offense, you shall
then proceed to consider whether or not the defendant is guilty of the next lesser included
offense in order from greatest to least within that [indictment][count].” The difference
between the pattern jury instruction and the instruction here is the addition of the phrase,
“beyond a reasonable doubt.” In support of his argument, the Defendant cites Lee v. Taylor,
566 F. Supp. 28 (N.D. Ohio, 1983). In that case, the district court held that “[t]he jury
instructions requiring [the defendant] to prove emotional stress beyond a reasonable doubt
had the effect of relieving the state of its burden to prove every element of the offense of
aggravated murder beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 30 . In the case sub judice, however,
the trial court explicitly stated in the jury instructions that the state had the burden of proving
every element of the offense and that the burden never shifted to the Defendant.
The portion of the jury instructions with which the Defendant takes issue detailed how
the jury was to proceed with considering lesser-included offenses and required the jury to
unanimously acquit the Defendant before considering the lesser-included offenses. The
Tennessee Supreme Court has determined that acquittal-first jury instructions do not offend
a defendant’s right to trial by jury under the Tennessee Constitution. See State v. Davis, 266
S.W.3d 896, 905 (Tenn. 2008). The Davis Court held that
while a defendant is entitled by our constitution to have the jury charged on all
offenses encompassed within the indictment and supported by the proof, our
constitution does not go so far as to mandate the order in which those offenses
are considered. Our constitution also does not prohibit the requirement that a
jury first reach a unanimous verdict of acquittal with respect to a greater
offense before it proceeds to consider a defendant’s guilt of a lesser-included
offense.
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Id. In our view, the additional phrase, “beyond a reasonable doubt,” in that portion of the
jury instructions was not fatal to the jury instructions as a whole. If including the phrase was
an error, the error was harmless because the trial court accurately instructed the jury as to the
State’s burden of proving the Defendant’s guilt and because the jury did not need to consider
acquitting the Defendant of second degree murder because it found him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. Therefore, the Defendant is without relief as to this issue.
E. Sentencing
For his final issue, the Defendant contends that the trial court erred in enhancing his
sentence based in part upon prior convictions for which the State did not prove that the
Defendant either was represented by counsel or had executed a valid waiver of counsel when
he was convicted of each offense. The State responds that the Defendant waived this
argument by failing to object prior to trial when the State gave notice of convictions it
intended to submit for sentence enhancement nor during the sentencing hearing. We agree
with the State.
Appellate relief is not required when a party has “failed to take whatever action was
reasonably available to prevent or nullify the harmful effect of an error.” Tenn. R. App. P.
36(a). “This Court is extremely hesitant to put a trial court in error where its alleged
shortcoming has not been the subject of a contemporaneous objection.” State v. Thompson,
36 S.W.3d 102, 108 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2000). Another panel of this Court has held that a
defendant waived the exact argument presented in this case by failing to object at the
sentencing hearing. See State v. Pierre Jackson, No. W2006-02127-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL
2053652, at *5 (Tenn. Crim. App., at Jackson, May 12, 2008). The Defendant had the
opportunity to present this argument prior to trial and at the sentencing hearing yet failed to
do so. Therefore, we conclude that he has waived appellate review of this argument.
III. Conclusion
Based on the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
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ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE
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