Jack Jay Shuttle v. State of Tennessee ( 2004 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
December 16, 2003 Session
JACK JAY SHUTTLE v. STATE OF TENNESSEE
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Sullivan County
No. S35,010 Lynn W. Brown, Judge
No. E2003-00131-CCA-R3-PC
February 3, 2004
The petitioner, Jack Jay Shuttle, appeals the Sullivan County post-conviction court’s denial of his
petition to compel testing of evidence pursuant to the Post-Conviction DNA Analysis Act. Upon
review of the record and the applicable law, we reverse the judgment of the post-conviction court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Reversed;
Remanded
JOE G. RILEY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which THOMAS T. WOODA LL and NORMA
MCGEE OGLE , JJ., joined.
Wade V. Davies, Knoxville, Tennessee (on appeal), and Gene G. Scott, Jr., Johnson City, Tennessee
(at hearing), for the appellant, Jack Jay Shuttle.
Michael E. Moore, Solicitor General; David H. Findley, Assistant Attorney General; H. Greeley
Wells, Jr., District Attorney General; and Barry P. Staubus, Assistant District Attorney General, for
the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
Following a jury trial in July 1990, the petitioner was convicted of first degree murder and
sentenced to life imprisonment. This court upheld the petitioner’s conviction on direct appeal. See
State v. Jack Shuttle, CCA No. 971, 1991 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 343 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 25,
1991). In 1994, the petitioner filed a post-conviction relief petition in which he alleged he received
ineffective assistance of counsel at trial and on appeal, and the post-conviction court subsequently
denied the petition. On appeal, this court affirmed the post-conviction court’s denial of the petition.
See Jack J. Shuttle v. State, No. 03C01-9410-CR-00358, 1995 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 737 (Tenn.
Crim. App. Sept. 5, 1995).
On December 9, 2002, the petitioner filed a petition pursuant to the Post-Conviction DNA
Analysis Act in which he requested blood underneath the victim’s fingernails and blood on the
petitioner’s jeans be subjected to DNA analysis. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-30-301–313 (2003).1
Following an evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court denied the petition, and this appeal
ensued.
I. TRIAL PROCEEDINGS
On direct appeal, this court summarized the facts underlying the petitioner’s conviction for
first degree murder as follows:
The victim, Brandi Sims, and the [petitioner] had been dating. The victim
was 15 years of age and the [petitioner] was 20 years of age at the time of the
homicide. . . . There is evidence that the victim desired to terminate her relationship
with the [petitioner] and had informed the [petitioner] of this fact.
On the night of December 28, 1989, the [petitioner] went to the lobby of the
Skate Fun establishment in Sullivan County. He was loitering about the lobby when
the victim and a girlfriend entered. At approximately 9:00 o’clock P.M., the victim
left the building, wearing her skates, to go to her friend’s automobile to obtain a gift
that had been left there. The [petitioner] left at the same time for the stated purpose
of going home but he went to the automobile of the victim’s friend with the victim.
The parties got into an argument. The [petitioner] testified that the victim
attempted to strike him but he grabbed her hand and struck her in the face with his
fist, knocking her inside the automobile through the open door. He stated that she
came out of the car “cursing” and “still swinging”, when he grabbed her by the throat
and choked her to death. He testified that he did not claim that the homicide was
committed in self-defense.
After killing the victim, the [petitioner] fled from the scene. He did not seek
help for the victim before leaving.
Prior to December 28, 1989, the [petitioner] made several statements to
several people about his intent to kill the victim. . . .
While the parties were still in the skating rink, the [petitioner] gave the victim
a note which stated, “I don’t know why I’m writing this letter. I guess it’s to say I
relly (sic) miss you a lot (sic) and goodby (sic). Those are the last words I evr (sic)
wanted to you. . . . I also want to apoligize (sic) for all the bad things I sead (sic). I
didn’t mean it when I sead (sic) I wish you were dead.”
1
Prior to 2003, these statutes were numbered sections 40-30-401– 413 (Supp . 2002). The statutes were
recodified in the 2003 volume as sections 40-30-301–313. For sake of simplicity, we utilize the 2003 statute num bers.
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Dr. William Frederick McCormick . . . testified that he did an autopsy on the
body of the victim. Dr. McCormick testified that the victim “died as a result of
anoxia which is a kind of fancy way of saying lack of oxygen, lack of air, due to
manual strangulation.” . . .
Jack Shuttle, 1991 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 343, at **1-4.
II. PROCEEDINGS REGARDING DNA ANALYSIS
During the hearing, the state informed the post-conviction court that the victim’s fingernail
clippings were available and had not been previously subjected to DNA testing. The state further
informed the court that it had custody of the petitioner’s jeans which appeared to have blood on
them.
Dr. William Frederick McCormick, who performed the autopsy on the victim, testified that
bruises and scrapes found on the victim’s hands and body indicated the victim possibly struggled
with her assailant. Dr. McCormick stated that although the blood discovered underneath the
victim’s fingernails possibly belonged to her attacker, it was “more probable” that the blood
belonged to the victim as a result of her broken fingernail. The doctor further stated the assailant
was probably scratched during the altercation.
Upon examining the evidence, Dr. McCormick testified both the jeans and the fingernail
clippings were relatively well preserved and could be subjected to DNA analysis. The doctor was
unsure, however, whether DNA material would be recovered.
At the hearing, the petitioner testified that Anthony Booher killed the victim. The petitioner
stated he and Booher went to Skate Fun in order for Booher to purchase cocaine. According to the
petitioner, the dealers did not know Booher and refused to sell cocaine to him. The petitioner then
entered Skate Fun with the victim and some of his friends in order to purchase cocaine while Booher
remained in the parking lot. The petitioner stated that prior to entering Skate Fun, he told Booher
that he would either bring the cocaine to him or send someone outside with the cocaine. The
petitioner said he then purchased cocaine with Booher’s money.
The petitioner testified that upon exiting Skate Fun, he heard someone yell and saw Booher
on top of the victim. The petitioner stated Booher may have thought the victim possessed the drugs
and planned to keep them. The petitioner further stated he “kneed” Booher in his mouth, and
Booher fled. The petitioner said he attempted to aid the victim, yelled for help, became frightened,
and fled.
The petitioner testified that when he was arrested, he had a scratch on his arm which he
received earlier that day from his mother’s rose bush. The trial testimony of the nurse at the jail
indicated she removed a thorn from his arm several days after the homicide.
The petitioner stated that at trial and during his prior post-conviction relief hearing, he
testified he killed the victim and, thus, lied under oath on both occasions. He further stated that
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when he first met with trial counsel, he informed trial counsel of the version of the events to which
he testified at the present hearing. According to the petitioner, approximately five weeks prior to
trial, trial counsel informed him that he had little evidence to support his defense that a third party
killed the victim and further explained the lesser offenses of first degree murder to him. The
petitioner stated he became frightened and informed trial counsel that he killed the victim in an
attempt to secure a conviction for a lesser offense. He stated he did not provide defense counsel
with Booher’s name due to his fear that Booher would harm his family.
Trial counsel testified the petitioner initially told him that a third party had committed the
offense. The petitioner informed trial counsel that he exited Skate Fun a short time after the victim
and observed the victim being attacked in the parking lot. The petitioner further informed trial
counsel that when he intervened, the assailant fled. Trial counsel further stated that based upon
information provided by the petitioner and a private detective, he located the alleged assailant at a
rehabilitation center in Virginia. However, before trial counsel could interview the individual, the
petitioner provided him with a different version of the events in which he admitted killing the victim
during an argument.
III. POST-CONVICTION COURT’S FINDINGS
In denying the petition, the post-conviction court found the evidence which the petitioner
requested be tested was still in existence and had not been previously subjected to DNA analysis,
and the application for analysis was not made in order to unduly delay execution of the sentence.
See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 40-30-304(2)–(4), -305(2)–(4) (2003). The post-conviction court noted its
decision would be “clear cut if [the petitioner] had told his lawyer what he’s told the Court today
and stuck with it, the DNA analysis would be granted without question.” The court declined to
accredit the petitioner’s testimony at the hearing, finding his explanation regarding his fear of Booher
to be untrue and “absolutely incredible.”
The court further found that because the petitioner testified at trial that he killed the victim,
the results of the DNA analysis were not dispositive under the facts of the case. Accordingly, the
post-conviction court found the petitioner failed to establish that a reasonable probability existed that
he would not have been prosecuted or convicted had exculpatory DNA evidence been obtained. See
id. § 40-30-304(1). The court also found the petitioner failed to establish a reasonable probability
existed that he would have received a more favorable verdict or sentence as a result of the DNA
evidence and then denied the petition. See id. § 40-30-305(1) (2003).2
IV. ANALYSIS
The petitioner contends DNA testing of the blood underneath the victim’s fingernails and
blood on the petitioner’s jeans is mandatory. See id. § 40-30-304 (2003). Specifically, the petitioner
2
During the hearing, the petitioner argued Tennessee Cod e Annotated section 40-30-305, which provides the
court with discretion in permitting DNA testing, also applied. However, in his appellate brief, the petitioner concedes
he is not seeking relief under this section.
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maintains the lower court erred in finding Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-30-304(1) was
inapplicable under the circumstances of his case.
Pursuant to the Post-Conviction DNA Analysis Act of 2001,
a person convicted of and sentenced for the commission of first degree murder . . .
may at any time, file a petition requesting the forensic DNA analysis of any evidence
that is in the possession or control of the prosecution, law enforcement, laboratory,
or court, and that is related to the investigation or prosecution that resulted in the
judgment of conviction and that may contain biological evidence.
Id. § 40-30-303 (2003). This act does not have an applicable statute of limitation. Id.
DNA analysis of biological evidence is mandatory if the post-conviction court finds the
presence of the following criteria:
(1) A reasonable probability exists that the petitioner would not have been prosecuted
or convicted if exculpatory results had been obtained through DNA analysis;
(2) The evidence is still in existence and in such a condition that DNA analysis may
be conducted;
(3) The evidence was never previously subjected to DNA analysis or was not
subjected to the analysis that is now requested which could resolve an issue not
resolved by previous analysis; and
(4) The application for analysis is made for the purpose of demonstrating innocence
and not to unreasonably delay the execution of sentence or administration of justice.
Id. § 40-30-304 (2003). Murder is an offense for which DNA analysis is mandatory when the
statutory prerequisites have been established. Willie Tom Ensley v. State, No. M2002-01609-CCA-
R3-PC, 2003 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 335, at *7 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 11, 2003).
The post-conviction court is afforded considerable discretion in determining whether to grant
a petitioner relief under the Act, and the scope of appellate review is limited. Id. at *9. In making
its determination, the post-conviction court must consider all the available evidence, including the
evidence presented at trial and any stipulations of fact made by either party. Id. The lower court
may also consider the opinions of this court on direct appeal of the petitioner’s conviction or the
appeals of the petitioner’s prior post-conviction or habeas corpus actions. Id.
In the case at bar, the petitioner requests the evidence be tested in order to exonerate him and
to determine whether Booher was the assailant. However, the Act only permits “the performance
of a DNA analysis which compares the petitioner’s DNA samples to DNA samples taken from
biological specimens gathered at the time of the offense if all four statutory criteria are met.” Earl
David Crawford v. State, No. E2002-02334-CCA-R3-PC, 2003 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 672, at
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*8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Aug. 4, 2003), perm. to app. denied (Tenn. 2003). In his brief, the petitioner
acknowledges that the record does not indicate that a DNA sample has ever been taken from Booher.
However, the record does indicate that DNA samples from both the petitioner and the victim are
available. Therefore, the present DNA analysis would be limited to showing that the blood did not
belong to either the petitioner or the victim.
The petitioner contends the post-conviction court erred in denying his petition based upon
his testimony at trial and at his prior post-conviction relief hearing in which he admitted killing the
victim. We agree with the petitioner’s contention.
In Ricky Flamingo Brown, Sr. v. State, No. M2002-02427-CCA-R3-PC, 2003 Tenn. Crim.
App. LEXIS 528, at **2-3 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 13, 2003), perm. to app. denied (Tenn. 2003),
the lower court denied a request for DNA testing from a petitioner convicted of the aggravated rape
of his daughter. The lower court found that no evidence amenable to DNA testing existed and that
even if such evidence existed, there was no reasonable probability that the evidence would have
precluded prosecution or conviction because the victim identified the petitioner as the perpetrator.
Id. at *3. On appeal, a panel of this court upheld the lower court’s denial of testing due to the
unavailability of evidence suitable for DNA testing. Id. at *5. However, Judge Tipton wrote a
separate concurring opinion expressing his concern regarding the lower court’s reliance upon the
fact that the victim identified the petitioner as the perpetrator to deny testing. Id. at **6-7. Judge
Tipton noted:
[T]he Act requires the trial court to assume that the DNA analysis will reveal
exculpatory results in the court’s determination as to whether to order DNA testing.
. . . The Act was created because of the possibility that a person has been wrongfully
convicted or sentenced. A person may be wrongly convicted based upon mistaken
identity or false testimony. Thus, the fact that the victim identified the petitioner as
the perpetrator should not provide a basis for denying testing.
Id. at *7.
We conclude Judge Tipton’s analysis applies to the case at bar, which involves a petitioner
who essentially contends he was wrongly convicted at trial where he gave false incriminating
testimony. Of particular importance is the fact that the petitioner initially informed trial counsel that
a third party committed the offense in a manner consistent with his testimony at the hearing. Although
at trial the petitioner admitted to killing the victim, we note that unlike similar statutes in other
states, Tennessee’s statute “does not explicitly require that the petitioner show that identity was an
issue” in order for a court to order DNA testing. William D. Buford v. State, No. M2002-02180-
CCA-R3-PC, 2003 Tenn. Crim. App. LEXIS 370, at *8 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 24, 2003), perm.
to app. denied (Tenn. 2003).
In summary, for purposes of the Act, we must assume that DNA testing will reveal
exculpatory evidence; namely, that the blood underneath the victim’s fingernails and the blood on
the petitioner’s jeans was not the blood of either the victim or the petitioner. In the event DNA
testing reveals such findings, the test results would be inconsistent with the state’s theory at trial,
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inconsistent with the petitioner’s trial testimony, consistent with the petitioner’s first statement to his
trial counsel, and consistent with the petitioner’s latest testimony. Thus, we conclude the petitioner
has established a reasonable probability that he would not have been prosecuted or convicted if
exculpatory DNA evidence had been obtained. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-304(1) (2003).
In the recent case of Carl E. Saine v. State, No. W2002-03006-CCA-R3-PC, 2003 Tenn.
Crim. App. LEXIS 1135, at *6 (Tenn. Crim. App. Dec. 15, 2003), a petitioner convicted of assault
and rape requested spermatozoa discovered on the victim’s torn panties be submitted for DNA
testing. The petitioner argued that although he assaulted the victim, he left the victim while she was
still unconscious, and a third party could have then entered the room and committed the rape. Id.
at *10. The lower court denied DNA testing finding that despite any favorable DNA evidence, the
petitioner would have still been prosecuted and convicted. Id.; see Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-30-304(1)
(2003). On appeal, a panel of this court upheld the lower court’s denial based upon the fact that the
victim identified the petitioner as her rapist; she gave detailed testimony regarding the rape; and
other evidence corroborated her testimony regarding the rape. Carl E. Saine, 2003 Tenn. Crim. App.
LEXIS 1135, at **10-11. This court further noted that no evidence was presented at trial that the
victim wore the panties containing spermatozoa at any time during or after the rape, and, therefore,
the evidence was not a primary factor in proving the petitioner’s guilt. Id. at **11-12.
However, Carl E. Saine is distinguishable from the case at bar. Unlike the petitioner in Carl
E. Saine who admitted to assaulting the victim but denied raping her, the petitioner in the case at bar
now denies ever harming the victim. Furthermore, while the petitioner in Carl E. Saine theorized
that a third party could have possibly raped the victim after he assaulted her and left her, the
petitioner in the present case gave a detailed explanation of the events, which he initially described
to his trial counsel. Finally, while the evidence to be tested in Carl E. Saine could not be directly
linked to the rape, the record in the present case indicates the evidence to be tested will likely be
linked to the commission of the offense.
Therefore, if we assume DNA testing would reveal the blood underneath the victim’s
fingernails and on the petitioner’s jeans was not the blood of the victim nor the petitioner, the
petitioner has shown a reasonable probability that he would not have been prosecuted or convicted
with this favorable DNA evidence. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the post-conviction
court and remand for DNA testing.
____________________________________
JOE G. RILEY, JUDGE
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