State of Tennessee v. Howard B. Higley ( 2003 )

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs October 29, 2002
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. HOWARD B. HIGLEY
Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Hamilton County
No. 229697 Douglas A. Meyer, Judge
No. E2001-02525-CCA-R3-CD
August 18, 2003
A Hamilton County jury convicted the Defendant of driving under the influence (DUI), second
offense. The trial court sentenced the Defendant to the following: “11 months, 29 days suspended
after 6 months day for day (11 months, 29 days suspended probation after the 6 months).” The trial
court also revoked the Defendant’s driver’s license for two years, ordered the Defendant to pay a
$610 fine, and ordered the Defendant to avoid alcohol throughout the probation period. In addition,
the trial court imposed twenty days of community service to be completed within one year. The
Defendant now appeals, arguing the following: 1) that the trial court erred by denying the
Defendant’s motion to suppress the results of a breathalyser test, 2) that the trial court erred by
limiting the testimony of the Defendant’s accident re-construction expert’s testimony about the
Tennessee Department of Transportation’s statistics regarding traffic accidents that occurred at the
intersection in question, and 3) that the trial court abused its discretion by sentencing the Defendant
to a sentence in excess of the maximum sentence available by statute for a DUI second offense.
Finding no reversible error as concerns the conviction, we affirm the conviction. We vacate the
sentence and remand for entry of an amended judgment.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed in Part,
Reversed in Part and Remanded
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GARY R. WADE, P.J., and
JOE G. RILEY, J., joined.
David W. Wallace and Bryan H. Hoss, Chattanooga, Tennessee (on appeal); and Lee Davis,
Chattanooga, Tennessee (on appeal and at trial), for the appellant, Howard B. Higley.
Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Peter M. Coughlan, Assistant Attorney General;
William H. Cox, III, District Attorney General; and Parke Masterson, Assistant District Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
I. Facts
This case involves a multi-car traffic accident that occurred at approximately 5:30 p.m. on
April 10, 1999, on Highway 153 in Hamilton County. Several witnesses testified that the Defendant
was responsible for the accident, as the vehicle that he was driving rear-ended another vehicle
stopped at a traffic light, ultimately causing a five-car crash. One motorist involved in the accident
smelled alcohol on the Defendant and notified the investigating officer.
Officer Mark Bender of the City of Chattanooga Police Department testified that he was
working patrol on April 10, 1999 and that he responded to the scene of a traffic accident involving
the Defendant. Officer Bender stated that the time of the wreck was recorded by dispatch as 5:27
p.m., and the time of the breathalyser test, as it appeared on the intoximeter report, was 6:24 p.m.
In a jury-out hearing to determine the admissibility of the breathalyser test results, Officer Bender
testified that the times which appeared on the witnesses’ statements, 5:35 p.m. and 5:40 p.m., were
the approximate times that the statements were taken. He also stated that the 6:00 p.m. time
recorded on the intoximeter report as the time of Defendant’s arrest was “a good estimated time.”
Officer Bender testified that the Defendant registered .12 on the breathalyser machine.
Officer Jeff Bearden of the Chattanooga Police Department testified that the Defendant was
arrested at the scene of the traffic accident and transported to the police station. He confirmed that
the drive from the accident scene to the police station took about ten minutes. Bearden also
confirmed that the intoximeter report fairly and accurately recorded the testing time as 6:24 p.m.
“based on that clock.” Officer Bearden agreed that “based on that clock,” his observation of the
Defendant at the station would have started at 6:04 p.m. He testified that the times which appear on
the various police paperwork were either approximations or derivations from various unsynchronized
clocks. Officer Bearden repeatedly testified that he personally watched the Defendant for twenty
minutes in accordance with the Sensing requirements and timed the twenty minutes on his own hand
watch. He stated, “I was . . . that was literally my job while we were down there at the jail is to
observe him for the twenty minutes.” From this jury-out hearing, the trial court found, “there’s no
reason not to believe the officer . . . that he looked at his watch and it was over twenty minutes.”
The Defendant recalled the events of April 10, 1999 as including a golf tournament, a few
beers, and ultimately a traffic accident at the intersection of Gadd Road and Highway 153. He
recounted the events surrounding the traffic accident as follows:
I was heading up towards the light. I can’t remember exactly if the light – it’d been
red, I could see it red from way back where I was coming toward. I can’t remember
if it had just turned or was about to turn or something. But anyway, I got up closer
to the traffic. I moved into the lane, started to move into the lane that I need to be in,
and my phone, I have one of those cords that you plug into your cigarette lighter, and
my phone was. . . plugged into my cigarette lighter just like it always is, and the
phone was sitting down on the center thing, and the phone had come dislodged
during travel, I’m assuming, and the phone was kind of like hanging down towards
the, the side of the center console in the car. And I kind of reached down like that
-2-
and got back up, and as I got up, I had impact. . . . My car hit this Ford Explorer that
was in front of me. . . .
The Defendant acknowledged that the accident was his fault.
As part of the Defendant’s evidence, defense counsel attempted to call as an expert witness
Bobby Eugene Jones, Jr., an accident reconstructionist.
During a jury-out hearing, Jones testified that he had seen the Tennessee Department of
Transportation statistics regarding motor vehicle accidents at the intersection of Gadd Road and
Highway 153, where the accident in this case happened. Jones admitted that the statistical analysis
did not indicate whether the accidents involved alcohol or drugs. The trial court stated that the
proposed testimony regarding the statistical analysis was immaterial to the issue of whether the
Defendant was under the influence of alcohol at the time of the accident, and excluded the proposed
testimony as to the accident statistics. However, the trial court did allow Jones to testify that based
on the property damage from the accident, the Defendant’s vehicle was traveling between 20 and 30
miles per hour.
II. Analysis
A. Admission of Breathalyser Test Results into Evidence
The Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress the
results of his breathalyser test. As a general matter, we note that “[t]he admissibility of evidence is
generally within the broad discretion of the trial court . . . [and that] absent an abuse of that
discretion, the trial court’s decision will not be reversed.” State v. Edison, 9 S.W.3d 75, 77 (Tenn.
1999). The trial court, as the trier of fact, is able to assess the credibility of the witnesses, determine
the weight and value to be afforded the evidence and resolve any conflicts in the evidence. State v.
Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). The trial court remains “the ultimate measure of test result
admissibility.” Edison, 9 S.W.3d at 78.
Specifically, the Defendant argues that the test was conducted in violation of the Tennessee
Supreme Court’s ruling in State v. Sensing which requires that an officer closely observe a defendant
for twenty minutes prior to administering a breathalyser test. See State v. Sensing, 843 S.W.2d 412
(Tenn. 1992). Fulfilment of all of the Sensing requirements is a mandatory prerequisite to the
admission of test results into evidence. Edison, 9 S.W.3d at 77. The trial court should admit the
results of a breathalyser test when the State proves that the testing conditions satisfy the Sensing
requirements by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 78. A trial court’s determination as to
whether the State proved compliance with the Sensing requirements is presumptively correct “unless
the evidence preponderates otherwise.” Id.
In Sensing, our supreme court adopted the following test regarding the admission of blood
alcohol tests: The testing officer must be able to testify (1) that the tests were performed in
accordance with the standards and operating procedure promulgated by the forensic services division
-3-
of the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation, (2) that he was properly certified in accordance with those
standards, (3) that the evidentiary breath testing instrument used was certified by the forensic
services division, was tested regularly for accuracy and was working properly when the breath test
was performed, (4) that the motorist was observed for the requisite 20 minutes prior to the test, and
during this period, he did not have foreign matter in his mouth, did not consume any alcoholic
beverage, smoke, or regurgitate, (5) that he followed the prescribed operational procedure, and (6)
that he can identify the printout record offered in evidence as the result of the test given to the person
tested. Sensing, 843 S.W.2d at 416.
The purpose of the twenty-minute time requirement is to “ensure[] that no foreign matter is
present in the defendant’s mouth that could retain alcohol and potentially influence the results of the
test.” State v. Cook, 9 S.W.3d 98, 101 (Tenn. 1999). This Court has recognized two distinct
elements of the Sensing twenty-minute observation requirement. State v. Arnold, 80 S.W.3d 27, 29
(Tenn. Crim. App. 2002). The State must establish that (1) the officer observed the Defendant for
twenty minutes and (2) the Defendant did not “smoke, drink, eat, chew gum, vomit, regurgitate,
belch or hiccup during the twenty minutes prior to the test.” Id.
The Defendant argues that the times recorded in the police paperwork indicate that in this
case a twenty-minute observation period prior to the breathalyzer test would have been impossible.
However, Officer Bender testified that he personally watched the Defendant for twenty minutes at
the police station. He stated that the times recorded in the police paperwork were approximations
and estimates, but he reported that he timed the twenty minutes of observation on his own hand
watch. The trial court credited the testimony of Officer Bender and stated, “there is no reason not
to believe the officer.”
The trial court made a determination of credibility and found that Officer Bender did observe
the Defendant for twenty minutes despite the inconsistencies of the recorded times in the police
paperwork. Though there may be other theories that could explain the apparent discrepancies
between the recorded times and Officer Bender’s testimony regarding the twenty-minute observation
period, the evidence in this case does not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that Officer
Bender’s testimony was credible. Thus, we conclude that the test was properly admitted into
evidence.
B. Exclusion of Immaterial Expert Testimony
The Defendant next contends that the trial court erred by limiting the testimony of an accident
reconstruction expert who would have testified about the Tennessee Department of Transportation’s
statistics regarding motor vehicle accidents that occurred at the intersection of Gadd Road and
Highway 153. “The admissibility of expert testimony is a matter within the trial court’s discretion
and will not be reversed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” State v. Robinson, 73 S.W.3d 136,
149 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2001). The testimony of an expert witness is admissible if it will
“substantially assist” the jury in understanding evidence or determining a fact at issue. Id. In order
for scientific or technical evidence to be admitted into evidence, it must be relevant to a fact at issue
-4-
in the case. Tenn. R. Evid. 702. Relevant evidence is defined as “evidence having any tendency to
make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Tenn. R. Evid. 401.
The Defendant argues that the accident re-construction expert’s testimony about the statistics
regarding traffic accidents at the intersection of Gadd Road and Highway 153 was relevant to his
defense because it offered proof of the cause of the accident. However, the cause of the accident was
not a contested issue at the criminal trial. The Defendant admitted that the accident was his fault and
that his attention had been diverted from the road by his cellular phone. Moreover, the trial court
determined that the statistical analysis was immaterial as to whether the Defendant was under the
influence of alcohol at the time of the accident. Thus, testimony regarding other accidents at this
intersection was not relevant and would not have assisted the jury in understanding the facts at issue
in this case. Because causation was not an issue at trial, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
by excluding the testimony of the expert witness regarding the traffic accident statistics.
C. Sentencing
The Defendant contends, and the State concedes, that the sentence imposed by the trial court
exceeds the maximum sentence allowed for driving under the influence, second offense, a Class A
misdemeanor. Tennessee Code Annotated § 55-10-401(a)(1) provides that, “it is unlawful for any
person to drive or to be in physical control of any automobile or other motor vehicle on any public
roads . . . while under the influence of any intoxicant . . . .” On a second conviction under § 55-10-
401(a), the trial court must impose a fine between six hundred dollars ($600) and three thousand,
five hundred dollars ($3,500). Id. § 55-10-403(a)(1). The court also should impose confinement
in the county jail or workhouse for “not less than forty-five days nor more than eleven months and
twenty-nine days.” Id.
In this case, the jury convicted the Defendant of driving under the influence, second offense.
The trial court imposed a sentence of “11 months, 29 days suspended after 6 months day for day (11
months, 29 days suspended probation after the 6 months).” Although the judgment is somewhat
ambiguous, it is clear from the transcript of the sentencing hearing that the trial court sentenced the
Defendant to an effective eighteen-month sentence. The trial court stated the following at the
hearing:
Now, I’ll give him a choice, because six months active, that would be followed by
11 months 29 day suspended sentence. If I gave him 11 months 29 days at 75
percent, then he wouldn’t have to be on probation for a year after that. He would
have built the sentence, in other words. But the way I’m wording it is 11 months 29
days suspended after six months active time, and then he’ll be on supervised
probation for 11 months, 29 days.
This sentence is inappropriate because it exceeds by six months the maximum sentence allowed by
statute for punishment of this offense. Therefore, although we affirm the conviction, the sentence
is modified and the case is remanded to the trial court for entry of an amended judgment sentencing
the Defendant to six months’ confinement followed by five months and twenty-nine days’ probation.
-5-
For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the trial court in part and REVERSE
in part. We REMAND the case to the trial court for entry of an amended judgment consistent with
this opinion.
___________________________________
ROBERT W. WEDEMEYER, JUDGE
-6-