Janella L. McCants v. Jacinta L. McGavock ( 2019 )

05/01/2019
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE
Assigned on Briefs March 1, 2018
JANELLA L. MCCANTS v. JACINTA L. MCGAVOCK, ET AL.
Appeal from the Chancery Court for Hamilton County
No. 15-0286 Pamela A Fleenor, Chancellor
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No. E2017-01712-COA-R3-CV
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This appeal involves a partition of jointly owned property. The trial court held that the
plaintiff, the sole residing tenant, excluded the defendants, the three other cotenants, from
the property owned by all four parties after relations deteriorated and a mutually agreed
upon final disposition of the property could not be reached. The trial court further
awarded $60,000, the amount of “repairs/improvements,” to plaintiff as reimbursement
and compensation. Additionally, the trial court held that “ouster” was established and
that the plaintiff excluded her cotenants and must pay rent to the cotenants for the use and
occupation of the property. The trial court’s ruling included an order of partition of the
property, that the defendants’ share of the amount expended by the plaintiff will be
deducted from the sale proceeds to reimburse the plaintiff, and that those expenses are to
be offset by the amount of rent owed to the defendants. The plaintiff appeals as to the
finding of “ouster” and exclusion, whereas the defendants appeal as to the award of
reimbursement in regard to the repairs and improvements made by the plaintiff. We
affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court
Affirmed; Case Remanded
JOHN W. MCCLARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which D. MICHAEL
SWINEY, C.J., and FRANK G. CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., joined.
Samuel J. Gowin, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Janella L. McCants.
Susanne Lodico, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellees, Jacinta L. McGavock, Jesse
L. McCants, Jr., and Jerel L. McCants.
OPINION
I. BACKGROUND
Janella L. McCants (“Appellant”), Jacinta L. McGavock (“Appellee McGavock”),
Jesse L. McCants, Jr. (“Appellee Jesse McCants”), and Jerel L. McCants (“Appellee Jerel
McCants”) (collectively “Appellees”) are siblings and the children of Dr. and Mrs. Jesse
L. McCants, Sr. The parties’ parents both passed within a few months of each other in
2013. Pursuant to the last will and testimony for Dr. McCants (the last survivor of the
parties’ parents), the family home located at 4710 Cordelia Lane (“the Property”) was to
pass to all four of the siblings as co-owners and cotenants. Before the death of the
parties’ father, Appellant lived at the Property and acted as caretaker to both the father
and the Property. Under the provisions of the wills and mutual agreement of the parties,
Appellant, a licensed attorney, became the executrix of the estate. While managing the
estate in that capacity, under the direction of an estate attorney, Appellant executed a
deed to the Property in her name as executrix of the estate. Ultimately, Appellant, as
executrix, executed a deed in the name of all four siblings as co-owners, i.e., Appellant
and all three Appellees.
After a meeting of all four siblings shortly after Christmas in 2013, Appellant sent
an email to Appellees outlining an agreement that Appellant would continue to live at the
Property to repair and maintain it for eventual rental. Review of the record reveals that
all parties agreed to this particular agreement but nothing further. During this initial
meeting, other suggestions propounded were that the Property remain vacant until a
suitable renter could be found, that the Property be rented to Appellant, or that the
Property be put solely in Appellant’s name.
Appellant was the sole resident of the Property from this point forward and
conducted some aspects of her professional career as an attorney out of the house.
Appellant sometimes met clients at the Property. Because Appellant owned a pair of
rescue dogs that sometimes became nervous around strangers and in recognition of
Appellant’s personal and professional privacy, Appellees would usually call or email
before they visited the Property. All Appellees kept personal items in the house and
Appellee Jesse McCants kept some tools in the locked shed on the Property to which he
had a key. The main entrance to the home included a screen door that Appellant kept
latched when she was present. Appellees alleged that the lock to the front door was
changed and that they did not receive a key afterwards. Appellant maintains, however,
that despite the lock being changed, it utilized the same key as before. A secondary
entrance that had been boarded up by the parties’ father was eventually reopened. Only
Appellant had the key to this door.
Exchanges of email included in the record reflect that the agreement was for
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cotenants to contribute financially to the repairs and maintenance. Appellant sent an
email to Appellees with a figure of $48,000 as the estimated cost of repairs and
maintenance to the Property. Appellee McGavock and Appellee Jerel McCants, both of
whom had other rental properties, believed the Property was already in rental condition
and felt that the estimate was unreasonable. Appellee Jerel McCants, a Florida resident
and an architect by profession, asked for an itemized list of the quotes in order that he
could have contractors he knew check the figures. Appellee McGavock also requested a
list of the quotes and suggested that the parties “speak by phone to discuss the list
together.” Appellant responded with hostility, stating: “Go talk amongst yourselves….
If you think you can do better, then do it yourself.… Without my assistance.” The list of
the estimated quotes was never divulged by Appellant, who maintained that she kept a
copy of the estimates in an area of the house to which Appellees had access. However,
the record reflects that Appellees never obtained this information. Appellant began the
repairs and improvements to the property around April 5, 2014, despite the lack of any
acquiescence by Appellees.
The relationship between the parties began to sour. Multiple events occurred
where the parties were hostile toward each other. For instance, in one email exchange,
Appellee McGavock asked to bring her children to the Property to see Appellant’s new
dog. Appellant responded: “I’m in no mood to tolerate you or your kids.” As part of the
repairs and maintenance to the Property, Appellant began boxing and moving personal
items belonging to Appellees to the locked portion of the basement. Appellees maintain
that the personal property was to be kept in that locked portion of the basement to be
removed once a suitable renter was found. However, Appellant began setting deadlines
for the removal of the personal property even though no renter was in place and
threatened to discard the items if not removed.
On April 10, 2014, Appellant sent a detailed email to Appellees purportedly
explaining their rights as cotenants and giving them two options:
1) Sign the house over to me voluntarily or
2) I will take the house involuntarily through partition sale
after the deed is recorded and the estate is closed
If you select (2), you will each be required to hire lawyers for
the partition action. [The estate attorney] can’t represent you
but he can probably represent me.…
Give me your decision by tomorrow morning.
Thereafter, Appellant effectively refused to communicate with Appellees. Appellant also
refused to answer the inquiries of Appellees in regard to whether the homeowners
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insurance had been paid.
Just prior to July 6, 2014. Appellee McGavock indicated, through email, that she
would visit the Property to pick up some personal items around noon. Appellant
indicated her approval. However, Appellee McGavock arrived to the Property earlier
than the stated time, at around 8:30 or 9 a.m. that morning. The door was locked, and she
could not access the house. When Appellant finally answered the door, she related that
she was working from home and that Appellee McGavock should come back at the
agreed upon time, as she could not facilitate the removal of items at that time. Appellant
argued that as executrix of the estate, she was required to be present when items were
being taken from the Property. Appellee McGavock instead called the police in order to
gain access to the Property. Only after the police required Appellant to allow Appellee
McGavock in did Appellant let her sister and cotenant enter the Property. Since this
event, Appellees, individually and collectively, observed that they felt excluded from the
Property. Appellant asserts, however, that Appellees have come and gone since that
time. The record shows, and the trial court found, that Appellant also refused to give
Appellee McGavock keys to the Property or a remote for the garage door.
Appellant, as the plaintiff below, initially filed the underlying complaint in this
matter, alleging a contract between the parties to transfer title to the Property to
Appellant, who would maintain and repair the house for eventual rental. Appellant also
sought damages for breach of contract, claims of tortious interference with the contract,
and promissory estoppel. Appellees submitted a counterclaim seeking partition of the
Property. The trial court held that Appellant failed to meet her burden of proof on the
contract claim, which consequently destroyed the tortious interference of contract claim
and failed to establish promissory estoppel. Additionally, the court found that Appellees
successfully made a case for partition. The trial court further found that ouster was
established and that Appellant had excluded her cotenants. The Judgment Order entered
provided that Appellant must pay rent to Appellees beginning July 2014 in the amount of
$27,000, ordered the partition of the property, and awarded Appellant $60,000 as
reimbursement for the cost of the repairs and improvements.1 Appellant appeals the
finding of ouster that necessitates the payment of rent, whereas Appellees appeal the
requirement that they pay for the cost of repairs and improvements.
1
Based in part on the testimony of a realtor familiar with the parties and the
neighborhood, the trial court determined that “the fair rental value of the [Property] was $1,000 a
month, [Appellant] owes $750.00 a month ($1,000 less her 1/4 share) from July 2014 forward.”
Additionally, “[t]he Court further determines that it is inequitable for [Appellees] to have to pay
any portion of [Appellant’s] utilities she incurred.”
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II. ISSUES
We consolidate and restate the issues on appeal submitted by both Appellant and
Appellees as follows:
A. Whether Appellant excluded her cotenants, which
necessitates Appellant pay rent to the other cotenants; and
B. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in
awarding Appellant compensation for improvements/repairs
on a property held in a concurrent tenancy.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
This is an appeal from a non-jury case, and as such, our review is de novo based
upon the record of the proceedings. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Parker v. Lambert, 206
S.W.3d 1, 3 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). Pursuant to Rule 13(d), we review the lower court’s
findings of fact with a presumption of correctness, unless the record reflects otherwise to
a preponderance of the evidence. Id. Conclusions of law do not carry this presumption.
Id. Additionally, “[o]ur de novo review is subject to the well-established principle that
the trial court, having seen and heard the witnesses testify, is in the best position to judge
their credibility.” Keaton v. Hancock Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 119 S.W.3d 218, 223 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2003) (citing Bowman v. Bowman, 836 S.W.2d 563, 567 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991)).
Great deference must be shown to the trial court’s credibility determinations. Id.
IV. DISCUSSION
A.
Our Supreme Court, speaking through Justice Holly Kirby, recently instructed as
follows:
At common law, the type of tenancy that results from a
conveyance of real property to two or more persons depends
on the [sic] whether the four unities—interest, title, time, and
possession—exist at the time of conveyance. . . . If the four
unities exist but the conveyance is to unmarried persons, the
conveyance results in a joint tenancy; by operation of law, a
common-law joint tenancy includes a right of survivorship
even when no words of survivorship are used in the granting
instrument. If, however, the four unities are not present at the
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time of the conveyance, the conveyance results in a tenancy
in common, which does not include a right of survivorship.
Bryant v. Bryant, 522 S.W.3d 392, 399-400 (Tenn. 2017) (internal citations omitted).
Additionally, the Court recognized the differences at common law between a joint
tenancy and a tenancy in common:
At common law, the primary difference between holding in
joint tenancy and tenancy in common is that joint tenancy
includes a right of survivorship between the co-tenants by
operation of law, whereas tenancy in common does not. . . .
[B]oth joint tenancy and tenancy in common “impl[y] a
plurality of persons” and “each of the owners has an
undivided moiety [(i.e., part)] or other proportional part, of
the whole premises.”
“Tenants in common are jointly seized of the whole estate,
each having an equal right of entry and possession . . . .”
Right of survivorship is not an incident of tenancy in
common; however, the grantor may include in the instrument
of conveyance express language attaching a right of
survivorship to the tenancy in common.
Id. at 400-01 (internal citations omitted). The Bryant Court further clarified:
Because joint tenancies no longer include a survivorship
interest by operation of law, both joint tenants and tenants in
common have essentially the same rights, which are the “right
to use, to exclude, and to enjoy a share of the property’s
income. . . .”
Id. at 404 (internal citations omitted).
Where jointly held property is sold, the sale proceeds are to be divided between
the parties in accordance with their rights as determined by the court. Tenn. Code. Ann.
§ 29-27-217; see also Tenn. Code. Ann. § 29-27-113. “[T]he Court has a statutory and
inherent right to adjust the equities and settle all claims between or among the parties….”
Yates v. Yates, 571 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. 1978). In Parker, the court addressed the
principles that the trial court should apply in arriving at the equitable distribution of
monies from a partition sale:
The[re] are five primary principles governing compensation
in the partition context. First, the courts will compensate a
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cotenant who improved the jointly owned property as long as
the improvements enhanced the property’s value. Generally,
the amount of this compensation cannot exceed the amount
by which the improvements enhanced the land’s value.
Second, cotenants must equally contribute to satisfying
encumbrances on the property. Third, cotenants must also
equally contribute to expenses for necessary repairs and
maintenance of the jointly owned property. However, “a
cotenant is not entitled to credit for the value of personal
services in managing and caring for the property,” unless the
cotenants have an agreement to the contrary. Fourth, a
cotenant with sole possession of the property is liable to other
cotenants for any profits received in excess of his or her pro
rata share. Fifth, a cotenant with sole possession of the
property who has excluded his or her cotenants from the
property or who has denied their title to any part of the
property, must pay rent to the cotenants for the use and
occupation of the property regardless of the profits received.
Id. at 5 fn. 2 (internal citations omitted).
It is a general rule that cotenants enjoy an equal right to possession. Accordingly,
our Supreme Court has stated in regard to this matter: “Any tenant in common has the
right to enter upon the common estate and take possession of the whole thereof, subject
only to the equal right of his co-tenants, with whose possession he may not interfere.”
Puryear v. Belcher, 614 S.W.2d 344, 345-46 (Tenn. 1981) (quoting Garland v. Holston
Oil Co., 53 Tenn. App. 703, 386 S.W.2d 914 (1964); 86 C.J.S. Tenancy in Common § 20
(1954)). Furthermore, “a cotenant must equally share both the burdens of land ownership
(i.e., the responsibility of preserving the land) as well as the benefits of the land
ownership. If one cotenant bears a disproportionate share of the burden, the other
cotenants must provide compensation.” Parker, 206 S.W.3d at 5. The court in Parker
further clarified the rule and stated: “[a]lthough a cotenant is not allowed to exclude other
cotenants from jointly-owned property, such behavior is not an absolute bar to a
contribution claim. A cotenant who has excluded his or her cotenants from the property
must pay rent to those cotenants for the use and occupation of the property.” Id. at 6
(citing Johnson v. Covington, 148 Tenn. 47, 251 S.W. 893, 898 (1923)).
“There is generally a presumption that joint tenants have equal interests, but a
tenant who pays more than his or her share for the property may seek contribution to
compensate him or her.” Brewer v. Brewer, No. M2010-00768-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL
532267, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Feb. 14, 2011); see also Harris v. Taylor, No. W2004-
02855-COA-R3-CV, 2006 WL 772007, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 28, 2006). Thus, the
sale proceeds resulting from the partition of the property are to be divided among the
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parties equally subject to the compensations awarded. In the instant case, there is no
indication or argument advanced by the parties that the shares are to be treated in any
way other than equally. There are also no arguments that the partition itself was
improper.
We turn now to the compensation for rent awarded to Appellees. As indicated, the
fifth principle governing compensation is “a cotenant with sole possession of the property
who has excluded his or her cotenants from the property or who has denied their title to
any part of the property, must pay rent to the cotenants for the use and occupation of the
property regardless of the profits received.” Parker, 206 S.W.3d at 5 fn. 2. The language
in Parker and its accompanying case law reveals that an aggressive showing of “ouster”
is not required, at least not in the form needed in adverse possession and prescription
cases. See Ridley v Watson, No. M2007-01241-COA-R3-CV, 2008 WL 3895952, at *6
(Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 22, 2008) (“this [entitlement to rents] is predicated upon the
exclusion, by the sole possessor, of his or her co-tenants from the property.”); see also
Bunch v. Bunch, No. 02A01-9705-CH-00106, 1998 WL 46217, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Jan. 8, 1998) (“[I]n distributing the proceeds of a partition sale, a cotenant in sole
possession of the property is liable to the other cotenants for rents and profits received in
excess of his pro rata share.”); but see Johnson, 251 S.W. at 898 (“[A] tenant in common
who is in sole possession of the common property will be liable to account to his cotenant
for the rents and profits thereof, where the possession of the occupying tenant is of such a
nature as to amount to an ouster of his cotenant, or the equivalent of an ouster.”); Butler
v. Butler, No. 86-60-II, 1986 WL 8593, at *2 (Tenn. App. Ct. Aug. 6, 1986) (The law of
Tennessee is in keeping with the general rule that “in the absence of an agreement or
understanding to the contrary, a tenant in common in possession of the property, without
ousting his cotenants or denying their title to any part thereof, is not liable to account to
them on partition for use and occupation. . . .” 68 C.J.S. Partition § 138 (1950).”)
“Ordinarily, a tenant in common is presumed to hold on behalf of himself and all
other co-tenants, and therefore the possession of one tenant in common is not ordinarily
held to be hostile to the co-tenants.” Howell v. Howell, No. 01A01-9806-CV-00301,
1999 WL 536261, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. July 27, 1999). “An ouster, in the law of
tenancy in common, is the wrongful dispossession or exclusion by one tenant in common
of his cotenant or cotenants from the common property of which they are entitled to
possession.” Envision Props., LLC v. Johnson, No. E2005-00634-COA-R3-CV, 2005
WL 2860195, at *5-6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 31, 2005). In Nesmith v. Alsup, No. 01-A-01-
9809-CH00509, 1999 WL 557620 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 2, 1999), the court observed as
follows:
An ouster does not necessarily mean a physical expulsion of
one party by another, but it requires the party claiming
adversely to perform some act that makes it clear to his
cotenant that she is being excluded from ownership. In the
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case of Drewery v. Nelms, 132 Tenn. 254, 177 S.W. 946
(1915), our Supreme Court explained the ouster requirement
this way:
“This ouster by one tenant in common against his cotenant
may occur, but it takes something more than an appropriation
of the rents without an accounting. The mere silent, sole
occupation by one of the entire property, though he be
claiming the whole estate, and appropriating the whole rents,
without an accounting to or claim by the others, without
notice of his cotenant that his possession is adverse, and
unaccompanied by some act which can amount to an
exclusion and ouster of the cotenant, cannot be construed into
an adverse possession. This ouster and exclusion may be
effected by taking possession and affording actual notice of a
claim of sole ownership or other positive and unequivocal act
that must by its nature put the other cotenants upon notice that
they are excluded from the possession.”
Nesmith, 1999 WL 557620, at *4.
In the instant case, the trial court found that ouster was established and that
Appellant, as cotenant with sole possession, had excluded her other cotenants from the
Property. The Judgment Order indicates that the payment of rent is predicated on this
exclusion.
Appellant argues that she did not exclude her cotenants and that they were able to
come and go freely as they pleased. Appellees, however, contend that Appellant acted as
if she was the sole owner of the Property and refused them access to the Property unless
it was on her terms. Appellant also demanded for Appellees to remove their personal
property from the house despite the fact that she did not have a renter lined up. For those
reasons, we agree with the trial court in its conclusions that “[Appellant] refused to allow
[Appellees] entry upon the [Property] except on her terms and [Appellant] treated the
[Property] as though she were the sole owner.” These acts are contrary to the equal right
of possession that is enshrined in our law governing co-tenancy that is “subject only to
the equal right of his co-tenants, with whose possession he may not interfere.” Puryear,
614 S.W.2d at 345-46. Thus, the award to Appellees for compensation in the form of
rent is in line with the Parker court’s fifth principle governing compensation: “a cotenant
with sole possession of the property who has excluded his or her cotenants from the
property or who has denied their title to any part of the property, must pay rent to the
cotenants for the use and occupation of the property regardless of the profits received.”
Id. at 5 fn. 2.
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B.
We now turn to the award of compensation for the repairs/improvements made by
Appellant on the co-owned property. Because this award implicates more than one of the
principles of compensation indicated above, we repeat the first three:
First, the courts will compensate a cotenant who improved the
jointly owned property as long as the improvements enhanced
the property’s value. Generally, the amount of this
compensation cannot exceed the amount by which the
improvements enhanced the land’s value. Second, cotenants
must equally contribute to satisfying encumbrances on the
property. Third, cotenants must also equally contribute to
expenses for necessary repairs and maintenance of the jointly
owned property.
Parker, 206 S.W.3d at 5 fn. 2 (internal citations omitted). These principles, when read
together with the pertinent case law, indicate that the trial court’s award of compensation
for improvements is consistent with its equitable and discretionary powers.
In its Judgment Order, the trial court found that Appellant expended
approximately $19,000 on “repairs/improvements” before the filing of the initial suit and
an additional $41,000 on “repairs/improvements” after filing suit. The court awarded
Appellant the sum of these figures, $60,000, in compensation. The court noted that the
award does not include utilities incurred by Appellant during the period of exclusion and
that Appellant was solely responsible for those expenses. The award did include,
however, amounts for taxes on the Property paid by Appellant. In regard to the continued
improvement of the Property after Appellant filed suit, the trial court expressed its
disapproval of these expenses and held that Appellant came into court with unclean
hands.
Appellees contend that the award for compensation of improvements and repairs
should have been limited to the amount that the improvements enhanced the value of the
Property. Thus, Appellees contend the case should be remanded to the trial court for a
determination of the unimproved value of the Property. Appellees further contend that
the trial court’s award is “contrary to black-letter Tennessee law and is reversible error.”
Appellant responds that this award was within the power of the trial court’s equitable and
discretionary powers and that courts often make exceptions to the general rule.
In Broyles v. Waddel, 58 Tenn. 32, 1872 WL 3987 (1872), our Supreme Court
stated: “[i]n cases of partition, a court of equity, it is said, does not act merely in a
ministerial character, but it founds itself upon its general jurisdiction as a court of equity,
and administers its relief ex equo et bono, according to its own notion of general justice
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and equity between the parties. It will therefore, by its decree, adjust all the equitable
rights of parties interested in the estate.” Id. at 41. See also Yates, 571 S.W.2d at 298
(reflecting on the “statutory and inherent right to adjust the equities and settle claims
between or among the parties” that is possessed by the courts). In Wilburn v. Kingsley, 3
Tenn. App. 88, 1926 WL 2026 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1926), this court recognized its “right to
exercise discretion in the matter, rather than to follow an arbitrary rule.” Id. at 10. The
Wilburn court awarded the full amount of costs incurred rather than limiting the recovery
to the amount that the improvement enhanced the property. Likewise, in Butler, the court
awarded compensation for a mixture of taxes, repairs, maintenance, and improvements.
Id. at *2-3. The appellate court affirmed the award for compensation in the full amount
and further noted its equitable powers to do so: “equity will take this fact into
consideration on partition and will in some way compensate him for such
improvements.” Id. at *5.
In the instant case, considerable evidence was introduced about the expenses
incurred by Appellant for items such as taxes, repairs, and improvements. Appellees
conceded that they did not object to paying their shares of the taxes incurred.
Additionally, the initial agreement of the parties was for Appellant to reside at the
Property and to repair and maintain it until a suitable renter could be found. Appellees
did not object to contributing to repairs and improvements; rather, the disagreement was
only to the amount. Although the Judgment Order did not specifically note whether the
repairs were necessary, we find the award within the discretion of the trial court.
Appellees argue that an award to a cotenant with unclean hands is inequitable and
should be barred. However, “[d]ecisions regarding the proper application of the doctrine
of unclean hands are heavily fact-dependent and are addressed to the considerable
discretion of the trial court.” In re Estate of Boote, 265 S.W.3d 402, 418 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2007). Although the trial court did hold that Appellant had unclean hands by continuing
to improve the Property without input from Appellees, review of the record as a whole
reveals that the trial court acted within its discretion in not applying the doctrine of
unclean hands.
C.
During our consideration of this appeal, an issue arose concerning the conditions
of the stay of execution of the judgment. Pursuant to the language of the trial court’s
Judgment Order, the parties “agreed to move forward jointly with the Clerk and Master
conducting a family auction” and “worked together to arrange the auction. . . .” The
auction was conducted in 2018, with the high bid of $150,000 coming from Appellant.
The trial court, however, rejected the results of the auction and stayed execution.
Without the required bond to stay the case in place, we find that the parties did not
act improperly in proceeding with the family auction by agreement. The unopposed
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motion to permit the sale of the Property is granted.
V. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated above, we affirm the decision of the trial court. The case is
remanded for such further proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of the appeal are
taxed to the Appellant/Appellee, Janella L. McCants.
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JOHN W. MCCLARTY, JUDGE
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