Lance Lanier v. Hubert Bane ( 1999 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
May 4, 2004 Session
LANCE LANIER v. HUBERT BANE, ET AL.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Smith County
No. 4488B Clara W. Byrd, Judge
No. M2000-03199-COA-R3-CV - Filed June 8, 2004
Plaintiff guest passenger appeals the trial court’s denial of recovery in his action against his host
driver for injuries suffered in a one car accident. The jury found him to be 50% responsible for his
own injuries and upon such verdict the trial court entered judgment for the defendant. We affirm
the action of the trial court.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
Affirmed and Remanded
WILLIAM B. CAIN , J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which WILLIAM C. KOCH , JR., P.J., M.S.,
and PATRICIA J. COTTRELL, J., joined.
Alan Poindexter, Lebanon, Tennessee, for the Appellant, Lance Lanier.
Jacky O. Bellar, Carthage, Tennessee, for the Appellees, Hubert Bane and Joyce Bane, Co-
Administrators of the Estate of Michael Bane, Deceased.
OPINION
Plaintiff Lance Lanier was a passenger in a 1994 Lexis ES300 owned and operated by
Michael Bane. At approximately 12:28 a.m., June 19, 1999, Michael Bane was operating his
automobile on Highway 53 in Smith County, Tennessee. While attempting to negotiate a curve in
the road he lost control of the automobile and collided with a rock bluff. Bane died from injuries
suffered in the accident and passenger Lanier suffered personal injuries in the accident.
On September 30, 1999, Lanier filed suit against the Estate of Michael Bane in the Circuit
Court for Smith County, Tennessee charging Bane with negligence and gross negligence in the
operation of his automobile. The complaint asserted that Bane had failed to exercise due care in
keeping his vehicle under control and upon the right half of the roadway in violation of Tennessee
Code Annotated section 55-8-115(a), that he failed to drive his vehicle at a careful and prudent speed
exceeding the posted speed limit in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-8-152 and
failed to drive his vehicle within his lane of travel in violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section
55-8-123, that he drove his automobile in willful and wanton disregard for the safety of persons in
violation of section 55-10-205 and operated his vehicle under the influence of an intoxicant in
violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-10-401(a) and section 55-10-408(b). Lanier
sought punitive damages in his original complaint, but on June 14, 2000, amended the complaint to
delete his request for punitive damages and to delete any allegations that Bane was operating his
vehicle under the influence of an intoxicant.
The co-administrators of the Estate of Michael Bane answered the complaint denying that
Bane was at fault and asserting that Lanier was guilty of negligence in becoming a passenger in an
automobile driven by one that he knew to be under the influence of an intoxicant. After trial on
September 21, 2000, the trial court submitted the case to the jury using a special jury verdict form
prepared by counsel for Lanier. This verdict form provided in its first question that the jury should
determine the total amount of the Plaintiff’s damages. The second and third interrogatories on the
special jury verdict form provided:
2. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF FAULT DO YOU ATTRIBUTE TO EACH
PERSON WHOSE CONDUCT CAUSED OR CONTRIBUTED TO THE
COLLISION. YOUR ANSWERS MUST TOTAL 100%.
MICHAEL BANE _______________%
LANCE LANIER _______________ %
3. STATE THE PERCENTAGE BY WHICH THE NEGLIGENCE OF LANCE
LANIER, IF ANY, CAUSED OR CONTRIBUTED TO HIS OWN INJURIES.
______________% ZERO TO ONE HUNDRED PERCENT.
The jury returned a verdict finding Plaintiff’s total damages to be $51,723.11. The jury found
Michael Bane to be 100% at fault for the collision of the automobile with the rock bluff. In answer
to question 3 on the jury verdict form, the jury found that the negligence of Lanier contributed
causally to his own injuries by 50%.
The trial court first found under the jury verdict that Plaintiff was entitled to recover one-half
of his damages from Defendant but on its own motion reconsidered the judgment and entered an
order on October 13, 2000, holding that under a proper construction of the jury verdict, Lanier was
entitled to no damages. Lanier timely appealed.
Plaintiff brings these issues on appeal:
I. Did the trial court err in amending its prior order so that the final order of the trial court
prohibited the plaintiff from any recovery.
II. Did the trial court err in not granting a motion for a new trial based upon the confusion
between the special verdict form and the written jury instructions.
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The problems in this case result from efforts in the trial court to apply the sound principles
of Hawks v. Grandstaff, 36 S.W.3d 483 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2000) in a fact situation to which such
principles are not applicable. Hawks v. Grandstaff involved a two vehicle multi-party negligence
action applying comparative fault principles. The case at bar is a guest passenger action against his
host driver for injuries resulting from a single car collision wherein the host driver lost control of his
vehicle and collided with a rock bluff. The estate of the host driver defends the action by asserting
that Plaintiff was responsible for his own injuries by voluntarily becoming a passenger in a vehicle
driven by one that he knew to be intoxicated.1
The principles governing this case date back to the beginning of the automotive age and are
well stated by Chief Justice Grafton Green in Schwartz v. Johnson, 152 Tenn. 586, 280 S.W. 32, 47
A.L.R. 323:
It is apparent from the proof that the accident in which young Schwartz lost
his life resulted from the negligent speeding of this car by the Johnson boy. The
plaintiff therefore has made out a case for the jury, unless the suit be barred by the
contributory negligence of his intestate, and we think the Court of Appeals rightly
held that it was so barred.
According to the undisputed proof, these boys had taken about twelve drinks
of whisky each, during five or six hours preceding the accident. Both were
intoxicated. Intoxication does not relieve one from contributory negligence.
Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Hall, 5 Tenn. Civ. App. 491; Thompson on Negligence, §
2935. When one gets into an automobile which is to be operated by a drunken driver,
through the traffic of a populous city, such person takes his life in his hands. All the
authorities are to the effect that such contributory negligence prevents a recovery by
one taking such a chance, if he is injured as a result of the driver’s negligence. Lynn
v. Goodwin, 148 P. 927, 170 Cal. 112, L. R. A. 1915E, 588; Jensen v. Chicago, M.
& St. P. R. Co., 233 P. 635, 133 Wash. 208; Winston’s Adm’r v. City of Henderson,
200 S.W. 330, 179 Ky. 220, L. R. A. 1918C, 646; Kirmse v. Chicago, T. H. & S. E.
R., Co., 127 N. E. 837, 73 Ind. App. 537; Cunningham v. Erie R. Co., 121 N. Y. S.
706, 137 App. Div. 506.
Schwartz v. Johnson, 280 S.W. 32, 33 (Tenn. 1926); see also Cole v. Woods, 548 S.W.2d 640, 643
(Tenn. 1977).
The case at bar presents as a fact issue whether or not, or to what extent, Plaintiff was aware
of the condition of the host driver.
If the evidence is such that reasonable minds may not differ as in Schwartz, the question is
one of law and Plaintiff is barred from any recovery. See Talbot v. Taylor, 201 S.W.2d 1 (Tenn.
1935). If reasonable minds may differ as to extent of Plaintiff’s knowledge of the host driver’s
1
How Mr. Lanier came to “un-know” in his amended complaint that which he knew so well in the original
complaint about his host driver’s intoxication makes for interesting reading.
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condition, the case must go to the jury for determination. Harvey v. Wheeler, 423 S.W.2d 283(Tenn.Ct.App. 1967).
The rules in Schwartz, Talbot and Harvey survived the advent of comparative fault in
Tennessee subject only to the modification required by McIntyre. Such modification is best
exemplified by Larue v. 1817 Lake, Inc. Prior to the comparative fault system implemented by
McIntyre, Tennessee followed the common law rule of contributory negligence. Under this rule,
“If the injury was caused by the plaintiff’s conduct, or was the immediate result of the plaintiff’s
conduct, to which the wrong of the defendant did or did not contribute as an immediate cause, the
plaintiff cannot recover, but must bear the result of his own negligence or conduct.” Nashville, etc.
Railway Co. v. Norman, 108 Tenn. 324, 333, 67 S.W. 479, 481 (Tenn.1902) (quoting Railroad Co.
v. Pugh, 97 Tenn. 627, 37 S.W. 555, 556 (1896)). See LaRue v. 1817 Lake, Inc., 966 S.W.2d 423(Tenn.Ct.App. 1997).
Under this rule, any negligence of Plaintiff which directly contributed to the proximate cause
of his injury, even if by comparison with the proximate negligence of Defendant it was the lesser
contribution, would bar a recovery by the plaintiff. McIntyre modified the harshness of the
contributory negligence rule. LaRue v. 1817 Lake, Inc. explains the effect of McIntyre on the
Schwartz, Talbot, Harvey rule and the effect of the fault comparison on the contributory negligence
rule:
After directing verdicts for the dram shop defendants, the trial court found,
as to the remaining defendant, that reasonable minds could reach only one
conclusion–that LaRue was at least fifty percent at fault for his death, when
compared with the fault of Brewer. We must disagree. Although this is admittedly
a close question, we find the trial court should have allowed it to be decided by the
jury.
As the plaintiff points out, the facts of this case are very similar to those in
Silcox v. Coffee, 1993 WL 350134 (Tenn.App.Sept. 15, 1993). In Silcox, the plaintiff
was killed in an automobile accident after both he and the defendant driver had been
drinking heavily. The defendant’s blood alcohol level was 0.39 and plaintiff’s was
0.37. Id. at **1. The court stated the following:
Our inquiry is whether viewing the evidence in the plaintiff’s
favor, the evidence can reasonably support a conclusion that
[plaintiff’s] decision to ride with an intoxicated driver did not account
for 50 percent or more of the proximate cause of his death. The
reasonableness of a plaintiff’s decision to encounter this risk is a
factual determination to be determined by the trier of fact . . . In the
case at bar, the jury determined that [plaintiff’s] death was caused 40
percent by his own negligence. This conclusion necessarily involves
a consideration of the reasonableness of [plaintiff’s] decision to ride
with the defendant. There is ample evidence to support that
[plaintiff’s] decision to ride with defendant was unreasonable. We
cannot say, however, that the evidence does not establish a basis from
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which the jury could have concluded that [plaintiff’s] decision
accounted for less than 50 percent of the proximate cause of his
death. Accordingly we find no error with the trial court’s denial of
defendant’s motion for a directed verdict and his motion for a new
trial.
Id. at **5 (emphasis added; citation omitted).
LaRue v. 1817 Lake, Inc., 966 S.W.2d 423, 426-27 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997).
The problem with the jury verdict form used in this case is that it sends to the jury both a
“comparative fault” and “comparative negligence question.” The entire case at bar is a “comparative
negligence” case rather than a “comparative fault” case as these terms have been employed by the
courts in implementing the system envisioned in McIntyre. As explained in Owens v. Truckstops
of America, 915 S.W.2d 420 (Tenn. 1996), these terms delineate two separate concepts.
Previously, the terms “comparative negligence” and “comparative fault” have been
used somewhat interchangeably to include the principles governing the apportioning
of damages between a plaintiff and defendants, as well as between defendants. See
McIntyre v. Balentine, 833 S.W.2d 52, 56 (Tenn. 1992) (adopts a system of
“comparative fault” in place of the common law doctrine of “contributory
negligence” to determine whether a plaintiff may recover from a defendant); Cook
v. Spinnaker’s of Rivergate, 846 S.W.2d 810, 811 (Tenn. 1993) (finding that the
plaintiff failed to previously raise the issue of whether the doctrine of “comparative
negligence” applied in determining whether the defendant was liable to the plaintiff);
Bervoets v. Harde Ralls Pontiac-Olds, Inc., 891 S.W.2d 905, 908 (Tenn. 1994)
(actions for contribution between defendants will be tried under the principles of
“comparative fault”). However, each of these terms may be used to express a distinct
meaning.
The term “comparative negligence” is defined as the measure of the plaintiff’s
negligence in percentage terms used for the purpose of reducing the plaintiff’s
recovery from the defendant in proportion to the percentage of negligence attributed
to the plaintiff. It encompasses the system of determining the damages attributable
to the plaintiff as against the defendants which this Court adopted when it abandoned
the “outmoded and unjust common law doctrine of contributory negligence.”
McIntyre v. Balentine, 833 S.W.2d at 56;
Owens v. Truckstops of America, 915 S.W.2d 420, 425-26 n. 7 (Tenn. 1996).
This distinction is further refined in footnote in Coln v. City of Savannah, 966 S.W.2d 34,
(Tenn. 1998).
We have since distinguished comparative negligence from comparative fault.
The former is the measure of the plaintiff’s negligence in percentage terms that
reduces the plaintiff’s recovery. The latter encompasses the determination of how
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to apportion damage recovery among multiple or joint tortfeasors according to the
percentage of fault attributable to each.
966 S.W.2d 34, 40 n. 6.
This distinction was clearly recognized in Grandstaff v. Hawks, 36 S.W.3d 482 (Tenn.Ct.
App. 2000) where in footnote this Court observed:
The Tennessee Supreme Court has distinguished between “comparative
negligence” and “comparative fault.” See Coln v. City of Savannah, 966 S.W.2d at
40 n. 6; Owens v. Truckstops of Am., 915 S.W.2d at 425-26 n. 7. Comparative
negligence measures the plaintiff’s negligence for the purpose of reducing the
plaintiff’s recovery. Comparative fault encompasses the allocation of recovery
among multiple or joint tortfeasors according to their percentage of fault. The Court
made this distinction on the theory that a plaintiff’s recovery may only be reduced
because of the plaintiff’s negligence, whereas a defendant’s liability may be based
on theories of liability other than negligence, for example, strict liability. Owens v.
Truckstops of Am., 915 S.W.2d at 426 n. 7.
Grandstaff, 36 S.W.3d 482, 491 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2000).
When the principles of McIntyre, Owens and Coln, as those principles are recognized in
Grandstaff are applied to this case involving a single car accident with guest passenger suing his host
driver, the problem with the verdict form lies with the submission of question two to the jury
concerning comparative fault for the collision. There was no comparison of fault to be made. As
between the passenger Lanier and the host driver Bane, it is neither alleged nor proved that Lanier
had any control over the vehicle. The “fault” issue could only be cast in terms of whether or not the
driver Bane was at fault in the collision of the car with the rock bluff.2 It would have been better
practice in retrospect to have submitted the verdict form to the jury with only questions one and three
to be answered since question two was immaterial to the decision. However, since the jury found
in answer to question two that Bane was 100% at fault for the collision, any confusion that might
have been caused by the comparative fault question is irrelevant.
This is not a case where a third party injured in an automobile accident seeks to hold a guest
passenger jointly liable with his host driver for injuries to the third party. Liability in such a case
would be measured by the degree to which the passenger had a right to control the actions of the
driver. Wilson v. Moudy, Pi 123 S.W.2d 828 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1939); Pikeville Fuel Co. v. Marsh, 232
S.W.2d 789 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1950). If the guest passenger has no duty or right to control the actions
2
Under the proof in this case no rational trier of fact could have reached any other conclusion than that Bane
was 100% at fault for the collision of his car with the rock bluff. By Lanier’s testimony Bane was speeding, drinking,
and driving erratically immediately before the accident. By the testimony of every other witness, Bane was thoroughly
intoxicated when Lanier got into the car. The only question that was really left for the jury to determine on the evidence
was the extent to which Lanier was aware of the condition of his host driver.
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of his host driver he is not liable for third party injuries even under the most egregious
circumstances. Cecil v. Hardin, 575 S.W.2d 268 (Tenn. 1978).
The painstaking analysis in Grandstaff that is to be applied in resolving the problems inherent
in the necessary merger of“comparative negligence” and “comparative fault” in multiple-car,
multiple-party cases has no bearing on the outcome of this case. There is no “fault” to be compared.
As in LaRue and Silcox, the only comparison to be made is comparative negligence in determining
responsibility between the host driver and the passenger for injuries sustained by the passenger.
The jury was called upon to address question three which correctly stated the determinative
issue.
“3. State the percentage by which the negligence of Lance Lanier, if any, caused or
contributed to his own injuries. ________ % zero to one hundred percent.”
When, as here, the jury in responds to this question by filling in the blank at 50%, the rule,
as modified in McIntyre, compels a verdict for the defendant. 833 S.W.2d 52 at 57 (Tenn. 1992).
While the trial court did not direct a verdict at the conclusion of all the proof as to the 100%
fault of Bane for the accident, no reasonable trier of fact could have found to the contrary. First of
all, Plaintiff alleged such fault and, being the only witness to the accident, testified in support of his
allegations:
Q What happened after you got in the car?
A We pulled out of the school parking lot. And as we were going through
Gordonsville he was kind of going a little fast and I asked him to slow down, and he
did. He slowed down. And we went on through Gordonsville and everybody usually
turns around about McDonald’s. You know, they just make circles, like a hangout
in Gordonsville.
And as we went through - - as went toward McDonald’s we passed Mark and
Eric Byrd going back the other way. And I just asked him, I said, you know, just pull
over and let me get in the car with them. I just want to go back home. And he said,
you know, no, there’s not enough room, that’s a truck. He goes, you can just ride
with me and if all else fails you can just stay the night with me. So I - - I said okay.
And when we made it to about Cumberland Bank and he just - - he kicked it.
Q What do you mean kicked it?
A He just accelerated the car. I mean, floored it.
Q Okay.
A Started, you know, increasing his speed. And, you know, I looked over at the
speedometer and he was getting on up there, and I asked him to, you know, slow
down. And I think in a way he got a charge out of it or, you know, kind of thought
it was kind of funny at first, and kept just going real fast. And I asked him once more
as he was going toward the T and T to slow down. And it was a couple of minutes
after that, that’s when we come into the curve.
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Q What curve are you talking about?
A It’s the curve right past, you know, down from T and T, right above Donoho
Muffler on 53.
Q All right. What happened?
A When we went in the curve, his car tires slightly went, you know, over into
the other lane. And when it did he snatched the wheel to try to correct itself and the
car went back end, hydroplaned or, you know, lost control and we spun. When we
did, I reached up beside my head and grabbed the bar beside my head and held onto
it.
The car spun and, I mean, everything was going on so quick, I don’t really,
you know, know how many times we flipped or anything like that. But I know we
hit the wall and the car ended up on the roof and we slid and when it was sliding my
legs were partially ejected out of the window.
No evidence is ever offered to the contrary. The only reason given by the trial court for not
directing a verdict is the refusal of counsel for Bane to stipulate the 100% fault of Bane for the
accident. The 100% fault of the host driver Bane for the accident being indisputable, the only
question remaining, outside of the alleged confusion of the jury as to the verdict form, is whether or
not there is material evidence in the record to support the jury’s assessment that the negligence of
Lanier was 50% causally responsible for his own injures.
This finding depends under the principles of Schwartz, Talbot and Wheeler upon the extent
to which Lanier was aware of the intoxicated condition of Bane when he chose to become a guest
passenger in the automobile. Not only does material evidence support the finding of the jury but,
indeed, the evidence, both as to the intoxication of Bane and as to the knowledge of Lanier, is
overwhelming. The blood alcohol level of Michael Bane after the accident was 0.158.3 The proof
shows that Bane had been drinking heavily throughout the evening before Lanier got into his car.
The witness Kayla Slagle testified that on the evening before the accident she was with Michael
Bane and was driving his automobile because “we didn’t want him to drive because he’d been
drinking.”
The witness Ashley Duke testified:
Q I’m going to get right to the point with you. On June 19th, 1999, do you
remember an automobile accident between Lance - - involving Lance Lanier and
Michael Bane?
A Yes.
Q Okay. That night, had you seen - - had the occasion to see Michael Bane?
A Yes.
Q Tell the Court what kind of condition he was in.
3
Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-10-408(b), at the time of the accident in this case, established a
presumption that a person’s driving was impaired if his or her blood alcohol level was .10 % or more.
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....
[A] He was drinking that night. He was pretty drunk.
The witness Brian Nixon testified:
Q And if you would, just tell the ladies and gentlemen of the jury when you first
saw Michael the night before he got killed?
A The night before.
Q The night he got killed. Actually, he got killed a little after midnight and you
were together a little before as I understand it?
A I was with him that whole evening.
Q Okay.
A And we rode around - -
THE COURT: You probably need to speak into the
microphone there.
THE WITNESS: We rode around, went out to Defeated to
Caprice and drank a 40-ounce beer on the way out there. And stopped at T and T on
the way back from going out there. T and T is in Gordonsville, and got another one.
And he drank that and I drank one too. And we rode around for a little while and
then the girls got with us about 10:00. And they was with us until - - I was with them
until 12:00. I had to get up and go to work the next morning, so I got out at 12:00.
BY MR. JACKY BELLAR:
Q Who was driving when the girls got with you?
A Kayla drove on the way back from his apartment and Marlena drove on the
way over there.
Q Why were they driving?
A Because we was intoxicated.
Q You don’t deny that you were drinking pretty heavy and so was Michael, was
he not?
A Uh-huh. (Affirmative.)
Q Also, that night - - I’m not going to ask about you, did Michael smoke any
pot?
A Yes.
Q How many joints did he smoke?
A I’m going to say two.
Q Was there any doubt in your mind, and I know you don’t want to be here
today, that Michael was under the influence when you left him?
A Yes, sir.
Q He clearly was, wasn’t he?
A Uh-huh. (Affirmative.)
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The accident in this case occurred at 12:23 a.m. on June 19, 1999. By the testimony of the
witness Nixon, he was with Bane until about 25 minutes before the fatal accident.
As to Mr. Lanier’s knowledge concerning Bane’s intoxicated condition, the jury could
certainly infer that what was obvious to everyone else would have to be obvious to Mr. Lanier. Not
only did Mr. Lanier allege in his original complaint that Bane was under the influence of an
intoxicant, but testified that Bane was drinking in his presence at the time Lanier got into the car.
Q Now, he was there drinking what you call a 40. Tell the jury again what a 40
is.
A A 40 is - - it’s beer.
Q What size beer?
A Forty ounces.
Q I assume this was a bottle?
A Yes.
Q And you were there when Mr. Bane threw it in the parking lot, smashed it on
the parking lot?
A Yes, I think he was trying to throw it to the grass, but it smashed in the
parking lot.
The verdict of the jury is amply supported by the evidence.
Defendant complains that the jury instructions when coupled with the special jury verdict
form which his counsel had prepared confused the jury. To the contrary, it would appear that the
jury understood the issues better than anybody in the courtroom.
As this Court has held:
We have a duty to uphold a jury’s verdict whenever possible. See Henshaw
v. Continental Crescent Lines, Inc., 499 S.W.2d 81, 86 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1973);
Templeton v. Quarles, 52 Tenn. App. 419, 432, 374 S.W.2d 654, 660 (1963). In
doing so, we must give effect to the jury’s intention, Areata Graphics Co. v.
Heidelberg Harris, Inc., 874 S.W.2d 15, 27 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1993), as long as that
intention is permissible under the law and ascertainable from the phraseology of the
verdict. See Brisco v. Allison, 200 Tenn. 115, 125-26, 290 S.W.2d 864, 868 (1956);
Crafton v. Edwards, 58 Tenn. App. 606, 613, 435 S.W.2d 486, 490 (1968).
Accordingly, we should not set aside a jury’s verdict because of an erroneous
instruction unless it affirmatively appears that the erroneous instruction actually
misled the jury. See Carney v. Coca-Cola Bottling Works, 856 S.W.2d 147, 150
(Tenn.Ct.App. 1993); Helms v. Weaver, 770 S.W.2d 552, 553 (Tenn.Ct.App. 1989).
Grandstaff v. Hawks, 36 S.W.3d 482, 497 (Tenn.Ct.App. 2000).
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The record discloses an extensive discussion between the court and counsel about the verdict
form and the instructions which the court proposed to use. Counsel for Plaintiff insisted that the jury
verdict form used in this case, which he had prepared, comported with Grandstaff. It was counsel
for Defendant who objected to the use of the form. Neither counsel objected to any specific
provision of the proposed charge to the jury. Instructions to the jury are not required to be perfect
but rather to be such as can be understood by laymen. Ingram v. Earthman, 993 S.W.2d 611(Tenn.Ct.App. 1998). We are satisfied that the jury understood that it was to compare the negligence
of the guest passenger to that of the host driver in determining the issues between the parties. The
jury responded to question 3 of the special jury verdict form in a manner that mandated judgment
for Defendant.
The judgment of the trial court is in all respects affirmed and costs of this cause are assessed
to Defendant.
_________________________________
WILLIAM B. CAIN, JUDGE
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