Billie Russell v. Pakkala M.D. ( 1998 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
WESTERN SECTION AT JACKSON
BILLIE J. RUSSELL, and
BILLIE J. RUSSELL as Administratrix )
)
FILED
on behalf of Deceased, Robert L. Russell, )
) January 14, 1998
Plaintiff/Appellant, ) Hardison Law No. 8540
) Cecil Crowson, Jr.
vs. ) Appellate C ourt Clerk
) Appeal No. 02A01-9703-CV-00053
Y. N. PAKKALA, M.D. and )
BOLIVAR COMMUNITY HOSPITAL, )
)
Defendants/Appellees. )
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT HARDEMAN COUNTY
AT BOLIVAR, TENNESSEE
THE HONORABLE JON KERRY BLACKWOOD, JUDGE
For the Plaintiff/Appellant: For the Defendants/Appellees:
Charles E. Hodum Marty R. Phillips
Mitzi C. Johnson Jackson, Tennessee
Collierville, Tennessee
REMANDED
HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.
CONCUR:
W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P.J., W.S.
ALAN E. HIGHERS, J.
OPINION
This is a medical malpractice case. The trial court granted the defendants’ motion for
summary judgment, based on the insufficiency of the affidavits submitted by the plaintiff in
opposition to the motion. The plaintiff appeals the trial court’s decision. We remand.
On August 3, 1993, Defendant/Appellee Dr. Y. N. Pakkala (“Dr. Pakkala”) performed a
laparoscopic cholecystectomy on the Plaintiff/Appellee Billie J. Russell (“Russell”), a fifty-six year
old woman, at the Defendant/Appellee Bolivar Community Hospital (“BCH”) in Bolivar, Tennessee.
The surgical procedure involved the examination of the abdominal cavity with a camera through a
small incision in the abdominal wall, and removal of the gallbladder. During the surgery, Dr.
Pakkala lacerated Russell’s right iliac artery, causing two perforations and internal bleeding. Dr.
Pakkala sutured one of the perforations. In order to repair the perforation, a much longer incision
in Russell’s abdominal area had to be made. He found no signs of continued bleeding, and therefore
assumed he had completely repaired the artery. However, Russell’s condition did not improve. Dr.
Pakkala sent her to Jackson, Tennessee, where another surgeon, Dr. Harvey Harmon, found and
repaired the second perforation. The second surgery to repair the perforation was successful.
Russell sued Dr. Pakkala and BCH, alleging that Dr. Pakkala was negligent in his treatment
of Russell and that BCH was negligent in not keeping vascular clamps available for emergencies.
The defendants moved for summary judgment, submitting Dr. Pakkala’s affidavit in support of their
motion.
In response, Russell filed affidavits from four physicians, discussed in more detail below.
The trial court found that Russell’s affidavits were insufficient to raise a genuine issue of material
fact, and granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Russell then filed this appeal.
On appeal, Russell argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the
defendants in this case because her medical experts presented testimony which raised genuine issues
of material fact. Dr. Pakkala and BCH maintain that summary judgment was proper because Russell
failed to produce competent expert testimony concerning Dr. Pakkala’s alleged failure to meet the
standard of care in his community, and concerning the issue of causation.
Summary judgment is proper when the movant demonstrates that there are no genuine issues
of material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Tenn. R. Civ.
P. 56.03. In the event that the moving party files a properly supported summary judgment
motion, “the burden of production of evidence shifts to the non-moving party to produce evidence
which would establish a genuine factual dispute.” Masters v. Rishton, 863 S.W.2d 702, 705 (Tenn.
App. 1992). When the defense moves for summary judgment, as in this case, the plaintiff must
present evidence that establishes the essential elements of his claim. Blair v. Allied Maintenance
Corp., 756 S.W.2d 267, 269-70 (Tenn. App. 1988).
On a motion for summary judgment, “the court must take the strongest legitimate view of
the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, allow all reasonable inferences in favor of that party,
and discard all countervailing evidence.” Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 210-11. In Byrd, the
Tennessee Supreme Court stated:
Once it is shown by the moving party that there is no genuine issue of material fact,
the nonmoving party must then demonstrate, by affidavits or discovery materials, that
there is a genuine, material fact dispute to warrant a trial. In this regard, Rule 56.05
provides that the nonmoving party cannot simply rely upon his pleadings but must
set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact.
Id. at 211 (citations omitted). No presumption of correctness attaches to the trial court’s conclusions
of law. See Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23, 26 (Tenn. 1995).
Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-26-115 sets forth the plaintiff’s burden of proof in
a medical malpractice action:
(a) In a malpractice action, the claimant shall have the burden of proving by evidence
as provided by subsection (b):
(1) The recognized standard of acceptable professional practice in the profession
and the specialty thereof, if any, that the defendant practices in the community in
which he practices or in a similar community at the time the alleged injury or
wrongful action occurred;
(2) That the defendant acted with less than or failed to act with ordinary and
reasonable care in accordance with such standard; and
(3) As a proximate result of the defendant’s negligent act or omission, the plaintiff
suffered injuries which would not otherwise have occurred.
(b) No person in a health care profession requiring licensure under the laws of this
state shall be competent to testify in any court of law to establish the facts required
to be established by subsection (a) unless he was licensed to practice in the state or
a contiguous bordering states a profession or specialty which would make his expert
testimony relevant to the issues in the case and had practiced this profession or
specialty in one of these states during the year preceding the date that the alleged
injury or wrongful act occurred. This rule shall apply to expert witnesses testifying
for the defendant as rebuttal witnesses. The court may waive this subsection when
it determines that the appropriate witnesses otherwise would not be available.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(a) and (b) (1980 & Supp. 1997). See also White v. Methodist Hosp.
South, 844 S.W.2d 642, 648-49 (Tenn. App. 1992); Schaefer v. Larsen, 688 S.W.2d 430, 432
(Tenn. App. 1984); Dolan v. Cunningham, 648 S.W.2d 652, 654 (Tenn. App. 1982). In medical
malpractice actions, negligence and causation are established by medical expert testimony. Tenn.
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Code Ann. § 29-26-115(b) (1980); Stokes v. Leung, 651 S.W.2d 704, 706 (Tenn. App. 1982).
“Causation in fact is a matter of probability, not possibility, and in a medical malpractice case, such
must be shown to a reasonable degree of medical certainty.” Kilpatrick v. Bryant, 868 S.W.2d 594,
602 (Tenn. 1993) (citing White v. Methodist Hosp. South, 844 S.W.2d 642, 648-49 (Tenn. App.
1992)).
In support of the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, they submitted Dr. Pakkala’s
affidavit, which stated that he was licensed to practice medicine in Tennessee during the year prior
to the alleged malpractice, practiced general surgery during that time, knew the recognized standard
of acceptable professional practice required of a general surgeon in Bolivar, Tennessee in 1993, and
that he complied with the recognized standard of acceptable professional practice in his treatment
of Russell.
In response, Russell submitted sworn statements by Dr. Harvey Harmon, Dr. Mark Josovitz
and Dr. Raymond Hawkins, as well as an affidavit by Dr. J. T. Davis, Jr. Subsequently, the
defendants obtained and submitted an affidavit and deposition by Dr. Harmon, and a sworn
statement by Dr. Josovitz. To determine the sufficiency of the plaintiff’s response to the defendants’
motion for summary judgment, the testimony of each expert is considered below.
DR. HARVEY HARMON
Dr. Harvey Harmon was contacted by Dr. Pakkala when Dr. Pakkala encountered problems
with Russell’s laparoscopic surgery, and Dr. Harmon performed the second surgery to mend the
perforation. In his sworn statement dated February 14, 1994, Dr. Harmon opined that Dr. Pakkala’s
unsuccessful attempt at mending the perforated artery was not done correctly. Dr. Harmon indicated
that Dr. Pakkala should have used a method to temporarily stop the bleeding that took little time,
instead of spending an inordinate amount of time in an unsuccessful attempt to mend the artery,
since the time delay worsened Russell’s condition. Nevertheless, Harmon was able to mend the tear
and correct the problem.
The defendants subsequently obtained an affidavit from Dr. Harmon, dated September 4,
1996, in which he stated that he was not familiar with the standard of acceptable professional
practice required of a general surgeon practicing in Bolivar in 1993, and that he could not offer an
opinion on the subject. Dr. Harmon reaffirmed this opinion in his deposition dated October 25,
1996. Because Dr. Harmon acknowledged that he lacked knowledge about the standard of care in
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Bolivar, Tennessee in 1993, and did not express an opinion about causation of Russell’s injuries,
the trial court correctly found that Dr. Harmon’s testimony was insufficient to overcome the
defendant’s motion for summary judgment. See Mabon v. Jackson-Madison Co. Gen. Hosp., No.
02A01-9702-CV-00039, (slip op.) (Tenn. App. Sept. 9, 1997) (citing Cardwell v. Bechtol, 724
S.W.2d 739 (Tenn. 1987)); Osler v. Burnett, No. 02A01-9202-CV-00046, 1993 WL 90381 (Tenn.
App. March 30, 1993); Ayers v. Rutherford Hosp., Inc., 689 S.W.2d 155 (Tenn. App. 1984).
DR. MARK S. JOSOVITZ
Dr. Mark Josovitz gave Russell a sworn statement on November 15, 1993, in which he
opined that, based on a reasonable degree of medical certainty, Dr. Pakkala failed to conform to a
reasonable standard of care in his treatment of Russell by failing to insufflate (inflate) the abdomen
for the surgery. Dr. Josovitz stated that Dr. Pakkala’s negligent failure to insufflate caused the
laceration of the artery, which resulted in injury to Russell, including permanent disability.
The defendants subsequently obtained a sworn statement from Dr. Josovitz on September
4, 1996, in which he stated that he did not perform surgery and did not know the recognized standard
of acceptable professional practice required of a general surgeon such as Dr. Pakkala. Dr. Josovitz
indicated that he would defer to Dr. Harmon’s opinion regarding whether or not Dr. Pakkala’s
actions caused injury to Russell. Contradictory statements by the same witness regarding a
particular fact cancel each other out. Tibbals Flooring Co. v. Stanfill, 410 S.W.2d 892, 896 (Tenn.
1967). The trial judge has broad discretion in determining the qualifications for admissibility of
testimony of expert witnesses. See Shelby County v. Barden, 527 S.W.2d 124, 131 (Tenn. 1975).
Since Dr. Josovitz stated that he did not know the recognized standard of medical care applicable
to Dr. Pakkala in this case, and deferred to Dr. Harmon on the issue of causation, the trial court
correctly concluded that Dr. Josovitz’ testimony was insufficient to overcome the defendants’ motion
for summary judgment.
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DR. RAYMOND HAWKINS, JR.
Dr. Raymond Hawkins, Jr. repaired an incisional hernia suffered by Russell approximately
two years after the surgery by Dr. Pakkala. He gave a sworn statement for Russell in October, 1995,
in which he stated that he had practiced as a surgeon in Somerville, Tennessee for over twenty years.
In his statement, he explained that an “incisional hernia is just a weakness in the abdominal wall
musculature where the intestines come out through that hole.” He said that the incisional hernia was
caused by the long incision made to repair the perforations made by Dr. Pakkala in the original
laparoscopic gall bladder surgery. Consequently, he was of the opinion that the incisional hernia
“ultimately” resulted from the gall bladder surgery performed by Dr. Pakkala, since if Dr. Pakkala
“had not torn the iliac artery, she wouldn’t have had that big long incision” and “the incisional hernia
developed after she had that big long incision.”
In his sworn statement, Dr. Hawkins stops short of stating that Dr. Pakkala was negligent in
his treatment of Russell. He noted that he had performed over 200 laparoscopic gall bladder
operations, and that perforating the right iliac artery during the course of such surgery was
“extremely uncommon.” He noted that he understood from Dr. Josovitz’ affidavit that Dr. Pakkala
did not insufflate the abdomen for the surgery, and stated that insufflating the abdomen is “the usual
routine” because “you’re more likely . . . to perforate all of those structures if you don’t insufflate
the abdomen.” While calling it “dangerous” not to do so, he noted that “the minority” do not
insufflate. Dr. Hawkins did not state that he was familiar with the standard of acceptable medical
practice in Bolivar, did not state that Somerville was a “similar community” to Bolivar from a
medical standpoint, and did not state that Dr. Pakkala’s treatment of Russell was not in accordance
with the standard.
Dr. Hawkins’ sworn statement was insufficient to establish negligence by Dr. Pakkala under
Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-26-115(a)(1) and (2). Dr. Hawkins did not indicate that he was
familiar with the standard of acceptable medical practice in Bolivar or that Somerville is “a similar
community” to Bolivar with respect to the medical standard. Consequently, his statement does not
establish that he was competent, under the statute, to state that Dr. Pakkala “failed to act with
ordinary and reasonable care in accordance with such standard.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-
115(a)(2).
However, under Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-26-115(a)(3), there is no requirement that
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the medical expert be familiar with the standard for acceptable medical practice in the relevant
community in order to testify as to causation. Regarding causation, the statute states:
(a) In a malpractice action, the claimant shall have the burden of proving by evidence
as provided by subsection (b):
***
(3) As a proximate result of the defendant’s negligent act or omission,
the plaintiff suffered injuries which would not otherwise have
occurred.
(b) No person in a health care profession requiring licensure under the laws of this
state shall be competent to testify in any court of law to establish the facts required
to be established by subsection (a) unless he was licensed to practice in the state or
a contiguous bordering state a profession or specialty which would make his expert
testimony relevant to the issues in the case and had practiced this profession or
specialty in one of these states during the year preceding the date that the alleged
injury or wrongful act occurred.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(a)(3) and (b) (1980 & Supp. 1997). The medical expert “must meet
the licensing and geographic requirements of Section (b)” in order to be competent to testify as to
causation. Payne v. Caldwell, 796 S.W.2d 142, 143 (Tenn. 1990). Dr. Hawkins testified that he was
licensed to practice medicine in Tennessee and that he had practiced in Tennessee as a general
surgeon for over twenty years. Thus, under the statute, he was competent to testify to establish
causation under subsection (a)(3), but not negligence under subsections (a)(1) and (2).
In and of itself, then, Dr. Hawkins’ sworn statement was not sufficient to overcome the
defendants’ motion for summary judgment, because it does not establish negligence.
DR. J. T. DAVIS, JR.
The plaintiff also submitted an affidavit by Dr. J. T. Davis, Jr., dated September 18, 1996.
In the affidavit, Dr. Davis noted that he had received the medical records regarding Dr. Pakkala’s
diagnosis and surgery on Russell, as well as the records from Dr. Harmon’s treatment of Russell.
He stated in pertinent part:
1. I am a medical doctor, more specifically educated as a specialist in the field of
cardiovascular surgery, currently and continually licensed to practice medicine in the
State of Tennessee. I am aware of the recognized standard of acceptable medical
practice required of a general surgeon practicing in the State of Tennessee and in
Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tennessee, in 1993.
***
4. While attempting the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Dr. Pakkala perforated Mrs.
Russell’s right iliac artery. This is a rare and very uncommon complication to be
expected from this type surgery.
5. It is my opinion, based on a reasonable degree of medical certainty, (meaning
more than a 50% probability) that Dr. Y.N. Pakkala, on August 3, 1993 failed to
6
comply with the recognized standard of acceptable professional practice required of
a general surgeon practicing in Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tennessee during
August, 1993, with his care and treatment of Billie Russell. These failures to
conform to a reasonable standard of medical care in his treatment of Mrs. Russell
include, but are not necessarily limited to the following:
(a) In recognizing she was potentially a risky patient given her history of diabetes,
coronary disease, obesity, and other ailments, but failing to treat her as high risk and
refer her to an individual capable of treating a high risk patient;
(b) Failure to transport her to another facility equipped to treat a high-risk patient;
(c) In attempting to perform a laparoscopic cholecystectomy without the needed
training and skills expected of a general surgeon to adequately perform such a
surgery; and manage the inherent complications;
(d) In attempting to perform a laparoscopic cholecystectomy without having easily
accessible the equipment needed to perform said surgery and treat complications.
(e) In failing to control bleeding of the perforated artery and to facilitate transporting
the patient to a vascular surgeon within a reasonable period of time;
(f) In failing to follow the stated directions of Dr. Harvey Harmon, a vascular
surgeon in Jackson, Tennessee;
(g) In attempting to mend or repair the perforated artery without being a vascular
surgeon and without having the experience, training or equipment to repair the artery;
(h) In giving the patient heparin, a medication which the defendant knew or should
have known was inappropriate under the given medical circumstances.
The affidavit does not state how long Dr. Davis had been licensed in Tennessee. Specifically, it does
not state that Dr. Davis had practiced cardiovascular surgery in Tennessee “during the year preceding
the date that the alleged injury or wrongful act occurred.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(b).
However, it states that Dr. Davis is “currently and continually licensed to practice medicine in the
State of Tennessee.” He asserts that he was “aware” of the standard of acceptable medical practice
required of a general surgeon in Bolivar, Tennessee in 1993.
In his affidavit, Dr. Davis does not address causation of injury. However, it is undisputed
that Russell underwent a second surgery as a result of Dr. Pakkala’s perforation of her artery during
the laparoscopic procedure. Even if Russell had no complications from the second surgery, the fact
that she had to undergo a second surgery constitutes injury. Moreover, as discussed above, Dr.
Hawkins testified that Russell’s incisional hernia occurred because Dr. Pakkala perforated the artery
during the initial gall bladder surgery which resulted in a “big long incision” from the subsequent
repair surgery. Therefore, in this case, if Russell submits proof that the initial perforation of the
artery by Dr. Pakkala was negligent, this would be sufficient to overcome the defendants’ motion
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for summary judgment.
In his affidavit, Dr. Davis notes that, during the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Dr. Pakkala
perforated Russell’s right iliac artery. He described this a “a rare and very uncommon complication
to be expected from this type surgery.” In the next paragraph, Dr. Davis enumerates the ways in
which Dr. Pakkala’s care of Russell fell below the applicable standard of acceptable professional
practice. Among these, he lists “attempting to perform a laparoscopic cholecystectomy without the
needed training and skills expected of a general surgeon to adequately perform such a surgery. . . .”
The remainder of the list addresses allegedly negligent acts after the perforation of the artery, such
as failing to transport Russell to a vascular surgeon within a reasonable length of time. There is no
competent testimony in the record establishing that Dr. Pakkala’s alleged negligence after the artery
was perforated caused injury to Russell.
To overcome the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, the plaintiff must show an act
that fell below the acceptable standard of medical practice and an injury proximately caused by that
act. Negligence and causation of injury can be established from more than one affidavit, i.e.,
negligence established by one medical expert and causation of injury by another. See Schaefer v.
Larsen, 688 S.W.2d 430, 433 (Tenn. App. 1984); McCay v. Mitchell, 463 S.W.2d 710, 718 (Tenn.
App. 1970); but see Payne v. Caldwell, 796 S.W.2d 142, 143 (Tenn. 1990).1 However, they must
both correspond to the same allegedly negligent act or omission. Accordingly, the plaintiff must
demonstrate a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Dr. Pakkala’s perforation of the artery
during the laparoscopic procedure was negligent.
Dr. Davis’ affidavit is unclear in two respects. First, it is unclear whether Dr. Davis was
licensed in Tennessee during the year preceding the alleged wrongful act, as required by statute.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(b). Dr. Davis states that he is “currently and continually licensed to
1
In Payne, the Tennessee Supreme Court held that a medical expert must meet the
licensing and geographic requirements of Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(b) in order to testify as
to causation. In so holding, the Court stated: “The proof of each element in a medical
malpractice action is so entwined that it is difficult, if not impossible, for a witness to testify on
the issue of causation without commenting, either expressly or tacitly, on the standard of care or
whether or not it was breached.” Payne, 796 S.W.2d at 143. The Court’s holding, however, was
limited to requiring witnesses testifying on causation to meet the requirements of Section (b).
8
practice medicine in the State of Tennessee” and that he was “aware” of the standard of acceptable
medical practice required of a general surgeon in Bolivar in 1993.
In addition, it is unclear whether Dr. Davis is of the opinion that Dr. Pakkala’s initial
perforation of Russell’s artery was the result of actions which fell below the applicable standard of
acceptable medical practice. He describes the perforation as “a rare and very uncommon
complication. . . .” He states expressly that Dr. Pakkala fell below the applicable standard in a
number of respects. He then lists among these Dr. Pakkala’s attempt “to perform a laparoscopic
cholecystectomy without the needed training and skills expected of a general surgeon to adequately
perform such a surgery. . . .” Although it is ambiguous, this could be interpreted to mean that Dr.
Davis is of the opinion that Dr. Pakkala’s perforation of the artery was negligent, a result of his
alleged lack of the “training and skills” needed to perform the surgery.
In considering a grant of summary judgment, we are obliged to “take the strongest legitimate
view of the evidence in favor of the non-moving party, and allow all inferences in favor of that
party . . . .” Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 209-11. In discussing cases in which summary judgment
is appropriate, the Tennessee Supreme Court has stated:
The summary judgment procedure was designed to provide a quick, inexpensive
means of concluding cases, in whole or in part, upon issues as to which there is no
dispute regarding the material facts. Where there does exist a dispute as to facts
which are deemed material by the trial court, however, or where there is uncertainty
as to whether there may be such a dispute, the duty of the trial court is clear. He is
to overrule any motion for summary judgment in such cases, because summary
judgment proceedings are not in any sense to be viewed as a substitute for a trial of
disputed factual issues.
Evco Corp. v. Ross, 528 S.W.2d 20, 24-25 (Tenn. 1975). In this case, there is “uncertainty” about
whether there may be a factual dispute regarding whether Dr. Pakkala’s perforation of Russell’s
artery during the initial surgery was negligent. Although the issue is very close, under these
circumstances, summary judgment is inappropriate.
Under Tennessee Code Annotated § 27-3-128, the appellate court may remand the
proceedings to the trial court for correction of the record “where, in its opinion, complete justice
cannot be had by [by reason of?] some defect in the record, want of proper parties, or oversight
without culpable negligence.” Dr. Davis’ statements are unclear regarding his licensing in
Tennessee during the year preceding the alleged wrongful act. In the absence of a determination as
to whether he was licensed during this time period, “complete justice cannot be had. . . .”
9
Consequently, we remand the case for the trial court to determine whether Dr. Davis was licensed
in Tennessee during the pertinent time period. If so, we find that the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment was improper and must be reversed.
The case is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings in accordance with this
Opinion. Costs are assessed equally against the Appellant and the Appellees, for which execution
may issue if necessary.
HOLLY KIRBY LILLARD, J.
CONCUR:
W. FRANK CRAWFORD, P. J., W.S.
ALAN E. HIGHERS, J.
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