Stephen Michael West v. Derrick Schofield, in his official capacity , 2012 Tenn. App. LEXIS 232 ( 2012 )

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT NASHVILLE
March 6, 2012 Session
STEPHEN MICHAEL WEST, ET AL. v. DERRICK SCHOFIELD, in his
official capacity, ET AL.
Direct Appeal from the Chancery Court for Davidson County
No. 10-1675-I Claudia Bonnyman, Chancellor
No. M2011-00791-COA-R3-CV - Filed April 11, 2012
Plaintiffs filed an action for declaratory judgment and injunctive relief, asserting the lethal
injection protocol used to carry-out the death penalty in Tennessee violated constitutional
prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishment. The trial court entered judgment in favor
of Plaintiffs. While the matter was pending in the Tennessee Supreme Court, the State
revised the protocol. The supreme court remanded the matter for further proceedings. The
trial court entered judgment in favor of the State. We affirm.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Chancery Court Affirmed
and Remanded
D AVID R. F ARMER, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which H OLLY M. K IRBY, J., and
J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., joined.
Stephen M. Kissinger and Stephen A. Ferrell, Knoxville, Tennessee, and Roger W. Dickson,
Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Stephen M. West.
C. Eugene Shiles, Jr., and Howell G. Clements, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant,
Billy Ray Irick.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter, William E. Young, Solicitor General,
and Mark A. Hudson, Senior Counsel, for the appellee, Derrick Schofield, in his official
capacity.
OPINION
This lawsuit concerns the constitutionality of the three-drug protocol, as revised in
November 2010, used to effectuate the death penalty by lethal injection in Tennessee.
Plaintiffs Stephen Michael West (Mr. West) and Billy Ray Irick (Mr. Irick; collectively
“Plaintiffs”) are condemned inmates who are scheduled to be executed by lethal injection.
The current appeal arises from Plaintiffs’ action for declaratory judgment and injunctive
relief, asserting the three-drug lethal injection protocol constitutes cruel and unusual
punishment in violation of the United States Constitution and Constitution of Tennessee.
When the action was filed, the lethal injection protocol involved the intravenous injection of
5 grams of sodium thiopental, an anesthesia, followed by 100 milligrams of pancuronium
bromide, followed by 200 milliequivalents of potassium chloride. The protocol did not
include checks for consciousness after the delivery of the sodium thiopental. It is undisputed
that the administration of pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride without proper
anaesthesia causes extreme pain and suffering and results in death by suffocation. The trial
court determined the protocol violated the constitutional prohibitions against cruel and
unusual punishment because it allowed the possibility of death by suffocation due to the
effects of pancuronium bromide if the sodium thiopental failed to render the inmate
unconscious, or failed to ensure that the inmate remained unconscious when the second and
third drugs are administered. In November 2010, the State revised the protocol to include
checks for consciousness. The trial court determined that the revised three-drug protocol
satisfies the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. Plaintiffs appeal. We affirm.
Issues Presented
Plaintiffs present the following statement of the issues for our review:
(1) The evidence preponderates against the Chancery Court’s
determination that the “check for consciousness,” added to Tennessee’s
unconstitutional three-drug lethal injection protocol, eliminates the
substantial risk that inmates will be conscious during the execution
process.
(2) The evidence preponderates against the Chancery Court’s
determination that there is not a feasible and readily available
alternative procedure to insure unconsciousness during the execution
process and negate any objectively intolerable risk of severe suffering
or pain.
Standard of Review
We review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo on the record, with a presumption
of correctness, and will not reverse those findings unless the evidence preponderates against
them. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); Berryhill v. Rhodes, 21 S.W.3d 188, 190 (Tenn. 2000). Insofar
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as the trial court’s determinations are based on its assessment of witness credibility, we will
not reevaluate that assessment absent evidence of clear and convincing evidence to the
contrary. Jones v. Garrett, 92 S.W.3d 835, 838 (Tenn. 2002). Our review of the trial court’s
conclusions on matters of law, however, is de novo with no presumption of correctness.
Taylor v. Fezell, 158 S.W.3d 352, 357 (Tenn. 2005). We likewise review the trial court’s
application of law to the facts de novo, with no presumption of correctness. State v. Thacker,
164 S.W.3d 208, 248 (Tenn. 2005).
Background
On November 7, 2000, the Tennessee Supreme Court set an execution date of March
1, 2001, for Mr. West, who was convicted for the murder of a fifteen-year old girl and her
mother. In February 2001, Mr. West signed an affidavit electing electrocution as the method
of execution. Mr. West filed a petition for habeus corpus in the federal court, and the
execution was stayed. In April 2007, the Tennessee Department of Correction (“the TDOC”)
issued new execution protocols for electrocution and lethal injection. The new protocol
included a “new election form.” In July 2010, the supreme court ordered that Mr. West
would be executed on November 9, 2010.
Mr. West filed a complaint for declaratory judgment and injunctive relief in the
Chancery Court for Davidson County October 18, 2010. In his complaint, Mr. West asserted
that Defendants Gayle Ray, Commissioner of the TDOC; Ricky Bell, Warden of Riverbend
Maximum Security Institution; David Mills, Deputy Commissioner of the TDOC; Reuben
Hodge, Assistant Commissioner of Operations; and John Doe Executioners 1-100
(hereinafter, “the State”) intended to execute him by electrocution in violation of Tennessee
Code Annotated § 40-23-114(a); in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to
the United States Constitution; and in violation of the Tennessee Constitution Article 1, § 16.
Mr. West prayed for a declaration that his “old election form” electing execution by
electrocution, which he asserted he had signed in 2001 but had rescinded, be declared
without force and effect, and that Defendants must present the “new election form” from the
current protocol. He also prayed for a declaration that death by electrocution under
Tennessee’s new protocol violated the United States Constitution and the Constitution of
Tennessee. He moved for a temporary injunction enjoining Defendants from carrying out
his sentence of death by means of electrocution. On October 25, 2010, the trial court entered
an order stating that Mr. West had withdrawn his motion for temporary injunction based
upon Defendants’ response. The trial court stated that Mr. West was “no longer bound by
the 2001 affidavit . . . choosing electrocution as the method of death[,]” and that Mr. West
was “no longer required to elect his method of execution.”
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On October 25, 2010, Mr. West filed an amended complaint for declaratory judgment
and injunctive relief. In his amended complaint (hereinafter, “complaint”), Mr. West stated
that he was scheduled to be executed by lethal injection on November 9, 2010. He sought
a declaration that the State’s three-drug lethal injection protocol is unconstitutional. He
asserted that Tennessee’s three-drug protocol, which then consisted of rapid-fire sequential
bolus injections of sodium thiopental, pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride, is not
“substantially similar” to the protocol upheld by the United States Supreme Court in Baze v.
Rees, 553 U.S. 35 (2008). He asserted multiple insufficiencies of the protocol, including that
it “lack[ed] medically necessary safeguards, thus increasing the risk that Mr. West will suffer
unnecessary pain and prolonged death during the lethal injection process.” Mr. West asserted
that the protocol failed to provide for qualified personnel to administer the drugs, and that
there was no procedure for ensuring that the first drug, the anesthetic, adequately sedated the
inmate prior to the administration of the second and third drugs. Mr. West referenced
numerous non-Tennessee executions to support his argument that the protocol may result in
unnecessary pain and suffering. He also asserted that post-mortem test results indicated that
three inmates executed in Tennessee, Robert Coe, Philip Workman, and Steve Hunley,
suffered death by suffocation as a result of inadequate anesthesia. Mr. West asserted that the
“variables that may have undermined the findings of the Lancet article[,]” the study that was
reviewed by the Supreme Court in Baze, were not present in the reports from executions in
Tennessee. Mr. West relied on affidavits of Dr. David Lubarsky, one of the authors of the
Lancet article examined by the United States Supreme Court in Baze, in support of his
assertions that the level and manner of administration of sodium thiopental, the anesthesia
used in Tennessee’s lethal injection protocol, was not sufficient to ensure unconsciousness.
The trial court denied Mr. West’s motion for temporary injunction on the grounds that
the court lacked jurisdiction to supersede or enjoin the Tennessee Supreme Court’s July 2010
order setting Mr. West’s execution. We denied permission for interlocutory appeal pursuant
to Rule 9 of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure. On November 6, 2010, the
supreme court granted Mr. West’s application for permission to appeal pursuant to Rule 11.
The supreme court agreed with the trial court and this Court that the trial court was without
authority to stay the supreme court’s order. However, the supreme court did not agree that
time constraints prevented the trial court from taking proof and issuing a declaratory
judgment on the issue of whether Tennessee’s three-drug protocol constituted cruel and
unusual punishment because the manner by which the sodium thiopental was prepared and
administered failed to produce unconsciousness or anesthesia prior to the administration of
the second and third drugs. The supreme court vacated the trial court’s order and remanded
the matter for further proceedings. In so doing, the supreme court observed that the State had
not been afforded the opportunity to present evidence to counter the opinion testimony of Dr.
Lubarsky, and that the record currently before the court contained no evidence defending the
adequacy of the existing procedures. The supreme court reset the date of Mr. West’s
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execution to November 30, 2010.
On November 12, 2010, Billy Ray Irick (Mr. Irick) filed a motion for permissive
intervention in the case, and a complaint for declaratory judgment and injunctive relief. In
his complaint, Mr. Irick stated that he had been convicted by a jury of two counts of rape of
a minor and felony murder, and that his conviction was affirmed by the Tennessee Supreme
Court in November 1988. Mr. Irick asserted that he was scheduled to be executed on
December 7, 2010, and that his execution was scheduled to be carried out by the same three-
drug protocol. The trial court granted Mr. Irick’s motion to intervene on November 19, 2010.
The matter was heard by the trial court on November 19, 2010. Following the
hearing, the trial court issued a bench ruling which it incorporated into an order granting a
declaratory judgment to Plaintiffs on November 22, 2010. In its ruling, the trial court found
that Plaintiffs had carried their burden to demonstrate that the three-drug protocol was cruel
and unusual because it allowed death by suffocation while the prisoner is conscious. Upon
review of the medical evidence, the trial court found that Plaintiffs had “carried [their]
burden to show that the first injection of 5 grams of sodium thiopental followed by rapid
injection of the second drug will result in the inmate’s consciousness during suffocation.”
The trial court determined that Plaintiffs had demonstrated that “the Tennessee protocol does
not insure that the prisoner is unconscious before the paralyzing drug . . . the second [drug]
. . . is injected and becomes active in the body.”
On November 23, Plaintiffs filed motions in the supreme court to vacate or modify
its orders of execution. On November 24, 2010, the State filed a response in opposition to
Mr. West’s motion and stated that the lethal injection protocol had been revised to include
checks for consciousness prior to the administration of the second drug. The State attached
a copy of the revised protocol to its motion. The supreme court denied Mr. West’s motion
to vacate or modify the order of execution because the revised protocol appeared to address
the trial court’s reasons for finding the previous protocol unconstitutional. Mr. West filed
a motion to reconsider on November 26, asserting that he was not afforded an opportunity
to reply to the State’s response and to address the issue of whether the revisions to the
protocol eliminated the constitutional deficiencies.
On November 29, 2010, the supreme court entered an order granting Plaintiffs’
motions to stay, and made the order effective throughout the pendency of any appeals and
until the State files a motion to reset the execution dates. In its November 29 order, the
supreme court stated that the trial court had not been given the opportunity to consider, in the
first instance, whether the revised protocol eliminates the constitutional deficiencies that the
trial court had identified in the previous protocol. It remanded the matter to the trial court
for further consideration.
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The State filed a motion to alter or amend in the trial court on December 20, 2010.
In its motion, the State moved the trial court to make additional findings based on the
November 24, 2010, revisions to the protocol to include an assessment of the consciousness
of the condemned inmate prior to the administration of the second injection. The State
moved the trial court to alter or amend its judgment based upon the November 24 revisions.
The matter was set to be heard on January 21, 2011. Following a hearing on January
21, 2011, the parties agreed that the court should rule on the matter upon the record and
without a further evidentiary hearing or further proof. On January 31, the trial court granted
the State’s motion to amend its findings of fact in light of the revisions to the lethal injection
protocol. The trial court made the revised protocol and facts asserted by the State in its
motion part of the record in the cause. It also made Dr. Lubarsky’s January 2011 affidavit,
in which he responded to the revisions of the protocol to check for consciousness, part of the
record.
The trial court entered final judgment in the matter on March 24, 2011. In its final
order, the trial court determined that, applying the standards established by the plurality in
Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35 (2008), the revised lethal injection protocol is constitutional and
does not violate the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. The trial court further
found that, based on the record, Plaintiffs did not carry their burden to demonstrate that a
proposed one-drug protocol or any other protocol is feasible, readily implemented and
significantly reduces the substantial risk of severe pain presented by the revised lethal
injection protocol. The trial court incorporated its bench ruling into the order, and entered
final judgment in favor of the State. Plaintiffs filed timely notices of appeal to this Court.
Discussion
In their brief to this Court, Plaintiffs assert that Tennessee’s current three-drug lethal
injection protocol, as amended to include a check for consciousness, creates an objectively
intolerable risk of substantial harm that qualifies as cruel and unusual punishment. It asserts
that it is “undisputed that Tennessee’s three-drug protocol causes death by suffocation.”
Plaintiffs assert that the dispositive question before the trial court on remand was whether
the check for consciousness eliminates the constitutional deficiencies of the protocol.
Plaintiffs contend that the same evidence that proves that the protocol allows death by
suffocation demonstrates that the check for consciousness included in the amended protocol
will not determine whether the prisoner will be, or will become, conscious when he begins
to suffocate. Plaintiffs contend that the State did not challenge these determinations, and that
the evidence preponderates against the trial court’s finding that Plaintiffs did not come
forward with “sufficient proof that the consciousness checks do not work.” Plaintiffs assert
that the administration of five grams of sodium thiopental in the manner provided by the
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three-drug protocol will not render the prisoner unconscious, and that the checks for
consciousness will not reduce the substantial risk that a prisoner will be or will become
conscious when the second drug is administered. Plaintiffs also assert that the evidence
demonstrates that a feasible and readily available alternative method of execution exists
which significantly reduces the risk of unnecessary pain and suffering. They assert that a
one-drug protocol is a feasible, readily implemented alternative.
We begin our discussion by construing the trial court’s judgement of November 22
and the supreme court’s November 29 order of remand. We disagree with Plaintiffs’
contention that orders filed in this case stand for the proposition that it is undisputed that the
previous protocol in fact causes death by suffocation. The State has continued to dispute
Plaintiffs’ assertion throughout this litigation. The trial court determined that there was a
substantial risk of severe pain associated with the protocol because an inmate could be
conscious when the second and third drugs were administered. While Plaintiffs’ motions
were pending in the supreme court, the State revised the protocol to include checks for
consciousness, and the supreme court remanded the matter to the trial court for further
proceedings in light of the revisions. At the February 16, 2011, hearing on remand, the trial
court stated that it had found that the prior three-drug protocol “constituted cruel and unusual
punishment because the sodium thiopental was not adequate to avoid the intolerable risk that
the prisoner . . . became conscious after the first drug was administered according to the
execution protocol.” (Emphasis added.) Moreover, the supreme court neither reviewed nor
opined on the trial court’s judgment. Rather, the supreme court’s order on remand, as we
perceive it, required the trial court to determine 1) whether the November 24, 2010, revisions
to the three-drug protocol eliminates the constitutional deficiencies that the trial court
identified, i.e., the intolerable risk that a condemned inmate might not be unconscious when
the second drug is administered, and 2) whether the revised protocol is constitutional. Citing
Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. at 52-53, the supreme court stated that Plaintiffs carried the “heavy
burden” to “demonstrate that the revised protocol imposes a substantial risk of serious
harm[.]” The supreme court further stated that Plaintiffs “must either propose an alternative
method of execution that is feasible, readily implemented, and which significantly reduces
the substantial risk of severe pain . . . or demonstrate that no lethal injection protocol can
significantly reduce the substantial risk of severe pain.”
The November 24, 2010, revisions to the lethal injection protocol provide, in relevant
part:
5. After 5 grams of sodium thiopental and a saline flush have been
dispensed, the Executioner shall signal the Warden, and await further
direction from the Warden.
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6. At this time the Warden shall assess the consciousness of the
condemned inmate by brushing the back of his hand over the inmate’s
eyelashes, calling the condemned inmate’s name, and gently shaking
the condemned inmate. Observation shall be documented. If the
condemned inmate is unresponsive, it will demonstrate that the inmate
is unconscious, and the Warden shall direct the Executioner to resume
with the administration of the second and third chemicals. If the
condemned inmate is responsive, the Warden shall direct the
Executioner to switch to the secondary IV line.
On remand, the trial court found that, under the standards enunciated in Baze, the
revised protocol does not violate the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
because “[t]he alternative that the State presented, the consciousness checks, seem to take
care of the problem.” The trial court stated that Plaintiffs had not “come forward with an
alternative or with sufficient proof that the consciousness checks do not work.” The trial
court found stated that it had “read and reread the record carefully[,]” and that there “is little
in the record addressing the effectiveness of the basic manual consciousness checks in the
revised protocol.” The trial court noted Dr. Lubarsky’s affidavit opining that the revised
protocol will not assure that the condemned inmates will remain unconscious as they
experience the effects of the second and third drugs. The trial court also noted the testimony
of the State’s expert, Feng Li, M.D., J.D., Ph. D (Dr. Li), who stated that, if the level of
sodium thiopental is low, “he would not be surprised that the inmate would respond to verbal
stimuli.” The trial court found “that simple manual checks for consciousness of another
human being are common sense[,]”and that the revised protocol appeared to address the
“consciousness issues.” The trial court further found that the consciousness checks contained
in the revised protocol are “feasible, readily implemented, and . . . will significantly reduce
the substantial risk of severe pain.” The trial court found that there was no testimony
addressing a one-drug protocol, and that Plaintiffs did “not advocate for this proposal
because [P]laintiffs do not wish to choose their method of execution and because the
[P]laintiffs do not know enough about it.” The trial court disagreed with Plaintiffs’
contention that the State had conceded that a one-drug protocol is “the Constitutional lethal
drug protocol.” The trial court found that the record before it did not demonstrate that a one-
drug protocol would result in a quick death, and that Plaintiffs had failed to carry their
burden to demonstrate that any other protocol is as a matter of fact feasible, readily
implemented, and would substantially reduce the risk of severe pain.
Plaintiffs assert in their brief that the prior lethal injection protocol was not
unconstitutional because it lacked a “check for consciousness“ but because “it does not
render the inmate unconscious after the second and third pain-producing drugs are
administered.” They submit that “[m]erely checking for consciousness will not render an
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inmate unconscious, therefore, adding the check does not eliminate the constitutional
deficiencies.” Although we agree that the likelihood that an inmate would not be conscious
when the second drug was administered was the basis upon which the trial court found the
prior protocol to be unconstitutional, we do not agree that the addition of a procedure to
check for consciousness does not cure the constitutional deficiency.
Some risk of pain is inherent in any method of execution—no matter how
humane—if only from the prospect of error in following the required
procedure. It is clear, then, that the Constitution does not demand the
avoidance of all risk of pain in carrying out executions.
....
Simply because an execution method may result in pain, either by
accident or as an inescapable consequence of death, does not establish the sort
of “objectively intolerable risk of harm” that qualifies as cruel and unusual.
Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35, 47 - 50 (2008). Additionally, “a condemned prisoner cannot
successfully challenge a State’s method of execution merely by showing a slightly or
marginally safer alternative.” Id. at 51. Rather, “the proffered alternatives must effectively
address a “‘substantial risk of serious harm.’” Id. at 52 (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511
U.S. 825, 842 (1994). A proffered
alternative procedure must be feasible, readily implemented, and in fact
significantly reduce a substantial risk of severe pain. If a State refuses to adopt
such an alternative in the face of these documented advantages, without a
legitimate penological justification for adhering to its current method of
execution, then a State’s refusal to change its method can be viewed as “cruel
and unusual” under the Eighth Amendment.
Id. (footnote omitted). The Baze Court noted that the “series of sodium thiopental,
pancuronium bromide, and potassium chloride, in varying amounts” was used by thirty states
and the federal government, and opined that a protocol cannot be viewed as “objectively
intolerable” when it is so widely used. Id. at 53. The Court further stated that Kentucky’s
“continued use of the three-drug protocol cannot be viewed as posing an ‘objectively
intolerable risk’ when no other State has adopted the one-drug method and petitioners
proffered no study showing that it is an equally effective manner of imposing a death
sentence.” Id. at 57. The Supreme Court noted,
Indeed, the State of Tennessee, after reviewing its execution procedures,
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rejected a proposal to adopt a one-drug protocol using sodium thiopental. The
State concluded that the one-drug alternative would take longer than the three-
drug method and that the “required dosage of sodium thiopental would be less
predictable and more variable when it is used as the sole mechanism for
producing death....”
Id. at 57 (quoting Workman v. Bredesen, 486 F.3d 896, 919 (6th Cir. 2007)).
The Supreme Court did not opine as to the accuracy of Tennessee’s conclusion, but
“note[d] simply that the comparative efficacy of a one-drug method of execution is not so
well established that Kentucky’s failure to adopt it constitutes a violation of the Eighth
Amendment.” Id.
Upon review of the record in this case, we cannot say the evidence preponderates
against the trial court’s finding that the addition of the check for consciousness in the revised
three-drug lethal injection protocol eliminates a substantial risk that the condemned inmate
might be or may become conscious before the second drug is administered, and therefore
suffer severe and unnecessary pain. As the State asserts in its brief, the lack of monitoring
for consciousness was among the deficiencies of the three-injection protocol identified by
Plaintiffs in the trial court, and it was the basis upon which the trial court declared the
protocol unconstitutional. Additionally, a check for consciousness was a step Plaintiffs urged
was necessary to cure the deficiency. In the affidavit filed by Plaintiffs in January 2011, Dr.
Lubarsky stated, with a reasonable degree of medical certainty, that the addition of the check
for consciousness “does not in any way assure that Tennessee inmates will remain
unconscious as they experience the effects of pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride,
nor does it reduce the risk that an inmate will remain unconscious as they experience the
effects of pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride.” Dr. Lubarsky stated that the
implication that an inmate who is unresponsive to mild stimuli will remain unconscious and
unresponsive to the far more painful effects caused by the second and third injections is
incorrect. Dr. Lubarsky also asserted that the revised protocol contains no requirements that
the Warden be trained with respect to what constitutes a response to given stimuli or how to
detect a response. He further asserted that, even if the inmate was determined to be
unconscious following the administration of an additional 5 grams of sodium thiopental,
there is no assurance that the inmate will remain unconscious following the administration
of pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride. He stated:
There have been no studies regarding the levels of unconsciousness obtained
through the administration of either 5 or 10 grams of sodium thiopental in the
manner required under the Tennessee execution protocol. The serum
thiopental levels obtained following Tennessee executions indicate that the
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administration of 5 grams of sodium thiopental produces serum thiopental
levels which are only a fraction of those sufficient to assure unconsciousness
following the administration of pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride.
A repetition of that ineffective procedure cannot assure a sufficient level of
unconsciousness.
Dr. Lubarsky did not opine as to the dosage of sodium thiopental necessary to
eliminate any risk that an inmate would not remain unconscious throughout the execution
procedure, however. The trial court found that, during the initial proceedings,
[P]laintiffs did not demonstrate that there was any particular method to ensure
that the [P]laintiffs remained unconscious when the second and third drugs
were administered, but . . . consistently pointed out that other states do check
for consciousness before the second drug is injected.
The State asserts that 36 states have adopted the three-drug lethal injection method
of execution, and that 19 of them use checks for consciousness similar to those adopted in
Tennessee. The State’s expert, Dr. Li, the senior associate medical examiner for Davidson
County, countered Dr. Lubarsky’s post-mortem examinations of Mr. Workman, Mr. Coe, and
Mr. Hunley. Dr. Li testified that the levels of sodium thiopental in the blood stream of a
condemned inmate would be much higher at the time of execution than at the time of an
autopsy performed later. He further testified that, although each person would metabolize
the drug differently, in general the concentration of the drug in the blood decreases over time.
Dr. Li testified that 5 grams of sodium thiopental is lethal, and that 5 grams is more than ten
times the amount given in a surgical setting.
Edwin Voorhies (Mr. Voorhies), the deputy director for the Office of Prisons of the
Ohio Department of Rehabilitation, testified that in 2009 Ohio adopted a one-drug protocol
that utilizes five grams of sodium thiopental administered intravenously in five syringes. Mr.
Voorhies testified that Ohio had performed nine executions using the one-drug protocol, that
he had been present at the executions, and that 5 grams of sodium thiopental was adequate
to insure the death of condemned inmate in each case. Mr. Voorhies testified that the
average time from the beginning of the first injection of sodium thiopental to the time of
death pronounced by the coroner, including time for medical assessment by the medical team
member and the coroner, was 11.5 minutes. He testified that the inmates appeared to lose
consciousness at the conclusion of the administration of the first syringe, and by the end of
the administration of the second gram of sodium thiopental there were “no visible signs of
the chest rising and falling.” Mr. Voorhies testified that autopsies were not performed on the
nine inmates executed under the one-drug protocol, and that the level of sodium thiopental
in the blood as a result of the administration of the drug was not known. The evidence does
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not preponderate against the trial court’s finding that Plaintiffs failed to carry their burden
to demonstrate that the administration of 5 grams of sodium thiopental, followed by a check
for consciousness, presents an objectively substantial risk that a condemned inmate will be
or become conscious when the second drug is administered.
The evidence also does not preponderate against the trial court’s determination that
Plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that a feasible and readily available alternative method of
execution exists which significantly reduces the risk of unnecessary pain and suffering. Dr.
Lubarsky did not opine as to a preferable execution protocol in his January 2011 affidavit.
The trial court found that Plaintiffs “assert instead, without agreeing except in theory, that
the State decided the one-drug protocol using sodium thiopental only, is a feasible
alternative.” The trial court found that Plaintiffs did not “necessarily agree” that a one-drug
protocol would avoid a risk of unnecessary pain, “but take the position that the one-drug
protocol is an obvious solution, which must be tested to see if it is in fact a solution.” In its
brief to this Court, Plaintiffs assert that the State has determined that a one-drug protocol is
a readily implemented, feasible alternative. Without conceding that the one-drug protocol
considered by the State would not violate constitutional prohibitions against cruel and
unusual punishment, Plaintiffs submit that the fact that the State has considered the
alternative demonstrates that the trial court erred by determining that a one-drug protocol is
not a readily available, feasible alternative method of execution.
The Supreme Court opined in Baze:
Much of petitioners’ case rests on the contention that they have identified a
significant risk of harm that can be eliminated by adopting alternative
procedures, such as a one-drug protocol that dispenses with the use of
pancuronium and potassium chloride, and additional monitoring by trained
personnel to ensure that the first dose of sodium thiopental has been
adequately delivered. Given what our cases have said about the nature of the
risk of harm that is actionable under the Eighth Amendment, a condemned
prisoner cannot successfully challenge a State’s method of execution merely
by showing a slightly or marginally safer alternative.
Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35, 51 (2008).
Plaintiffs in this case have failed to demonstrate or even argue that adopting a one-
drug protocol would cure the constitutional challenges to a lethal injection protocol. Rather,
they assert that the State has conceded that a one-drug protocol is constitutional, and that is
available as an alternative method. Without opining on the merits of a one-drug protocol,
we agree with the trial court that Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that a one-drug
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protocol would eliminate a significant risk of harm.
As the Supreme Court has observed:
Reasonable people of good faith disagree on the morality and efficacy of
capital punishment, and for many who oppose it, no method of execution
would ever be acceptable. But as Justice Frankfurter stressed in Resweber,
“[o]ne must be on guard against finding in personal disapproval a reflection
of more or less prevailing condemnation.” 329 U.S., at 471, 67 S. Ct. 374(concurring opinion). This Court has ruled that capital punishment is not
prohibited under our Constitution, and that the States may enact laws
specifying that sanction. “[T]he power of a State to pass laws means little if
the State cannot enforce them.” McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467, 491, 111
S. Ct. 1454, 113 L. Ed. 2d 517 (1991). State efforts to implement capital
punishment must certainly comply with the Eighth Amendment, but what that
Amendment prohibits is wanton exposure to “objectively intolerable risk,”
Farmer, 511 U.S., at 846, and n. 9, 114 S. Ct. 1970, not simply the possibility
of pain.
Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35, 61-62 (2008).
Plaintiffs have simply failed to carry their “heavy burden” to demonstrate that the
lethal injection protocol as revised in November 2010 constitutes wanton exposure to an
objectively intolerable risk of severe and unnecessary pain and suffering. Plaintiffs also have
failed to carry their burden to demonstrate that an alternative method of execution is feasible,
readily implemented, and significantly reduces the substantial risk of severe pain, or to
demonstrate that no lethal injection protocol can significantly reduce the substantial risk of
severe pain.
Holding
In light of the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. Costs of this
appeal are charged to Appellants, Stephen Michael West and Billy Ray Irick.
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DAVID R. FARMER, JUDGE
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