Charle v. Saffold , 13 Tex. 94 ( 1854 )

Hemphill, Ch. J.

The first ground assumed by appellant is, that she, being the mother of the testator and his sole forced heir and having been pretermitted in the will and the wife instituted as heir, the will was an absolute nullity.

It appears from the argument that the appellee contended in the Court below that the will was good for the disposable portion, viz: the one-third where the forced heirs are ascendants, and relied upon some expressions in the opinion in the case of Parker v. Parker, 10 Tex. R. 83, to support the position. Although the point of absolute or relative nullity of the will will not have a material influence in the decision of this controversy, yet I will examine it very briefly, in order that any observations which may have been incautiously made in the case of Parker v. Parker, may not lead to any false conclusions. There is no doubt of the soundness of all the positions taken in that case, as founded in Spanish jurisprudence, where the exercise of testamentary power is among the children of the testator. Where some of these are excluded, and others are instituted as heirs and excessive bequests are made to them, there is no doubt as is said in that case, that it is immaterial whether the testator without just cause disinherits some and pretermits others; and though the will, for these defects, may be annulled, yet the bequests will be valid to the extent of the testator’s power, viz: to the amount of the disposable quantum, and also of the legitimate share. (26th L. Toro, L. 10, Tit. 7, Lib. 10, N. R.; Escriche Dictionary, Verbo Mejora.) And there is as little doubt that where there are children, and a-bequest simply, is made to a stranger exceeding the one-fifth, the legacy would not be a nullity, but would be good for the fifth and void only as to the excess. So, if there were ascendants, a bequest simply to a stranger, however excessive, would not be wholly null, but valid for the one-third—the amount of the disposable portion where the forced heirs are ascendants. Escriche, in his Dictionary, under “ Legado,” says if the testator leaves descendants or legitimate ascendants, he cannot bequeath to strangers but a fifth part of his property in the first case, and the third in the second. When it happens that the legacies exceed the amount of the fifth or the third, they are said to be inofficious, and are revoked as to the excess, giving to each legatee the proportional part which is due to him; because the legitimate portion of forced heirs cannot be burthened or encumbered {gravada.)

But it is contended that where a stranger is instituted heir for either the whole or part of an estate—there being forced heirs—the will is absolutely void. And where the will is made in that form, there is no doubt that many authorities might be cited to that effect. It seems, however, to have been the subject of some dispute among Spanish jurists, whether it would not even then be good for the disposable portion. Gregorio Lopez in his comments on L. 7, Tit. 8, lib. 6, Partidas, admits thht, where a stranger is instituted, a son having been unjustly disinherited or pretermitted, it is a' fair subject of doubt whether the disposition should not be good for the fifth • but he inclines to the opposite opinion, and in its support cites authorities from the ¡Roman Law. Escriche, in his Dictionary under the head of '■'■Legitima de Los Hermanos,” after stating that a surviving brother has the action of “ inofioiosidad ” to set aside the will of a deceased brother, who has instituted an infamous person as his heir, declares that the effect of a judgment against the institution of the heir in the will would be to allow the instituted heir the one-third; the remaining two-thirds going to the brother or brothers. So that, in this case at least, and even where the contest is not between children, but the instituted heir is a stranger, the will is not wholly annulled, but good for the portion in the power of the testator.

To investigate the point fully would require a more extended examination than can now be devoted to it. If it be the rule that the institution of a stranger for an heir, where there are descendants or ascendants, is totally void, not good for even the disposable portion, then the state of the Spanish Law as to the institution of heirs and bequests in wills is not a little anomalous, not to say preposterous. For instance, if one son among many is instituted heir, with a bequest of the whole or the greater portion of the property, the will is not wholly null, but good to the beneficiary for the disposable quantum, viz: the third and the fifth; or if a large portion of the estate is simply bequeathed to a stranger, the sons or parents being recognized as the case may be as heirs, the bequest is good for the fifth in the one case, or the third in the other; or if where the testator leaves no issue nor ascendants, and an infamous person is instituted heir, the brothers being omitted, the bequest will be good for the third, and void only as to the excess. But where there are descendants or ascendants and a stranger is instituted as heir for a part or the whole of the property, the forced heirs being pretermitted or disinherited without sufficient cause, then the institution would be a mere nullity, the instituted heir taking nothing by the bequest. So that, in fact, the designation or the mere form of the bequest would in many instances be fatal, when otherwise it would be valid in the whole or in part. If called a legacy, though embracing the greater portion of the estate, it would be good for the disposable quantum ; but if called the institution of an heir, though for only a part of the estate, it would be a nullity.

I cannot further pursue the investigation into the distinctions or discrepancies in the Spanish Law on this subject. In the case of Parker v. Parker the contest was substantially between two sets of descendants, though a life estate of the mother of one of the families was interposed. The question present to the mind, in the preparation of the opinion, was as to the exercise of the testamentary power as between the children of the testator, and the rules there stated in their application to wills as between children are unquestionably in strict conformity with the Spanish Code. There is no doubt or principle, that the same rule should apply to the exercise of testamentary power in all cases, viz: the bequest should be sustained to the extent of the disposable portion in the given case; and I know no reason why it should not prevail universally in Spanish Law, were it not that there appears to be some peculiar potency or quality in what is termed the institution of an heir, which neutralizes and annihilates the will and wishes of a testator, when these, in many cases, might have wholly or partially succeeded, had the bequest (as for instance when it is for half of an estate) assumed the form of a legacy and not that of the institution of an heir. Under the Eoman Law and the Spanish Codes of Partidas, the institution of an heir was necessary to the validity of a will; and under those Codes, also, a decedent could not be testate as to part and intestate as to another portion of his estate; and the institution of an heir to part of the estate would by accretion draw to it the remainder. But these maxims are now abrogated and treated as absurdities. And it would seem to be equally absurd to wholly nullify the will and purposes of a testator, merely because he has instituted an heir—and this only perhaps to part of his estate—when a simple bequest of the same part would have been good for the disposable portion; and especially when it is a general rule of Spanish Law, that a testator may bequeath by legacy such portions of his property as he pleases—this being valid to the extent of the disposable quantum. If it be a sound rule in any case, that where a testator has exceeded the limits of his testamentary power, the act should be effectual to the extent of his authority, it should be so in all cases; and this is the rule under the Civil Code' of Louisiana, Article 1489, by which, excessive dispositions, without exception, are not made null, but only reduced to the disposable quantum. And this is the rule of interpretation which we have applied to our statute on the subject of wills.

But, admitting that the will, for preterition of the mother, and the institution of the wife as heir, was void; yet we are of opinion that the adverse possession of the appellee and those under whom he claimed, for ten years, was sufficient to authorize judgment for defendant.

The will of the testator, under which the wife claimed the interest of the deceased in the land, was, at the time of its execution, recognized and established by the competent authority for that purpose, as the last will and testament of the deceased; and subsequently, on a change of government, it was recorded in the office of the Clerk of the Probate Court of the county in which the testator was domiciled at the time of his death. About that time, viz: in 1838, the vendors of defendant went into the occupancy of the land, and from thence to the commencemant of suit have, as appears from the evidence, claimed, used and occupied it as their own exclusive property. This possession was notoriously in their own right, adverse to the plaintiff and all others, and had, prior to the institution of suit, heen continued for nearly sixteen years. The government dues on the land were all paid after the death of the testator, a portion of them by his widow, the instituted heir, and the remainder by Flores, the husband, subsequent to their intermarriage. The taxes on the land were paid by the defendant and those under whom he claimed, from the time of their taking possession. The plaintiff paid none, and in fact in no way by word or act made any pretention to the land, from the death of the testator until the commencement of suit, a period of nearly twenty years, while throughout this period, the property was claimed under the will by the defendant and his vendors, and this claim became especially notorious and of an adverse character after possession taken in 1838. The fact of its being adverse, though perhaps not expressly or in so many terms notified to the plaintiff, must from its notorious character be presumed to have been known to her; at least she would have been apprised of it, had she exerted the least vigilance in ascertaining or asserting her rights. Mrs. Flores, it is true, was entitled to half of this land in her community right, and the presumption that a tenant in common or joint tenant holds not only for himself but for his co-tenants is acknowledged ; but it is most manifest from the evidence, that she did not claim in her joint right, but as the exclusive owner of the land.

For the decision of this controversy, it is not essential that we should discuss the effect of possession under the will, as controlled by the laws of prescription in force anterior to the Act of Limitations of 1841. More than two years had elapsed after the passage of that Act before the commencement of this suit; and this would unquestionably give title to the defendant or bar the remedy of the plaintiff, unless defeated by the position of appellants, that the will being void, possession taken and held under it cannot claim to be adverse and will not be protected by the statute of limitations. This assumption proceeds on the supposition that a void title, whether by deed or will is no title; that it is no more than waste paper and can be the foundation of no right; that possession taken under a claim of title can ripen into a bar only in cases where the possessor believed and had reason to believe that he was entering under a good title; or, in other words, that he intended to claim honesly and bona fide¡ which he could not do when entering under a title absolutely void.

No doubt a void deed would not of itself be evidence of right in an action of ejectment or trespass to try title. But that is no sufficient reason why, coupled with possession, it should not give title or bar the plaintiff’s remedy, but rather the reverse. The fact that it is defective renders necessary the aid of the statute; for, if indefensibly valid in itself, it would require no extraneous support.

If the statute cannot be invoked in aid of titles, which would be worthless unless accompanied and sustained by possession, it becomes virtually a dead letter and can be used only in cases where its aid is not necessary, or at least is not indispensable. Let ns suppose some of the cases the most likely to occur, in which, under this doctrine, the statute would become nugatory and could impart no efficacy to possession.

For instance, where the possession is held under a junior patent. (Gray & Reader v. Darby’s Lessee, Martin & Yerger, p. 416.) There the title is unquestionably void, and this is a fact which might have been known to the patentee and those who claim under him, had the records of the Land Office been consulted; or let us suppose possession under a subsequent deed, the prior conveyance from the vendor being on record. The deed is not only void, but its nullity is manifest from the public records.

In neither of these cases, if the position be sound, could the statute avail the occupant. His title being void, his possession (on this supposition) though he claims for himself and repels his adversary, goes for nothing. His intention to possess in hostility is frustrated, and in spite of himself he would be made to hold in subordination to the title which conflicts with his own. He could not, if this doctrine be maintained, acquire through such deed or patent a title by possession under the 26th Section of the statute, nor would he by ten years’ possession be secure from the right of entry as limited by the 14th Section. Such doctrines have no foundation in the statute, at least as to the longer terms of limitation. It contains no such suicidal provisions; and though there has been great diversity of opinion, it is believed that by many of the most enlightened Courts where the statutes are similar to our own, such doctrines are now repudiated. The statutes limiting and specifying the times within which rights are to be litigated are not suffered to be frittered away by construction. The fact of possession, and the intention with which it is taken, are held to be the tests to determine its character, whether adverse or otherwise; not the intention to a claim honestly or bona fide, in ignorance that another has title, or under a lawful, valid title, but in the language of Justice Cowen in Humbert v. The Trinity Church, 24 Wendell, p. 611, the intention to claim at all, right or wrong and with or without knowledge that another has title. The statute (says he) bars a man who has been out of possession for twenty years, and no one is the less out of possession because the one who is in may know that his possession is tortious.

There are two Sections of the Act of 1841 under which ten years’ adverse possession may claim to be protected, viz: the 17th, under which naked possession without evidence of title will give full property to six hundred and forty acres of land, or, if there be actual possession of more than six hundred and forty acres, (for instance by enclosure of one thousand,) the possessor is protected under the 14th Section, not directly or in express terms, by vesting title, but by cutting off the remedy of the adversary claim, or, in other words, by barring the right of entry; or, if possession be taken under some written muniment purporting to vest title, the possession being constructively adverse within the boundaries specified and defined by this color of title, if continued without interruption for ten years, will also be secure under the bar of the 14th Section of the statute. The remedy of the owner of the legal title will be defeated, his right of entry and consequently of action being cut off.

It thus appears that naked possession will secure title for six hundred and forty acres, without enclosure, or one thousand or two thousand with enclosure, and the circumstances under which the possession is taken are altogether immaterial to the right, provided the occupant claim for himself and adversely to others. No matter how tortious or wrongful may be the seizure, if possession be continued for the time limited by statute, it will give title preclusive of all claims. If tortious possession without title will give property, why should possession under color of title be required to be substantially bona fide or .held under a lawful title. In the first case no question is made or open relative to the bona fides or mala fides of the possession. The fact of the possession is the sole test; and if the fact will avail the occupant for one or two thousand acres actually enclosed, why should it not be equally available when held under color of title with lines and boundaries well marked and defined, and a portion in actual possession and cultivation. The enclosure shows the limits in the one case; but they are specific and well defined by the lines and boundaries in the other. And if the fact of possession gives right in one case, it seems that it should be equally available in the other. Whether a constructive adverse possession under color of title should in all cases extend to the limits specified in the instrument, or should be restrained within some reasonable boundaries and with reference to the nature of the locality of the lánds need not be here discussed. (Angell, 433; 1 Cow. 286; 6 Cow. 623.) Nor is it necessary to comment on the sound policy and beneficial influences of the statute. These have been the themes of enlightened jurists and practical statesmen, and are verified by every day’s experience. The statute gives repose. It cuts off litigation and fixes a line broadly marked “ beyond which every man is enabled to pronounce that his possessions are no longer open to disturbance.”

The object of the statute in its longer terms is not to settle questions in relation to good or bad faith, the right or the wrong of possession; it proceeds on other principles. As said in Cholmondley v. Clinton, 2 Jac. & Walker, 155, “ A “ tortious act can never be the foundation of a legal any more “ than an equitable title. It is no more'favored by a Court “ of law than a Court of equity considered nakedly by itself, “ but the statute bar arises from other principles; admitting “ the title if it could be inquired into to be clearly in favor of “ the plaintiff and against the defendant, still the question is “ whether he has prosecuted that title in time. The quiet and “ repose of the kingdom, the mischief arising from stale de- “ mands, the laches and neglect of the rightful holder, and all “ the other principles of the public policy take away the rem- “ edy notwithstanding the title veri domini and the tortious “ holding of the possessor. To advert to the merits is to shift “.th'e question from the real subject of inquiry. The case “ never arrives at that point; it is stopped in limine in Courts 41 of equity as of law. The title is changed in both by opera-u tion of a public law upon public principles without regard et to original private right. If the negligent owner has for-4‘ ever forfeited by his laches his right to any remedy to re-46 cover, he has in effect lost Ms title to recover.”

It is said that the nullity of the will was known to the instituted heir and those claiming under her, as they must be presumed to know the law. This presumption of knowledge of law has very little foundation in fact. The presumption is maintained only from its necessity in the preservation of order and the administration of justice. It would be no violent presumption to suppose that both the testator and Ms wife were ignorant of the law in the particular in question, and that having no issue the wife who had brought all the property originally into the marriage might properly and legally be made the heir of the whole estate.

The question in relation to presumption under a void title has been the subject of much and profound discussion in numerous cases, and many authorities might be cited in support of either position. One of the latest cases in which the question was considered is that of Pillow v. Roberts, 13 Howard, p. 472, in the Supreme Court of the United States, in which, on the supposition that the deed was void, worthless, the Court said, “ Statutes of limitation would be of little use if they “ protected those only who could otherwise show an indefeasi- “ ble title to the land. Hence color of title even under a void “ and worthless deed has always been received as evidence ■“ that the person in possession claims for himself and of course 41 adversely to all the world.”

The doctrine of this case we entirely approve and deem it sufficient to support the judgment now under review. The will though void was color of title. It had been recognized as a legal will by the proper authorities; and even on a modified doctrine that an instrument though void will sustain prescription, unless the nullity be apparent on its face, this will would serve as a basis for limitation, for it is not void on its face. Its nullity arose from an extraneous fact, viz: that there was a mother living, a fact which required proof.

We are of opinion that the possession taken and held under this title for ten years was sufficient to bar the right of entry and action on the part of the plaintiff, and that consequently there is no error in the judgment.

Judgment affirmed,