Life Ass'n of America v. Goode , 71 Tex. 90 ( 1888 )

Stayton, Chief Justice.

Appeal from Grayson county, on March 1, 1879, the appellee brought an action against the Life Association of America, a corporation, chartered under the laws of the State of Missouri, to recover sixteen hundred and thirty dollars, with interest, which he claimed to have paid in the corporation on policy of insurance issued to him in the year 1872.

He based his claim on averments that the corporation was insolvent at the time it issued the policy to him, and so continued until it was dissolved by a judgment rendered by a circuit court in the State of Missouri, on November 10, 1879.

He alleged that the insolvency of the corporation was known to its agents, who induced him to take out a policy, and that they falsely, fraudulently and repeatedly informed him that the corporation was solvent, and thereby deceived him and induced him to procure a policy for ten thousand dollars on his life, and thereon to pay the premiums he now seeks to recover.

Pending the action the corporation was dissolved. On the dissolution of the corporation, in accordance with the laws of the State of Missouri, all the property belonging to it was transferred to W. S. Relfe, ‘'Superintendent of the Insurance Department of the State of Missouri,” in a mode which was held in the case of Relfe v. Rundle (103 U. S., 222), sufficient to pass title to its property to Relfe, in his official character.

It was also held in the same case, that this superintendent of the insurance department of the State of Missouri, by reason of the laws of the State of Missouri, the charter of the association and other attendant facts, became the representative of the dissolved corporation in States other than the State of Missouri.

As to the entire correctness of the propositions announced in that case, it is unnecessary to express any opinion.

In succession Relfe was followed in the superintendency by John F. Williams and Alfred Carr. After the dissolution of the corporation a judgment was rendered against it, in favor of the appellee, without making any new party defendant.

From that judgment the superintendent prosecuted an appeal, and on its hearing the judgment was reversed.

On that appeal it was held that the action abated; there being no law in force in this State authorizing a pending action, by or against a private corporation, incorporated under the laws of another State, to be prosecuted after the dissolution of such a corporation.

It was further held that there was no statute in force in this State authorizing the further prosecution of the action after the dissolution of the corporation. (Life Association of America v. Good, 2 Texas Law Review, 151.)

On May 4, 1885, the appellees filed new pleadings by which, for the first time, defendant, other than the dissolved corporation, was made. By that pleading Relfe, Williams and Carr were made defendants, and they, by demurrer, urged the defense of limitation, which was overruled.

That upon the dissolution of the corporation the action abated there can be no question. (Bank v. Colby, 21 Wall., 614; Mumma v. Potomac Co., 8 Peters, 281; Morawetz on Corporations, 1031.)

At law an action abated by the death of a sole defendant ceases for all purposes, is entirely dead and can not be revived. This rule, however, has in England, and in most, if not all, of the States of this Union, been so changed by statute as to authorize the further prosecution or defense of the action by the legal representative or heir of the deceased person when the cause of action is one that survives.

Such statutes, in force in this State, do not, however, apply to foreign corporations. The rule in the courts of equity is thus stated: “An abatement, in the sense of the common law, is an entire overthrow or destruction of the suit, so that it is quashed or ended. But, in the sense of a court of equity, an abatement signifies only a present suspension of all proceedings in the suit, for the want of proper parties capable of proceeding therein. At common law a suit, when abated, is absolutely dead. But, in equity, a suit when abated, is (if such an expression be allowable) merely in a state of suspended animation, and it may be revived.” (Story’s Equity Pleading, 354; Mitford’s Chancery Pleading, 69, 72.) This is done by a bill of revivor. (Story’s Equity Pleading, 354, 371; Mitford’s Chancery Pleading, 72, 83; Adams’s Equity, 404.)

If the pleading filed on May 4, 1885, may be deemed a bill of review, and the rule in equity be -applicable to the case, then the inquiry arises whether the statutes of limitation ran from the time of the dissolution of the corporation until that pleading was filed.

There can be no claim that the running of limitation was suspended by reason of concealed fraud at any time subsequent to the institution of the action against the corporation on March 1, 1879, for the action was brought on the ground of fraud through which the appellee was alleged to have been induced to take a policy and pay the premiums which he now seeks to recover.

Fraud can not be deemed concealed from a plaintiff after he alleges its existence and bases his right to a recovery on that fact.

From the time the corporation was dissolved until March 1, 1885, a sufficient time elapsed to bar the claims of the appellee, and the question arises whether limitation ran during that interval.

The rule in equity is: that limitation may be pleaded in bar to a bill of review. (Story’s Equity Pleading, 831; Mitford’s Chancery Pleading, 290; 2 Daniels’s Chancery Pleading and Practice, 1542, 1543; Wood on Limitation, 296; Angell on Limitation, 325; Hollingshead’s Case, 1 P. Williams, 742; Richards v. Insurance Company, 8 Cranch, 91.)

In the absence of a statute suspending the running of the statutes of limitation on the death of a plaintiff or defendant, by analogies to other statutes, many courts have held that they should be held suspended for a reasonable time, and this period has been usually fixed at one year. (Angell on Limitation, 325; Schermerhorn v. Schermerhorn, 5 Wend., 514; Huntington v. Brinckerhoff, 10 Wend., 282; Coffin v. Cottle, 16 Pick., 383; Baker v. Baker, 13 B. Monroe, 409; Walker v. Peay, 22 Ark., 109; Wilcox v. Huggins, 2 Strange, 907.)

If it be conceded that article 3218, Revised Statutes, which is in terms applicable to cases in which an executor or administrator may be appointed, ought to be applied in a case in which action abates by the dissolution of a corporation, this would not relieve the appellee, for more than five years elapsed between the time the action abated and the time pleadings were filed to revive it.

If then, we apply the equitable rule in a case of abatement of suit by the death of a sole party, and give to the appellee the benefit of every statute bearing any analogy to the question before us, it is evident that even then his action was barred by limitation; and, this appearing from his petition, the exception setting up the bar should have been sustained.

It is insisted that after the dissolution of the corporation the proceeding became one in rem, by reason of the fact that there was real property within this State that belonged to the dissolved corporation, out of which the appellee was seeking to enforce the payment of his claim.

It matters not what the character of the action may be, whether in personam or in rem, for in either case it must be brought within the time prescribed by law.

In legal contemplation there was no action pending through which the property of the dissolved corporation could be subjected to the payment of the appellee’s claim after November 10, 1879, until May 4, 1885, and during this interval there was no want of parties against whom the action might have been prosecuted.

There is another ground on which the judgment in this case would have to be reversed.

The representations claimed to have been made by agents of the corporation related to its pecuniary ability to meet losses covered by its policies, and if these representations were such as the agents had authority to make it must appear that they were not substantially true to give right to recover premiums paid.

The uncontroverted evidence shows that the corporation had pecuniary ability to pay all losses accruing until about two years before its dissolution, and the great preponderance of the evidence shows that it had ability to pay all losses to policy holders up to the time of its dissolution.

There is no evidence tending to show that the corporation was not entirely solvent at the time the appellee obtained the policy and paid the premiums which he now seeks to recover, but there is evidence that it became insolvent long after, through a transaction by which it purchased a controlling interest in the stock of another insurance company.

The evidence shows that, had the policy held by the appellee become payable at any time prior to the tenth of November, 1879, it would have been paid.

Under this state of facts we know of no rule of law that would entitle the appellee to recover premiums paid. The policy was not void, the risk attached, and for about seven years the appellee had the benefit of insurance and the beneficiary would have received the sum due on the policy had he died. The premiums were to be and were paid annually, and this was to continue until the death of the insured or the time arrived when the policy was made payable without reference to his death.

The facts proved did not authorize a verdict for the appellee. For the errors of the court in refusing to grant a new trial and overruling the exception that set up the defense of limitation the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded. It is so ordered.

Beversed and remanded.

Opinion delivered June 1, 1888.