Blakeley v. Kanaman , 107 Tex. 206 ( 1915 )

Clara Kanaman, joined by her husband, W.I. Kanaman, entered into a contract of agency and sale with William H. Olschewske, duly acknowledged, empowering the latter as their agent to negotiate and contract for the sale and exchange of certain real estate, the separate property of Mrs. Kanaman, situated in the city of Houston, upon terms stipulated in the contract, and binding the Kanamans to convey the property accordingly. Olschewske negotiated a sale and exchange of the property, upon the terms of the contract, with the plaintiff in error, and as the agent of the Kanamans entered into a contract with him, duly acknowledged, by its provisions binding them to convey the property upon the completion of the transaction. The suit was by Blakeley against Mrs. Kanaman and husband for the specific performance of the latter contract, his petition alleging the tender of its full performance on his part, and their refusal to convey the property. It was resisted by the Kanamans through the office of demurrers raising the question that since the petition disclosed the property to be the separate estate of Mrs. Kanaman, on account of her coverture she was not bound by the contract of sale. These demurrers were sustained by the trial court, resulting in an appeal by Blakeley and the affirmance of the judgment by the Court of Civil Appeals.

Such power as was possessed by a married woman in this State with respect to her separate real estate at the time of the transaction involved here, was that conferred by art. 1114, Rev. Stats., 1911, which is as follows:

"The husband and wife shall join in the conveyance of real estate, the separate property of the wife; and no such conveyance shall take effect until the same shall have been acknowledged by her privily and apart from her husband before some officer authorized by law to take acknowledgments to deeds for the purpose of being recorded, and certified to in the mode pointed out in articles 6802 and 6805."

This statute empowers her to convey such property when joined by her husband and her acknowledgment is privily taken, but it recognizes no obligation resting upon her in virtue of a mere contract to convey. Unless it can be properly held that the power to convey imports the authority to contract to convey, this contract was not enforceable against Mrs. Kanaman. This, in our opinion, is a matter of legislation, and not of judicial construction, for neither this statute nor any other in force at the time with which we are dealing in any wise purported to invest a married woman with authority to contract to convey her separate real estate, or to make such a contract binding upon her. Such has been the uniform rule of decision in this court. If there is inconsistency in the legislative grant of her authority to convey her real estate, and the denial of her power to bind herself by contract to convey it, it lies in the statute, which is the chart of this court upon the subject. If it were necessary, the reasons might be stated which probably influenced the Legislature to enact the statute in this form; but it is sufficient for us that it was so enacted.

As a bond for title, where the purchase money is paid and possession delivered, conveys the superior title to the land in equity (Wright v. Thompson, 14 Tex. 558) and therefore operates as a species of conveyance, its specific performance may be decreed against the wife where her husband joins in its execution and it is duly acknowledged. So, in virtue of her power to convey, the wife, by following the statutory method, may mortgage her separate real estate, the mortgage being in such cases sustained as another kind of conveyance. Likewise, when properly joined by her husband, she may convey such property by means of a power of attorney. Patton v. King, 26 Tex. 686, 84 Am. Dec., 596. But in all such cases the transactions are upheld because the instruments operate as "conveyances" of her title or an interest in it.

That such is the rule is plainly announced in City of San Antonio v. Grandjean, 91 Tex. 430, 41 S.W. 477, in the following language:

"Under our law a married woman's separate property is hers in her own right. This right, except where restrained by statute, carries with it the power of alienation. Under the first section of the Act of April 30, 1846 (Paschal's Digest, art. 1003), which applied to ``the land, slaves and other effects, the separate property of the wife,' it was held that the wife, with the consent of her husband, might make a sale of her personal property without formality, provided the contract was not made in writing. Ballard v. Carmichael, 83 Tex. 355, 18 S.W. 734. Our present statute upon the subject applies to her real estate only. R.S., art. 635 (now art. 1114, R.S., 1911). Under that article, it was held by the former Court of Appeals, correctly, as we think, that she could convey her personal property without privy examination and acknowledgment. By the word ``conveyance,' as used in the articlelast cited, is meant an instrument which purports to transfer thetitle of the wife to some other person natural or artificial, etc."

It is also clearly stated in Kellett v. Trice, 95 Tex. 160,66 S.W. 51, as follows:

"The power to convey does not, therefore, enable her to contract generally with reference to her separate property, butonly to dispose, in whole or in part of her title; and the only operation which her conveyances have is to pass such title or some interest in it. Wadkins v. Watson, 86 Tex. 194 [86 Tex. 194], 22 L.R.A., 779, 24 S.W. 385."

We do not regard the question as an open one, and the judgments of the District Court and the Court of Civil Appeals are therefore affirmed.