Texas A&M University - Kingsville v. Gertrud Moreno , 399 S.W.3d 128 ( 2013 )

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
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NO . 11-0469
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TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY–KINGSVILLE, PETITIONER,
v.
GERTRUD MORENO, RESPONDENT
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ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
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PER CURIAM
Gertrud Moreno sued her employer, Texas A&M University–Kingsville (TAMUK), alleging
she was terminated in violation of the Texas Whistleblower Act (Act), TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 554.002.
Moreno, an assistant vice president and comptroller of TAMUK, claimed that her supervisor,
Thomas Saban, fired her for reporting to the TAMUK president that Saban’s daughter had received
in-state tuition in violation of state law. The trial court granted TAMUK’s plea to the jurisdiction,
but the court of appeals reversed. 339 S.W.3d 902. In this appeal, TAMUK argues that Moreno’s
internal report falls short of what the Act requires: a good-faith report of a violation of law to an
“appropriate law enforcement authority.” We agree and accordingly dismiss Moreno’s suit.
* * *
Moreno contends she satisfied the Act by reporting a violation of law to TAMUK’s president,
Rumaldo Juarez. However, as we explain today in University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
v. Gentilello, ___ S.W.3d ___ (Tex. 2013), the Act’s restrictive definition of “appropriate law
enforcement authority” requires that the reported-to entity be charged with more than mere internal
adherence to the law allegedly violated. The Legislature’s language is “tightly drawn,” id. at ___,
and centers on law enforcement, not law compliance:
The Act, by its text and structure, restricts “law enforcement authority” to its
commonly understood meaning. That is, it protects employees who report to
authorities that actually promulgate regulations or enforce the laws, or to authorities
that pursue criminal violations. The specific powers listed in section 554.002(b) are
outward-looking. They do not encompass internal supervisors charged with in-house
compliance and who must refer suspected illegality to external entities.
Id. at ___.
Moreno only offered evidence that Juarez had authority within the university to compel
compliance with state law governing tuition waivers. As the court of appeals correctly described
Moreno’s claim, “Moreno alleged that Saban violated a statute and produced evidence that Juarez
had the authority to enforce that statute at TAMUK.” 339 S.W.3d at 911 (emphasis added). Moreno
“produced evidence that Juarez had the ability to enforce compliance with the tuition waiver
provision on his campus and apparently did so, as Saban was required to pay the additional out-of-
state tuition amount shortly after Moreno’s report.” Id. at 912 (emphasis added). Juarez stated in
his deposition that, as president of the university, he was generally authorized to make sure the
university followed applicable laws, rules, and regulations. Moreno cited statutory and regulatory
provisions concerning in-state tuition for children of faculty members. E.g., TEX EDUC. CODE
§ 54.211 (previously designated § 54.059). She also pointed to provisions directing the university
to correct tuition charges if it erroneously classifies a student as a resident. Id. §§ 54.056–.057. She
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attested that she met with Juarez and advised him that Saban’s daughter was not entitled to in-state
tuition, that Saban was thereafter required to reimburse the university for the appropriate tuition, and
that Saban then fired her.1
This evidence does not support a good-faith belief by Moreno that Juarez had authority to
“regulate under or enforce the law alleged to be violated” or to “investigate or prosecute a violation
of criminal law.” TEX . GOV ’T CODE § 554.002(b). As we hold in Gentilello, the Texas Act, unlike
whistleblower statutes in other jurisdictions, does not protect purely internal reports. Under our Act,
a law-enforcement authority “must have authority to enforce, investigate, or prosecute violations of
law against third parties outside of the entity itself, or it must have authority to promulgate
regulations governing the conduct of such third parties.” ___ S.W.3d at ___. A supervisor is not
an appropriate law-enforcement authority where the supervisor lacks authority “to enforce the law
allegedly violated . . . against third parties generally.” Id. at ___. “Indeed, holding otherwise would
transform every governmental entity that is subject to any regulation or that conducts internal
investigations or imposes internal discipline into law-enforcement authorities under the Act. Such
a result would collide head-on with the Act’s limited definition and our cases interpreting that
definition.” Id. at ___.
Moreno only offered evidence that Juarez oversaw internal university compliance with the
in-state tuition requirement. “[A] whistleblower cannot reasonably believe his supervisor is an
appropriate law-enforcement authority if the supervisor’s power extends no further than ensuring the
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Saban and TAMUK claimed that Juarez approved the termination and that Moreno was fired for reasons
unrelated to the in-state tuition incident.
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governmental body itself complies with the law.” Id. at ___. Juarez made the decision on behalf of
the university that Saban needed to reimburse the university, but “an entity capable only of
disciplining its employees internally is not an ‘appropriate law enforcement authority’ under the
Act.” Id. at ___.2
Accordingly, without hearing oral argument, see TEX . R. APP . P. 59.1, we grant the petition
for review, reverse the court of appeals’ judgment, and dismiss the case.
OPINION DELIVERED: February 22, 2013
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Moreno contends that she also made disclosures to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board that were
protected by the Act. Assuming the Board might sometimes qualify as an “appropriate law enforcement authority” under
the Act, the Act requires that the plaintiff report “a violation of law” to the authority. T EX . G O V ’T C O DE § 554.002(a).
Moreno’s affidavit is clear that she did not report a violation of law to the Board. She attested only that she attended
a conference where a representative of the Board was present, and that she made statements and posed questions about
the rules governing in-state tuition for children of administrators that hold teaching positions, including a comment about
the perceived practice at another campus. Her affidavit does not indicate that she stated at the conference a belief that
a violation of law had occurred at TAMUK or elsewhere. Her deposition testimony confirmed that she did not report
what she perceived to be the illegal tuition waiver to anyone outside of the university.
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