Burgemeister v. Anderson , 113 Tex. 495 ( 1924 )

Being indicted for murder in the District Court of the 37th Judicial District of Texas, relator gave a bail bond with two sureties in the sum of $7500. On February 1, 1915, the bail bond was forfeited and judgment was entered that the State recover of relator and her sureties, the sum of $7500, and that the judgment be made final unless good cause why relator did not appear be shown at the next term of the court.

Relator filed a motion in said court to set aside the judgment nisi on various grounds, one of which was that relator had voluntarily appeared and stood her trial under the indictment, and that the trial had resulted in a verdict and judgment of "not guilty." The district judge refused to entertain the motion, and, on February 11, 1918, the court entered an order dismissing the motion for the reason that "the Court of its own motion refused to take jurisdiction thereof."

The facts appear from the averments of relator's petition, which is duly verified, and the exhibits attached thereto. Respondent interposes a general denial, without verification, to which absolutely no effect can be given in a mandamus suit. It therefore becomes our duty to dispose of the case as if the averments of relator's petition were admitted to be true. May, County Attorney, v. Finley, Comptroller, 91 Tex. 354,43 S.W. 257.

The Code of Criminal Procedure particularizes each step in the collection of recognizances and bail bonds. First, is the entry after the principal's failure to appear on being called, of judgment nisi that the State recover of the defendant and of the sureties the amount for which they are bound, and that the judgment will be made final unless good cause for the principal's failure to appear be shown at the next term of the court. Art. 489 C.C.P. Second, is the citation from the court notifying the sureties of the forfeiture and requiring them to appear at the next term of court and show cause why the judgment nisi should not be made final, it being declared unnecessary to give notice to the principal. Art. 490 C.C.P. Third, is the docketing of the case on the court's civil docket in the name of the State as plaintiff and of the principaland his sureties as defendants. Art. 497 C.C.P. Fourth, is the entry of final judgment by default, which is authorized only whenboth the sureties and the principal fail to answer, after due citation to the sureties; or, the entry of final judgment after a trial of the issues between the parties. Articles 502 and 501 C.C.P.

Articles 489, 490, 497 and 502 admit of no other construction than that the principal is a party to the judgment nisi and all subsequent proceedings, and is both required and entitled to show any good and sufficient cause why the interlocutory judgment should not be made final.

By the judgment nisi the court acquires jurisdiction to adjudicate the matter of enforcing the principal's obligation to the State, as well as that of the sureties, and, on the principal's appearance and tender of issues excusing his failure to appear at the time of forfeiture, the statutes entitle him to both a hearing and a determination as to whether the judgment nisi shall be vacated in whole or in part or shall be made final.

It is not the principal's duty to cause citation to issue against the sureties, but it is the plain, ministerial duty of the clerk, which the court should require him to perform, to issue citations for service on the sureties. Failure to issue citations would warrant a continuance of a hearing for the determination of issues tendered by the principal as to whether the judgment nisi be made final but it could not deprive the defendant of his ultimate right, on service of citation on the sureties, to an adjudication of the issues tendered by him.

Article 503 of the Code granted statutory authority to the court to remit the whole or part of the sum specified in the bail bond upon proof of the averment in relator's motion that she had appeared and answered the indictment before the judgment nisi had been made final. On these and the other averments of her motion she was entitled to an adjudication from the court.

Should the court make the judgment final against relator and sureties for more than $20.00, then article 960 of the Code provides that relator and her sureties, or either of them, may appeal from the final judgment and have reviewed the correctness of the action of the district court on the issues tendered and the facts proven.

The court having, on its own motion, refused to hear and determine the issues tendered by relator, in obedience to the court's express command that she show cause why the judgment nisi be not made final, this case comes within the class where a court having acquired jurisdiction refuses to exercise it, to a party's injury, for which adequate relief can be afforded in no other way than through the award of a mandamus.

The Supreme Court of the United States said in the case of Hollon Parker, Petitioner, 131 U.S. 221, 226; 33 L.Ed., 123: "The right of mandamus lies, as held in Ex Parte Parker,120 U.S. 737, where an inferior court refuses to take jurisdiction when by law it ought to do so, or where, having obtained jurisdiction, it refuses to proceed in its exercise. It does not lie to correct alleged errors in the exercise of its judicial discretion." Again, in Ex Parte Russell, 13 Wallace, 664, 670, 20 L.Ed., 632, the court declared: "Where a court declines to hear a case or motion, alleging its own incompetency to do so, or that of the party to be heard, mandamus is the proper remedy. A writ of error or appeal does not lie; for what has the appellate court to review where the inferior court has not decided the case, but has refused to hear it?"

Among numerous decisions in line with the opinions quoted are: Rex v. Gloucestershire, 1 Barnewall Adolphus English Common Law Reports, 374; Ex Parte Bradstreet, 7 Pet., 647; Railroad Company v. Wiswall, 23 Wallace, 508, 23 L.Ed., 103; Brown v. Kalamazoo Circuit Judge, 75 Mich. 274, 276, 13 Am. St. 438, 5 L.R.A., 226,42 N.W. 827; Cox v. Hightower, 19 Tex. Civ. App. 536,47 S.W. 1048; Kleiber v. McManus, 66 Tex. 48,17 S.W. 249; Schultze v. McLeary, 73 Tex. 94,11 S.W. 924; Aycock v. Clark, 94 Tex. 377, 378, 60 S.W. 665.

In the case last cited Chief Justice Gaines states the distinction between the power, distinctly affirmed, of the supreme court to compel a hearing and final determination by a trial court of a cause within the court's jurisdiction, and the supreme court's authority, emphatically disaffirmed, to review the erroneous exercise by a trial court of judicial discretion.

Indeed, article 1528 of the Revised Statutes expressly enjoins on the Supreme Court the duty to exercise the power to compel, by mandamus, a judge of the district court to proceed to trial and judgment.

It is ordered that the mandamus applied for by relator be granted, and, after service of the citations on the sureties which it is the ministerial duty of the district clerk to issue or on the appearance of the sureties, that the court proceed to hear and determine the issues joined or to be joined between the State and relator, or between the State and relator and her sureties, and to make final the judgment nisi or to vacate it and remit the amount of the bond in whole or in part, as the law and the facts may require.