Untitled Texas Attorney General Opinion ( 2002 )

OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL . STATE OF TEXAS
JOHN CORNYN
March 25,2002
The Honorable Frank Madla Opinion No. JC-0480
Chair, Intergovernmental Relations Cornmittee
Texas State Senate Re: Whether a raffle ticket may be awarded
P.O. Box 12068 as a prize in a bingo game (RQ-0439-JC)
Austin, Texas 7871 l-2068
Dear Senator Madla:
You ask whether a raffle ticket may be awarded as a prize in a bingo game.’ Your query
suggests that this conduct is permissible because the award of a raffle ticket as a bingo prize is not
prohibited by either the Bingo Enabling Act, see TEX.OCC.CODEANN. ch. 2001 (Vernon 2002), or
the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, see id. ch. 2002. We conclude, however, that even though these
acts might not expressly prohibit the award of a raffle ticket as a prize in a bingo game, this conduct
could violate section 47.03 of the Penal Code, which prohibits, among other things, the sale or
transfer for gain of a raffle ticket. See TEX.PEN. CODE ANN. 5 47.03(a)(4), (5) (Vernon 1994). As
the conduct is not expressly authorized by either the Bingo Enabling Act or the Charitable Raffle
Enabling Act, the conduct would not fall within the defenses to gambling offenses set forth in
section 47.09(a)(l)(A) or (B) of the Penal Code. See id. 8 47.09(a)(l)(A), (B) (Vernon Supp. 2002)
(providing that it is a defense to prosecution under Penal Code chapter 47 if the conduct is authorized
by Occupations Code, chapter 2001 or 2002). Given the factual issues involved, however, this office
cannot determine in an attorney general opinion whether the conduct of any particular person runs
afoul of section 47.03.
I. BACKGROUND
We begin with a brief review of the constitutional and statutory framework. Under article
III, section 47 of the Texas Constitution, the legislature must prohibit all lotteries and gift
enterprises, except as specifically authorized in subsections (b), (d), and (e) of the constitutional
provision. See TEX.CONST. art. III, 5 47(a). Those subsections authorize the legislature to permit
bingo games conducted by charitable organizations, charitable raffles conducted by charitable
organizations, and the state lottery. See id. 5 47(b)-(e). P ursuant to this authority, the legislature has
enacted the Bingo Enabling Act, see TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. ch. 2001 (Vernon 2002), and the
‘Letter from Honorable Frank Madla, Chair, Intergovernmental Relations Committee, Texas State Senate, to
Honorable John Comyn, Texas Attorney General (Sept. 13, 2001) (on file with Opinion Committee) [hereinafter
Request Letter].
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Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, see id. ch. 2002. With certain exceptions, the Bingo Enabling Act
prohibits persons other than those charitable organizations licensed under the Act to conduct bingo.
See id. 0 2001.55 1. “Bingo” is defined as
a specific game of chance, commonly known as bingo or lotto, in
which prizes are awarded on the basis of designated numbers or
symbols conforming to randomly selected numbers or symbols.
Id. 5 2001.002(4). The Charitable Raffle Enabling Act permits only qualified organizations to
conduct raffles, see id. 9 2002.05 1. A raffle is defined as
the award of one or more prizes by chance at a single occasion among
a single pool or group of persons who have paid or promised a thing
of value for a ticket that represents a chance to win a prize.
Id. 9 2002.002(6).
Consistently with article III, section 47 of the Texas Constitution, chapter 47 of the Penal
Code prohibits a variety of gambling-related activities. It is a defense to prosecution under chapter
47 if the conduct is authorized under the Bingo Enabling Act, chapter 2001 of the Occupations Code,
or the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, chapter 2002 of the Occupations Code. See TEX. PEN. CODE
ANN. 8 47.09(a)(l)(A), (B) (Vernon Supp. 2002).
Your question poses the following scenario: An authorized charity would sell a raffle ticket
for a sum, such as $25.00. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. Other charities, presumably ones
that are licensed to conduct bingo, would purchase the raffle tickets to distribute as prizes during
bingo games. See id. The winning raffle ticket would be selected after the conclusion of the bingo
games. See id. Thus, the identity of the winning raffle ticket would not be known at the time the
raffle tickets are awarded as bingo prizes. See id. The raffle prize’s value would not exceed $50,000
if the charity paid any consideration for the item, but could be worth more if the item were donated
to the charity. See id.; see also TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. 8 2002.056(b) (Vernon 2002) (Charitable
Raffle Enabling Act restrictions on value of raffle prize); Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0046 (1999)
(construing TEX. OCC. CODEANN. 5 2002.056(b)). Your question assumes that the raffle meets all
of the requirements of the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, see, e.g., TEX. OCC. CODE ANN.
85 2002.003 (Vernon 2002) (organizations qualified to conduct raffles), .055 (ticket disclosures),
.056(b) (restrictions on prizes), and that the bingo games at which the raffle tickets are awarded as
prizes meet all of the requirements of the Bingo Enabling Act, see, e.g., id. 5 5 2001.101 (licensing),
.401-.420 (restrictions and requirements for operation of bingo). See Request Letter, supra note 1,
at 2.
You are concerned about the legality of this scenario in light of three provisions-one in the
Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, section 2002.054, and two in the Bingo Enabling Act, sections
2001.416 and 2001.420. See id. at 2-3. Your query appears to assume that the scenario is
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permissible, provided that it does not run afoul of any of these provisions. You ask for our
confirmation that none of these three provisions precludes the scheme. However, we approach your
question differently. We conclude that the scenario you describe could run afoul of section 47.03
of the Penal Code. The Charitable Raffle Enabling Act and the Bingo Enabling Act are relevant only
to the extent they authorize the conduct and thus provide a defense to prosecution under section
47.09 of the Penal Code. We conclude that neither Act authorizes the conduct.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Penal Code, Section 47.03: Gambling Offense
Section 47.03 of the Penal Code specifically provides that a person commits an offense if he
or she intentionally or knowingly:
(4) sells chances on the partial or final result of or on the
margin of victory in any game or contest or on the performance of
any participant in any game or contest or on the result of any political
nomination, appointment, or election or on the degree of success of
any nominee, appointee, or candidate; or
(5) for gain, sets up or promotes any lottery or sells or offers
to sell or knowingly possesses for transfer, or transfers any card, stub,
ticket, check, or other device designed to serve as evidence of
participation in any lottery.
TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. 8 47.03(a)(4), (5) (V emon 1994). An offense under this section is a Class A
misdemeanor. Id. 0 47.03(b). Although we believe that a person who uses a raffle ticket as a bingo
prize might commit the offense of “sell[ing] chances on the partial or final result of or on the margin
of victory in any game or contest” within the meaning of section 47.03(a)(4), id. 8 47.03(a)(4), we
focus our analysis on section 47.03(a)(5) and conclude that a bingo conductor who uses a raffle
ticket as a bingo prize could commit the offense of “for gain . . . knowingly possess[ing] for transfer,
or transfer[ing] any card, stub, ticket, check, or other device designed to serve as evidence of
participation in any lottery,” id. 8 47.03(a)(5), within the meaning of that provision.
When interpreting a statute, words and phrases that have acquired a technical or particular
meaning, by legislative definition or otherwise, must be construed accordingly. See TEX. GOV’T
CODE ANN. 8 3 11 .Ol 1(b) (Vernon 1998). Otherwise, words and phrases shall be read in context and
construed according to the rules of grammar and common usage. Id. $3 11 .Ol 1(a). When a statute
does not define a term, we apply the term’s ordinary meaning. See Hopkins v. Spring Indep. Sch.
Dist., 736 S.W.2d 617,619 (Tex. 1987).
Applying these rules of construction to section 47.03(a)(5) of the Penal Code, we conclude
below that the use of a raffle ticket by a bingo conductor as a bingo prize is prohibited because the
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 4 (JC-0480)
bingo conductor (1) transfers (2) a lottery ticket (3) for gain. We cannot determine, however,
whether a particular person acts “knowingly” or “intentionally,” as section 47.03(a)(5) requires. See
TEX.PEN. CODEANN. 8 47.03(a)(5) (V emon 1994) (“A person commits an offense ifhe intentionally
or knowingly does any of the following acts: . . . (5) for gain, sets up or promotes any lottery or sells
or offers to sell or knowingly possesses for transfer, or transfers any card, stub, ticket, check, or other
device designed to serve as evidence of participation in any lottery.“) (emphasis added).
First, a bingo conductor who awards a raffle ticket as a bingo prize “transfers” the ticket to
the winning bingo player. The Penal Code does not define the term “transfer” for purposes of
chapter 47. According to its common usage, “transfer” is an encompassing term, which means “[t]o
convey or remove from one place or one person to another; to pass or hand over from one to another,
esp. to change over the possession or control of.” BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY1504 (7th ed. 1999).
In the scenario you describe, possession and control of a raffle ticket passes from the bingo
conductor to the prize winner.
Second, a raffle ticket “serve[s] as evidence of participation in [a] lottery.” TEX. PEN. CODE
ANN. 6 47.03(a)(5) (V emon 1994). For purposes of chapter 47, a “lottery” is defined by the
legislature as follows:
any scheme or procedure whereby one or more prizes are distributed
by chance among persons who have paid or promised consideration
for a chance to win anything of value, whether such scheme or
procedure is called a pool, lottery, raffle, gift, gift enterprise, sale,
policy game, or some other name.
Id. 8 47.01(7) (Vernon Supp. 2002) (emphasis added). Because a raffle is a lottery within the
meaning of chapter 47, a raffle ticket serves as evidence of participation in a lottery.
Third, a bingo conductor who uses a raffle ticket as a bingo prize does so “for gain,” even
if the gain is intended for charity. The Penal Code does not define the phrase “for gain.” Black’s
Law Dictionary equates the term “gain” with “profit” or the “[elxcess ofreceipts over expenditures.”
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY686 (7th ed. 1999). In addition, case law establishes that the phrase “for
gain” as it is used in section 47.03(a)(5) of the Penal Code is not limited to personal gain, but
also includes gain for charitable purposes. See State v. Amvets Post Number 80, 541 S.W.2d 481,
482-83 (Tex. Civ. App.-Dallas 1976, no writ) (holding with respect to VFW post’s bingo games that
“[elven if all the proceeds were contributed to charity, the game would still be an enterprise
undertaken ‘for gain. ’ A gain is no less a gain if it is contributed to charity.“). Thus, a bingo
conductor who uses a raffle ticket as a prize in a bingo game, a money-raising endeavor, transfers
the ticket “for gain,” even though the bingo proceeds may be dedicated to charitable purposes.
Lastly, section 47.03 of the Penal Code generally requires that an offense be committed
“intentionally” or “knowingly,” see TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. $j 47.03(a) (Vernon 1994) (“[a] person
commits an offense if he intentionally or knowingly does any of the following acts”), and section
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47.03(a)(5) specifically requires that possession of a lottery card for transfer must be done
“knowingly,“see id. 5 47.03(a)(5) (“for gain, sets up or promotes any lottery or sells or offers to sell
or knowingly possesses for transfer, or transfers any card, stub, ticket, check, or other device
designed to serve as evidence of participation in any lottery”) (emphasis added). The Penal Code
defines both terms in section 6.03. See id. 8 6.03(a) (“A person acts intentionally, or with intent,
with respect to the nature of his conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious
objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.“), (b) (“A person acts knowingly,
or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of his conduct or to circumstances surrounding his
conduct when he is aware of the nature of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts
knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his
conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result.“). Intent is a fact question for a trier of fact, and
it may be inferred from the acts, words, and conduct of the accused. See generally Manrique v.
State, 994 S.W.2d 640,649 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (en bane) (Meyers, J., concurring); Hernandez
v. State, 8 19 S.W.2d 806,8 10 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (en bane). As this office does not find facts
in attorney general opinions, whether a person commits an act intentionally or knowingly is
generally beyond the scope of an attorney general opinion. See, e.g., Tex. Atty. Gen. LO-94-087,
at 2 (“Determining whether the requisite intent, knowledge, or purpose are present would . . . require
taking of evidence and finding of fact that cannot be performed in the opinion process.“).
A brief we have received on behalf of certain charitable bingo concerns suggests that there
is no violation of section 47.03 “if the charitable raffle tickets to be awarded as prizes in the bingo
games were donated to the charity conducting the bingo event.“2 However, section 47.03(a)(5) is
not concerned with how a bingo conductor has come to possess a raffle ticket, but rather with how
the bingo conductor uses it, i.e., with whether the bingo conductor knowingly or intentionally
transfers the ticket for gain.
B. Penal Code, Section 47.09: Defenses to Prosecution
It is a defense to prosecution to any offense under chapter 47 of the Penal Code that the
conduct is authorized by chapter 2001 or chapter 2002 of the Occupations Code, the Bingo Enabling
Act and the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act. See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. 0 47.09(a)(l)(A), (B)
(Vernon Supp. 2002). Chapter 2001 authorizes licensed bingo conductors to conduct bingo games
and, similarly, chapter 2002 authorizes certain charitable organizations to conduct raffles. As we
explain below, we do not believe that either of these Acts authorizes a bingo conductor to use a raffle
ticket, a chance to win a prize in another game, as a bingo prize. Accordingly, neither Act provides
a defense to prosecution under section 47.03 of the Penal Code.
2Brief from Jennifer S. Riggs, Hill Gilstrap Riggs Adams & Graham, L.L.P., to Susan Denmon Gusky, Chair,
Opinion Committee, Office of Attorney General at 4 (Feb. 4,2002) (on file with Opinion Committee).
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 6 (JC-0480)
1. Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, Occupations Code, Chapter 2002
With respect to chapter 2002, the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, a bingo conductor who
purchases raffle tickets from an organization that is authorized to conduct a raffle and uses the tickets
as bingo prizes does not conduct a raffle within the meaning of the Act. Again, the Charitable Raffle
Enabling Act defines “raffle” as
the award of one or more prizes by chance at a single occasion among
a single pool or group of persons who have paid or promised a thing
of value for a ticket that represents a chance to win a prize.
TEX. OCC. CODEANN. 0 2002.002(6) (Vernon 2002). As you have described the scenario, the bingo
conductor who uses a raffle ticket as a bingo prize has not sold raffle tickets to a single pool or group
of persons who have paid for a raffle ticket that represents a chance to win a prize. The raffle
organization, as opposed to the bingo conductor, has sold raffle tickets to a single pool or group of
persons. Furthermore, the bingo players have paid the bingo conductor to play bingo, and the chance
to win a bingo prize; the bingo players have not paid the bingo conductor for a raffle ticket.
The raffle provision you raise in your query, section 2002.054, imposes limitations on the
selling of raffle tickets. Although your letter quotes both subsections (b) and (c) of this provision,
you appear concerned about subsection (c), which limits who may sell a raffle ticket:
The organization may not permit a person who is not a
member of the organization or who is not authorized by the
organization to sell or offer to sell raffle tickets.
Id. 8 2002.054(c). This provision uses the term “sell,” which is not defined in the Bingo Enabling
Act. Black’s Law Dictionary defines the term “sell” as “to dispose of by sale,” and in turn defines
“sale” as a:
contract between two parties . . . by which the seller, in consideration
of the payment or promise of payment of a certain price in money,
transfers to the buyer the title and possession of the property.
Criswell v. European Crossroads Shopping Ctr., 792 S.W.2d 945, 949 (Tex. 1990) (quoting
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1200 (5th ed. 1979)).
You appear concerned that section 2002.054(c) might be construed to preclude a charitable
organization from selling a raffle ticket to another charitable organization that would use the ticket
as a bingo prize. Although we conclude that a bingo conductor may not use a raffle ticket as a bingo
prize, our conclusion is not based on section 2002.054(c). Section 2002.054(c) governs who a raffle
organization may permit to sell raffle tickets; it does not govern what a person who has purchased
a raffle ticket from a raffle organization may then do with the ticket, unless he or she is reselling the
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 7 (JC-0480)
ticket with the perrnission of the organization. Rather, the conduct of the purchaser is governed by
section 47.03 of the Penal Code.
In the scenario you describe, there appear to be two separate and unrelated transactions. A
charitable organization that is authorized to conduct a raffle sells a ticket to another charitable
organization. There is no understanding between the two organizations regarding the latter’s
disposition of the ticket. The raffle-ticket sale is completed once the buyer has received title and
possession of the ticket in exchange for the consideration. See discussion supra p. 6 (definition of
“sell” and “sale”). The second charitable organization then uses the raffle ticket as a bingo prize.
The first transaction is clearly permissible under section 2002.054(c). The second transaction is not
addressed by section 2002.054(c). While section 2002.054(c) does not prohibit such a transaction,
neither does it authorize or permit such a transaction.
In sum, use of a raffle ticket as a bingo prize is not a raffle permitted by chapter 2002.
Neither section 2002.054 nor any other provision in chapter 2002 authorizes a bingo conductor to
use a raffle ticket as a bingo prize. Therefore, chapter 2002 would not provide the bingo conductor
with a defense to prosecution under section 47.03 of the Penal Code.
2. Bingo Enabling Act, Occupations Code, Chapter 2001
Nor do we believe that chapter 2001 of the Occupations Code, the Bingo Enabling Act,
would provide a defense. Awarding a raffle ticket as a bingo prize is not a “bingo” game authorized
by chapter 2001. In that chapter, “bingo” is defined as
a specific game of chance, commonly known as bingo or lotto, in
which prizes are awarded on the basis of designated numbers or
symbols conforming to randomly selected numbers or symbols.
TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. 8 2001.002(4) (Vernon 2002). A bingo game involves the award of prizes
on the basis of designated numbers or symbols conforming to randomly selected numbers or
symbols. In the scenario you describe, there is an award of a prize in a bingo game, but the prize is
a chance to win in a raffle. That prize involves both the bingo conductor and the prize winner in a
game that is not bingo. Nor, as we discuss below, is the use of a lottery ticket as a bingo prize
otherwise authorized under chapter 2001.
As you note in your query, section 2001.416 of the Bingo Enabling Act provides in part that
“[a] game of chance other than bingo or a raffle conducted under Chapter 2002 may not be
conducted or allowed during a bingo occasion.” Id. 8 2001.416(a). This office recently concluded
in Attorney General Opinion JC-0449 that section 200 1.4 16 prohibits all “games of chance,” except
bingo, a raffle, and “an amusement machine that is not a gambling device,” during a bingo occasion.
Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0449 (2002). A “bingo occasion” is defined in chapter 2001 as “all
activities incident to the conduct of a series of bingo games by a licensed authorized organization,
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 8 (JC-0480)
including the organization’s licensed times and any preparatory or concluding activities incident to
the conduct of bingo.” TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. 8 2001.002(6) (Vernon 2002).
You note that section 200 1.416(a) permits a raffle to be conducted under chapter 2002 during
a bingo occasion. You suggest that “[i]f a raffle itself may be conducted during a bingo occasion,
awarding a raffle ticket as a bingo prize does not appear to violate the prohibition on other games
of chance.” Request Letter, supra note 1, at 3. We disagree.
First, because the scenario you describe does not involve the sale of raffle tickets by a
charitable organization under chapter 2002 during a bingo occasion, the language permitting “a raffle
conducted under Chapter 2002” during a bingo occasion does not apply. See discussion supra p. 6.
Nor is the award of a raffle ticket “bingo” permitted by subsection (a) of section 2001.416, see
discussion supra p. 7. Lastly, it is not the play of an “amusement machine” permitted under
subsection (d). See TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. 0 2001.416(d) (Vernon 2002) (“This section does not
prohibit the exhibition and play of an amusement machine that is not a gambling device as defined
by Section 47.01, Penal Code.“); TEX. PEN. CODEANN. 0 47.01(4) (Vernon Supp. 2002) (defining
“gambling device” as “any electronic, electromechanical, or mechanical contrivance” and excluding
from that definition certain “electronic, electromechanical, or mechanical contrivance[s]“).
Section 2001.416(a) specifically prohibits all other “games of chance” during a bingo
occasion. The term “game of chance” is not defined in chapter 2001 or elsewhere in Texas law, see
Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0449 (2002) at 4-5, but has a commonly understood meaning: “the
commonly understood meaning of a ‘game of chance’ is a game whose outcome is determined by
chance rather than skill,” id. at 5. We believe that purchasing a raffle ticket from a charitable
organization and awarding it as a prize in a bingo game is itself a separate “game of chance.” And
even if it is not, this conduct is not permissible merely because it may not constitute a “game of
chance” expressly prohibited by section 2001.416(a). The defense to prosecution provided by
section 47.09 of the Penal Code is available only to conduct that is affirmatively authorized by
chapter 2002. Section 2001.416 does not affirmatively authorize the use of a raffle ticket as a bingo
prize.
Finally, you have also asked about section 2001.420, a provision of the Bingo Enabling Act
that limits the value of bingo prizes. See TEX. OCC. CODEANN. 5 2001.420(a) (Vernon 2002) (“A
bingo prize may not have a value of more than $750 for a single game.“). You ask, in essence,
whether the value of a raffle ticket would be the price for which it was purchased from the
organization conducting the raffle or, perhaps, the value of the raffle prize, which could exceed the
statutory cap on value. There may be several methods by which to value a raffle ticket for purposes
of this provision, including alternatives not mentioned in your letter. See, e.g., Goldman v. Commis-
sioner, 388 F.2d 476,480 (6th Cir. 1967) (suggesting that cash value of raffle card “computed by
dividing the value of the prize by the number of chances issued”). We do not reach this question,
given that we have concluded that the conduct you ask about is prohibited by section 47.03 of the
Penal Code and is not authorized by either chapter 2001 or 2002 of the Occupations Code. We do
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 9 (JC-0480)
note, however, that even if we were to conclude that the value of a bingo prize does not exceed the
statutory cap, this would not mean that the type of prize is authorized.
The Bingo Enabling Act, chapter 2001 of the Occupations Code, does not provide a defense
to prosecution under section 47.03 of the Penal Code. Although the conduct is carried out in
conjunction with a bingo game authorized under chapter 2001 of the Occupations Code, it does not
fall within the definition of a bingo game, or constitute one of the other games that may be played
during a bingo game under section 2001.416.
III. CONCLUSION
In sum, although the Bingo Enabling Act, TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. ch. 2001 (Vernon 2002),
and the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, id. ch. 2002, might not expressly prohibit the award of a
raffle ticket as a prize in a bingo game, the award of a raffle ticket as a bingo prize would violate
section 47.03 of the Penal Code, if the bingo conductor acts knowingly or intentionally. See TEX.
PEN. CODE ANN. 8 47.03(4), (5) (V emon 1994). As the conduct is not expressly authorized by either
the Bingo Enabling Act or the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, the conduct would not fall within the
defenses to gambling offenses set forth in section 47.09(a)(l)(A) or (B) of the Penal Code.3
3We do not address whether an amendment to the Bingo Enabling Act to permit bingo conductors to award
raffle tickets as bingo prizes would be consistent with article III, section 47 of the Constitution. See TEX. CONST.art.
III, $ 47(a) (“The Legislature shall pass laws prohibiting lotteries and gift enterprises in this State other than those
authorized by Subsections (b), (d), and (e) of this section.“). But see TEX. Oct. CODEANN. 5 2002.056(c) (Vernon 2002)
(use of state lottery ticket as raffle prize).
The Honorable Frank Madla - Page 10 (JC-0480)
SUMMARY
The award of a raffle ticket as a bingo prize would violate
section 47.03 of the Penal Code, if the bingo conductor acts
knowingly or intentionally. See TEX.PEN. CODEANN. 5 47.03(4), (5)
(Vernon 1994). As the conduct is not expressly authorized by either
the Bingo Enabling Act, TEX. OCC. CODE ANN. ch. 2001 (Vernon
2002)’ or the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act, id. ch. 2002, the
conduct does not fall within the defenses to gambling offenses set
forth in section 47.09(a)(l)(A) or 47.09(a)(l)(B) of the Penal Code.
See TEX.PEN. CODEANN.§ 47.09(a)(l)(A), (B) (Vernon Supp. 2002).
This office cannot determine in an attorney general opinion whether
the conduct of a particular actor runs afoul of section 47.03.
You s ve truly,
4Qi!T
JOHN CORNYN
Attorney General of Texas
HOWARD G. BALDWIN, JR.
First Assistant Attorney General
NANCY FULLER
Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel
SUSAN DENMON GUSKY
Chair, Opinion Committee
Mary R. Crouter
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee