Untitled Texas Attorney General Opinion ( 1969 )


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  • .TroRpImY   o-=II-               October 27, 1969
    Hon. J. Silly Marley            Opinion No. M-502
    County Attorney
    Crosby County                   Re:   Whether, pursuant to
    Crosbyton, Texas                      Sections 1.91 and 1.92
    of the Texas Family Code,
    certain groups of under-
    age persons may declare
    themselves married by
    filing a declaration of
    informal marriage, and
    Dear Mr. Marley:                      related questions.
    Your recent letter requesting the opinion of this
    office concerning the referenced matter states, in part, as
    follows:
    "The County Clerk of Crosby County has
    requested that I obtain from you an opinion
    on the following questions dealt with by the
    statutes under the family section, to-wit:
    "(1) Under House Bill 53, Family Code
    (Adopting Title 1) Subsection E (Marriage
    without formalities): Can persons declare
    themselves married by said referred affidavit
    even though they may (one or both) be under
    18 or 19 (as the case may be) without
    parental consent?
    “(2)  Reference to the same statute as
    above described: Can children...under 14
    (female) and 16 (male) make such a declara-
    tion...and be considered legally married by
    informal declaration without formalities?
    Code "(3) Under Sec. 103 (b) (4) of the Family
    : Do County Clerks and their deputies
    -2401-
    Hon. J. Billy Marley, Page 2 (M-502)
    take at face value the statement of a person
    that they have been divorced for a period of
    six months or more, or must they require the
    said persons to show proof of such divorce period?*
    - The Family Code of Texas, which becomes effective on
    January 1, 1970, was enacted in House Bill Number 53 (Acts
    61st Leg. R.S. 1969, ch. 888, p. 2706). The Code provides
    two means by which persons may declare they are married: (a)
    ceremonial marriage, for which a marriage license, medical
    examination, and proper solemnization are required, or (b)
    declaration of informal marriage pursuant to the provisions of
    Sections 1.91 and 1.92 of the Code. The informal marriage
    procedure is designed to provide prima facie evidence of common
    law marriages.
    Common law marriages are recognized in Texas. 38
    Tex.Jur.Zd 4f, Marriage, Sec. 15. The Code does not change
    the law as to the validity of these marriages; in fact, it
    recognizes the validity of the continuing existence of such
    marriages in making provision for the declaration of informal
    marriage procedure; -
    Section 1.91 of the Code provides:
    " (a) In any judicial, administrative, or
    other proceeding,
    -.    the marriage of a -
    man and woman
    may ne proved by evidence that:
    (1) a declaration of their marriage
    has been executed under Section 1.92 of this
    code; or
    (2) they agreed to be married, and
    after the agreement they lived together in
    this state as husband and wife and there
    represented.to others that they were married.
    "(b) In any proceeding in which a marriage
    is to be proved under Subsection (a) (2) of this
    section! the agreement of the parties to marry
    may be inferred if it is proved that they lived
    together as husband and wife and represented to
    others that they were married." (Rmphasis added.).
    Section 1.92 of the Code provides:
    -2402-
    Hon. J. Billy Marley, Page 3 (M-502)
    "(a) A declaration of informal marriage
    shall be executed on a form prescribed by the
    Bureau of Vital Statistics of the State Depart-
    ment of Health and provided by the county clerk.
    Each party to the declaration shall provide the
    information for which spaces are provided in
    the form.
    "(b) The declaration form shall contain:
    ....
    (2) spaces for each party's full
    name..., address, date of birth..., and race;
    (3) a printed declaration reading:
    'We, the undersigned declare that we are
    married to each other by virtue of the
    following facts: On or about       (date) , we
    agreed to be married, and after that date we
    lived together in this state as husband and
    wife and in this state 'representedto others
    that we were married.';
    (4) a printed oath reading: 'I
    SOLEMNLY SWEAR (OR AFFIRM) THAT THE ABOVE
    DECLARATION IS TRUE, THAT THE INFORMATION I
    HAVE GIVEN HC?.EIiiIS CORRECT, THAT I AM NOT
    PRESENTLY MARRIED TO ANY OTHER PHRSON,.XiD
    THAT I AM NOT RELATED TO THE OTHER PARTY TO
    THE DECLARATION I!ITHINTHE DEGREES PROHIBITED
    BY LAW;';
    (c) The county clerk shall:
    (1) determine that all necessary
    information is entered on the form;
    (2) administer the oath to each
    party i
    ....
    (d) The county clerk shall record the
    declaration, deliver the original of the
    declaration to the parties, and transmit a
    copy to the Bureau of Vital Statistics.
    (e) A declaration executed under this
    section is prima facie evidence of the marriage."
    -2403-
    -
    Hon. J. Billy Marley, Page 4 (R-502)
    Sections 1.91 and 
    1.92, supra
    , nowhere provide for
    the county clerk's requiring proof of age, nor for an indication
    of parental consent, as regards the declaration of informal
    marriage form. These sections  qlso mention no minimum age
    limit to be met by persons executing the declaration form.
    It is well settled that parties to common law marriages
    must possess the same criteria of competency to contract marriage
    that their ceremonial marriage counterparts are required to
    meet if their common law marriage is to be held valid. 38
    Tex.Jur.2d 51, Marriage, Sec. 15; accord: Hardy.v. State, 
    38 S.W. 615
    (Tex.Crim. 1897, no writ) Jackson v. Banister, 
    105 S.W. 66
    (Tex.Civ.App. 1907, no writ), Hinojos v. Railroad Retirement
    Board, 
    323 F.2d 227
    (5th Cir. 1963),w.2382
    r6Tex.Civ.App.    1964, no writ).
    The rule as to common law marital competency is
    succinctly stated in Speer's Marital Rights in Texas (Vol. 1,
    3rd. Ed. 1961) as follows:
    "It will be observed that in common-l‘awmarriages,
    as in the case of statutory marriages, the,parties
    must be competent and that there      must be no impediment
    by reason of statute or otherwise forbidding the
    marriage.     w (Emphasis added.) 
    Id. at p.
    42.                    ,.
    Section.1.51 of the Code sets forth the age requirc-
    ments for marriage as follows:
    "(a) A male under 16 years of age may not
    marry. A female under 14 years of age may not
    marry.
    "(b) Except with parental consent as pre-
    scribed by Section 1.52 of this code, the count
    clerk shall not issue a marriage license I
    --$7-d
    male applicant is under 19 years of age or if the
    female applicant is under 18 years of age."
    (Emphasis added.)
    It is to be noted that neither Section 1.51 
    (b), supra
    ,
    nor any other section of the Code, prohibits conunonlaw marriages
    of males under 19 years of age, but over 16 years of age, and of
    females under 18 years of age, but over 14 years of age;
    -24b4-
    Hon. J. Dilly Marley,   Page 5 (M-502)
    rather, that section adverts solely to the necessity of naving
    parental consent for persons in the above age groups if a license
    for a ceremonial marriage is to be validly issued.
    The consent of a parent or guardian nas never been
    necessary to validate a common law marriage. 35 Am.Jur. 193,
    Karriage , Sec. 21; 1 speer's Marital Rights in Texasll(3rd Ed.,
    1961); Needam v. Needan, 33 S.E.Zd 288 (Va. Sup. 1945).
    Having forbidden males under sixteen and females
    under fourteen to marry, the Legislature surely did not intend
    to authorize such children to file declarations of marriage
    under Sections 1.91 and 1.92 of the Code. However, no such
    prohibition of marriage exists for males over sixteen and females
    over fourteen.
    Accordingly, as regards your first question, it is our
    opinion that males under 19 years of age, but over 16 years of age,
    and females under 18 years of age, but over 14 years of age, may
    file a declaration of infornal marriage as provided by Sections
    1.91 and 
    1.92, supra
    , for the reason that people in those age
    groups are not, and have not been, prohibited from entering into
    a common law marriage.
    Your second question is, however, answered in the negative.
    It is stated that:
    "(Bjefore a marriase will be sustained as
    a common-law marriage, it must be one not in
    violation of any law of this state, for no legal
    marriage can exist in violation of law. This is
    a solecism. It is but another method of restating
    the essential that there must be canable contractinc
    parties. Thus, a female under 14 years of age, or i
    Section 1.51 
    (a), supra
    , clearly forbids any marriage
    by either a male under 16 years of age, or by a female under 14
    years of age. This statutory prohibition would seemingly encompass
    common law, as well as ceremonial, marriages within its purview.
    However, a problem is presented by the fact that no age minimum is
    specifically required to be net by those executing the declaration
    of informal marriage form.
    -2405-
    Hon. J. Billy      Marley,   Page 6(M-502)
    SeCtiOn 1.91 
    (a), supra
    , speak8 in terms of a "man" and
    a "woman" in describing those persons whose marriages may be declared
    The foregoing ambiguity opens the statute to constructionin order
    that the legirlativgintent may be.ascertained.
    -     .
    We do not believe the Legislatureintended to include
    males under sixteen years of age and females under fourteen
    years of age within the provisions of Sections 1.91 and 
    1.92, supra
    . See, generally, 26 Words and Phrases 348-351, under "Man,"
    and the numerous authorities cited therein holding a 'manw
    to be an adult and not a child or an adolescent.
    Furthermore, we feel that if the Legislature had
    intended to depart from the settled public policy of Texas that
    looks with disfavor on underage marriages (see, e.g., Walter v.
    Walter, 433 S.W.Zd 183, 193 (Tex.Civ.App. 1968, no writ), and
    authorities therein) it would have announced such a radical
    departure in clear, explicit terms. It has been stated that:
    "(A) statute should not be given a forced,
    fancy, strained, subtle, or technical construction, nor
    one that is nonsensical or unreasonable, in the
    absence of.compelling language found in the enact-
    ment." 53 Tex.Jur.Zd 188-89, Statutes, Sec. 126.
    ,_
    Nor do we believe it was the legislative intent, as
    regards Sections 1.91 and 
    1.92, supra
    , to sanction the violation
    of the express, unrestricted, and unambiguous prohibition of
    Section 1.51
    (a), supra
    , by males under 16 years of age and females
    under 14 years of age. We fully agree with the viewpoint that:
    "(W)here the language of a statute is
    ambiguous and the meaning of the act is un-
    certain, it is proper to consider the general,
    legislative, 'or public policy of the state with
    regard to-the subject involved....In particular,
    a steady and unbroken policy of the law of the
    state with respect to,a certain matter is to be
    kept in mind when construing a statute.
    . . .
    "The construction adopted should... be
    that which comports with public policy. All
    provisions of the statute must be considered, and
    -2406&
    Hon. J. Billy Harley, Page 7 (M-502)
    a narrow verbal construction vitiatory of the
    public policy must be avoided. And a radical
    departure from a settled policy will be decreed
    only when clearly required by the words or
    implications of a statute." 53 Tex.Jur.Zd
    255-56, Statutes, Sec. 176.
    By following
    .. .~. the- above
    -   reasoning, we .feel the conflict
    between tne pronibition of underage marriages  in Sec. 1.51 
    (a), supra
    , and the lack  of a minimum age requirement  in Sections
    1.91 and 
    1.92, supra
    , can be properly resolved. "It is presumed
    that several acts or provisions (in a statute) relating to the
    same subject were intended to be consistent and to operate
    in harmony." 53 Tex.Jur.2d 273, Statutes, Sec. 182. Thus,
    "(A)11 acts and parts of acts in pari
    materia will, therefore, be taken, read, and
    construed together, each enactment in reference
    to the other, as though they were parts of one
    and the same law. Any conflict between their
    provisions will be harmonized....
    ...
    "The rule proceeds on the supposition that
    several statutes relating to one subject are
    governed by one spirit and policy, and are
    intended to be consistent and harmonious 'in their
    several parts and provisions." 53 Tex.Jur.Zd 281-84,
    Statutes, Sec. 186.
    See, also, 53 Tex.Jur.Zd 288 et   seq., Statutes, Sec. 189.
    It follows that it is not permissible to file a
    declaration of informal marriage when the underage condition
    of one or both of the parties violates the provisions of Section
    1.51 
    (a), supra
    . Therefore, when such facts of underage appear
    upon the face'of the declaration or are otherwise known to
    the county clerk,he shouldnot administer the oath or file the
    declaration for record. However, the clerk is not required to
    make independent inquiry nor is he authorized to require
    additional proof.
    -2407-
    ,
    1
    I
    Hon. J. Billy Marley,   Page 8 (M-502)
    Your third question involves the following statutory
    provision in the Code:
    "Sec. 1.03 (b). The application (for
    marriage license) form ahall contain:
    -
    ...
    (4) spaces for indicating whether
    each applicant has been divorced, and if so,
    whether the applicant has been divorced during
    the six-month period preceding the date of
    the application....*
    Provision is also made by Section 1.03 for the
    applicants to sign a-printed oath on the form whereby they swear
    to (or affirm) the vb2acity of the statements entered thereon.
    Applicants for a marriage license are only required
    to furnish the items set forth in Section 1.02 of the Code,
    which states as follows:
    "Persons applying for a marriage license
    shall:
    (1) appear together or separately before
    the county clerk:
    (2) submit for each applicant:
    (A) proof of identity and age as
    prescribed by Section 1.04 of this code;
    (B) a medical examination certificate...
    as prescribed by Subchapter B of this chapter;
    (C) if applicable, the county judge's
    order prescribed by Section 1.05 of this code; and
    (D) if required, the documents establishing
    parental codea&.-or a court order, as prescribed by
    Subchapter C of this chapter;
    (3) provide the information for which spaces
    are provided in the appli'cationfor a marriage license;
    and
    (4) take the oath printed on the application
    and sign the application before the county clerk."
    Section 1.06 of the Code provides that:
    -2408-
    Hon. J. Billy Marley, Page 9 (M-502)
    "The county clerk shall:
    (1) determine that all necessary information...
    is entered in the (marriage license) application
    and that all necessary documents are submitted to
    him...."
    It is our opinion, in answer to your third question,
    that the "necessary  information" and the "necessary documents"
    referred to in Section 
    1.06, supra
    , relate only the information
    and documents required by Section  1.02 
    (2), supra
    , and that the
    applicants are not required by law to produce any further infor-
    mation or documents relating to Section 1.03 (b) 
    (4), supra
    .
    However.,this opinion is given subject to the provision of Section
    1.07 (b) of the Code, which'states:
    "The county clerk shall not issue a
    license to the applicants if he knows any
    facts which would make the marriage void or
    voidable under this code."
    Thus, unless the county clerk is aware that a statement given
    in the license application concerning an 'applicant'smarital
    status for the preceding six-month period is false, he need not
    require verification of the statement.
    It is, therefore, the opinion of this office that your
    questions be answered as follows:
    The answer to your first question is "yes";
    The answer to your second question is "no", and
    The answer to your third question is that no
    proof of statements made under Section .1.03 (b) (4)
    -_ of .the
    Code is required, unless Section 1.07 (b) of the code is
    applicable.
    -2409-
    Hon. J. Billy Marley, Page 10 (M-502)
    SUMMARY
    -------
    (1) Males undar 19 yeare of age, but over
    16 years of age, and females under 18 years of
    age, but over 14 years of age, whether or not they
    have parental consent, may execute a declaration
    of informal marriage pursuant to the provisions
    of Sections 1.91 and 1.92 of the Family Code.
    (2) Males under 16 years of age and females
    under 14 years of age may not execute a declaration
    of informal marriage pursuant to the provisions
    of Sections.l.91 and 1.92 of the Family Code; and
    (3) Applicants for marriage licenses are
    not required to furnish proof as to the veracity
    of their answers given on the application form
    pursuant to Section 1.03 (b) (4) of the Family
    Code, unless Section 1.07 (b) of the Family
    Code is applicable.
    General of Texas
    Prepared by Austin C. Bray, Jr.
    Assistant Attorney General
    APPROVED:
    OPINION COMMITTEE
    Kerns Taylor, Chairman
    George Kelton, Vice-Chairman
    Arthur Sandlin
    Harold Kennedy
    Lonny Zwieper
    Bill Corbusier
    MEADE F. GRIFFIN
    Staff Legal Assistant
    BAWTBORNE PHILLIPS
    Executive Assistant
    NOLA WBITE
    First Assistant
    -2410-
    

Document Info

Docket Number: M-502

Judges: Crawford Martin

Filed Date: 7/2/1969

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 2/18/2017