Jacksboro Nursing Operations, LLC v. Nadine Norman, Individually, as the Representative of the Estate of Ashley Norman, as Next Friend of E.N. and J.L., Minors, and on Behalf of All Wrongful Death Beneficiaries ( 2021 )

In the
Court of Appeals
Second Appellate District of Texas
at Fort Worth
___________________________
No. 02-20-00262-CV
___________________________
JACKSBORO NURSING OPERATIONS, LLC, Appellant
V.
NADINE NORMAN, INDIVIDUALLY; AS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE
ESTATE OF ASHLEY NORMAN, DECEASED; AS NEXT FRIEND OF E.N.
AND J.L., MINORS; AND ON BEHALF OF ALL WRONGFUL DEATH
BENEFICIARIES, Appellee
On Appeal from the 271st District Court
Jack County, Texas
Trial Court No. 19-10-120
Before Birdwell, Bassel, and Womack, JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Bassel
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I. Introduction
This is an appeal from the trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss a health
care liability claim brought by Appellee Nadine Norman, individually; as the
representative of the estate of Ashley Norman, deceased; as next friend of E.N. and
J.L., minors; and on behalf of all wrongful-death beneficiaries (collectively Plaintiff).
Appellant Jacksboro Nursing Operations, LLC d/b/a Faith Community Nursing &
Rehabilitation (FCNR) raises five issues—all based on the contention that Plaintiff’s
failure to file an expert report meeting the requirements of the Texas Medical Liability
Act (MLA) requires dismissal of the claim. We reject FCNR’s contention that the
expert authoring the report was unqualified to do so. We also reject FCNR’s
contentions (1) that the claim should be dismissed because the expert failed to state
that there was a causal link between the injury he claimed that FCNR caused and the
patient’s death and (2) that the report failed to support a theory that FCNR was
vicariously liable for the actions of its employees. An expert report need not
substantiate every theory of liability that underlies a health care claim, and at this
point, it is premature to hold that deficiencies in the report might warrant dismissal of
the claim. We do, however, hold that the expert’s report is deficient in one regard: it
fails to adequately state what actions FCNR should have taken that would have
avoided a breach of the standard of care it owed directly to Ashley. The remedy for
this deficiency is not dismissal of the claim. Instead, we reverse the trial court’s order
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denying FCNR’s motion to dismiss and remand this case to the trial court to
determine whether a thirty-day extension should be granted to correct the deficiency.
II. Factual and Procedural Background
Plaintiff filed suit against two Doe Defendants and FCNR. 1 Without
distinguishing whether the reference to “Defendants” is to the Doe Defendants,
FCNR, or both, the “Facts” alleged in the petition are as follows:
This lawsuit arises from the negligent care Ashley Norman received as a
patient of Defendants. On or about October 15, 2018, Ashley Norman
was admitted into Defendants’ facility. It was Defendants’ duty to
provide Ashley with a level of reasonable care and to protect her by
providing a safe environment. Instead, the care provided by Defendants
fell far below any acceptable standard of care, and Ashley, a beloved
mother and daughter, suffered severe personal injuries due to the lack of
care provided by Defendants. Defendants’ treatment of Ms. Norman
was continuously tortious and resulted in her tragic and untimely death.
The petition continues that the Doe Defendants allegedly raped Ashley while she was
a patient at FCNR. Based on this act, Plaintiff’s petition alleged causes of action
against all the Defendants for sexual assault, false imprisonment, assault and battery,
offensive physical contact, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and gross
negligence. Against FCNR, the petition alleged causes of action for negligence,
negligent hiring, negligent training, negligent supervision, and negligent retention.
The petition sought survival damages, which included Ashley’s past physical pain and
suffering and mental anguish. Plaintiff, on her own behalf and on behalf of the
1
The Doe Defendants are not parties to this appeal, and we assume that they
remain defendants in the trial court.
3
minors for whom she acted as next friend, sought various forms of wrongful-death
damages, such as pecuniary loss, loss of consortium, and mental anguish.
The parties entered into a Rule 11 agreement extending the time for Plaintiff to
provide an expert report pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section
74.351. Plaintiff timely served an expert report authored by Dr. David A. Smith and
Dr. Smith’s curriculum vitae (CV).
In the discussion that follows, we will detail the provisions of Dr. Smith’s
report and his purported qualifications to author an expert report. But, in summary,
the report claims that Ashley was thirty years of age and suffered from Multiple
Sclerosis. At the time she was a patient at FCNR, she provided a urine sample that
tested negative for any sexually transmitted disease. A test administered
approximately one month after Ashley’s admission and after she had been transferred
to another facility and then transferred back to FCNR stated that she had contracted
trichomonas. Dr. Smith described trichomonas as a sexually transmitted disease.
Dr. Smith reported that notations in Ashley’s medical records that he reviewed
indicated “that the trichomonas was thought to be due to sexual contact that [had]
occurred at FCNR.”
Dr. Smith’s report asserted that both Ashley’s medical records that he reviewed
and Ashley’s statement to her mother (Plaintiff) showed that Ashley had been sexually
assaulted while she was a patient at FCNR. The report outlined the standard of care
that Dr. Smith opined was due a patient such as Ashley. The report also generally
4
outlined what Dr. Smith viewed as numerous breaches of the standard of care by the
Doe Defendants who assaulted Ashley and breaches by FCNR’s failure to investigate
Ashley’s outcries, to keep her safe, and to supervise its employees.
FCNR filed objections to Dr. Smith’s report that challenged his qualifications
to opine on the standard of care due Ashley and the alleged breaches of the standard
of care by FCNR. FCNR also objected that the report failed to adequately address
causation and injury and was conclusory in its description of how FCNR had
breached the standard of care. The trial court overruled FCNR’s objections. When
FCNR filed a notice of appeal from the order denying its objections, we sent the
parties a letter questioning whether an order denying objections made to an expert
report but not overruling a motion to dismiss was an appealable interlocutory order.
FCNR then renewed the process of challenging Dr. Smith’s report in the trial
court by filing a new pleading titled “Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Under Section
74.351.” This motion incorporated the prior pleadings that had been filed at the time
that FCNR made its original objections. Plaintiff filed a response and an amended
response to the motion to dismiss. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss.
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III. Analysis
A. We set forth the expert-report requirement that applies to a health
care liability claimant, the substance that an expert report must
contain, and the standard and scope of review that we apply to
determine an expert report’s sufficiency.
“Chapter 74 of the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, also known as the
[MLA], requires health care liability claimants to serve an expert report upon each
defendant not later than 120 days after that defendant’s answer is filed.” Abshire v.
Christus Health Se. Tex., 563 S.W.3d 219, 223 (Tex. 2018) (citing Tex. Civ. Prac. &
Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(a)). The report requirement functions “to weed out
frivolous malpractice claims in the early stages of litigation, not to dispose of
potentially meritorious claims.” Id.The MLA requires an expert report to
provide[] a fair summary of the expert’s opinions as of the date of the
report regarding applicable standards of care[;] the manner in which the
care rendered by the . . . health care provider failed to meet the
standards[;] and the causal relationship between that failure and the
injury, harm, or damages claimed.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(r)(6).
The test applied by the trial court in determining the sufficiency of the report is
one of objective good faith. Id. § 74.351(l) (“A court shall grant a motion challenging
the adequacy of an expert report only if it appears to the court, after hearing, that the
report does not represent an objective good[-]faith effort to comply with the
definition of an expert report in Subsection (r)(6).”). The Texas Supreme Court has
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held that a good-faith effort occurs when a report “(1) inform[s] the defendant of the
specific conduct called into question and (2) provid[es] a basis for the trial court to
conclude the claims have merit.” Abshire 563 S.W.3d at 223 (quoting Baty v. Futrell,
543 S.W.3d 689, 693–94 (Tex. 2018)).
Various general principles guide the determination of whether an expert report
is sufficient. “A report ‘need not marshal all the claimant’s proof,’ but ‘a report that
merely states the expert’s conclusions about the standard of care, breach, and
causation’ is insufficient.” Id. (quoting Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex. v. Palacios, 46
S.W.3d 873, 877 (Tex. 2001)). Nor does a report have to meet the standards of
summary-judgment evidence. Miller v. JSC Lake Highlands Operations, 536 S.W.3d 510,
517 (Tex. 2017) (“We remain mindful that an ‘adequate’ expert report ‘does not have
to meet the same requirements as the evidence offered in a summary-judgment
proceeding or at trial.’” (quoting Scoresby v. Santillan, 346 S.W.3d 546, 556 n.60 (Tex.
2011))). Also, an expert report need not convince the reader that its conclusions are
believable and reasonable. See Abshire, 563 S.W.3d at 226 (stating that at the
“preliminary [expert-report] stage, whether th[e] standards [referenced in the report]
appear reasonable is not relevant to the analysis of whether the expert’s opinion
constitutes a good-faith effort” (quoting Miller, 536 S.W.3d at 516–17)).
The following statutory provisions guide the determination of whether the
expert making the report is qualified and whether the report adequately describes the
applicable standard of care and explains causation:
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• The MLA provides specific criteria to determine if the expert making a
report is qualified. “‘Expert’ means[] with respect to a person giving
opinion testimony regarding whether a health care provider departed
from accepted standards of health care, an expert qualified to testify
under the requirements of Section 74.402.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code Ann. § 74.351(r)(5)(B). In turn, Section 74.402 provides that
[i]n a suit involving a health care liability claim against a
health care provider, a person may qualify as an expert
witness on the issue of whether the health care provider
departed from accepted standards of care only if the
person:
(1) is practicing health care in a field of practice that
involves the same type of care or treatment as that
delivered by the defendant health care provider, if
the defendant health care provider is an individual, at
the time the testimony is given or was practicing that
type of health care at the time the claim arose;
(2) has knowledge of accepted standards of care for
health care providers for the diagnosis, care, or
treatment of the illness, injury, or condition involved
in the claim; and
(3) is qualified on the basis of training or experience
to offer an expert opinion regarding those accepted
standards of health care.
8
Id. § 74.402(b). 2 In making the determination of whether an expert is
qualified on the basis of training or experience, the trial court considers
whether the witness
(1) is certified by a licensing agency of one or more states
of the United States or a national professional certifying
agency, or has other substantial training or experience, in
the area of health care relevant to the claim; and
(2) is actively practicing health care in rendering health care
services relevant to the claim.
Id. § 74.402(c).
The expert’s qualifications must appear in the report or in the CV
and cannot be inferred. See Savaseniorcare Admin. Servs., L.L.C. v. Cantu,
No. 04-14-00329-CV, 2014 WL 5352093, at *2 (Tex. App.—San
Antonio Oct. 22, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.).
• “To adequately identify the standard of care, an expert report must set
forth ‘specific information about what the defendant should have done
differently.’” Abshire, 563 S.W.3d at 226 (quoting Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at
880). “While the Act requires only a ‘fair summary’ of the standard of
care and how it was breached, ‘even a fair summary must set out what
care was expected[] but not given.’” Id.
2
Subsection (1) of Section 74.402(b) applies only if the provider is an individual.
See Premieant Inc. v. Snowden ex rel. Snowden, No. 04-19-00238-CV, 2020 WL 1159055, at
*3 n.4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Mar. 11, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).
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• On the issue of causation, the report must “explain ‘how and why’ the
alleged negligence caused the injury in question.” Id. at 224. Conclusory
descriptions of causation are not adequate; “the expert must explain the
basis of his statements and link conclusions to specific facts.” Id. But
“[i]n satisfying th[e] ‘how and why’ requirement, the expert need not
prove the entire case or account for every known fact; the report is
sufficient if it makes ‘a good-faith effort to explain, factually, how
proximate cause is going to be proven.’” Id. (quoting Columbia Valley
Healthcare Sys., L.P. v. Zamarripa, 526 S.W.3d 453, 460 (Tex. 2017)).
Further, “[t]he sufficiency of the expert report’s causation statement
should be viewed in the context of the entire report.” Columbia Med. Ctr.
of Arlington Subsidiary L.P. v. L.M., No. 02-17-00147-CV, 2018 WL
1095746, at *7 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 1, 2018, no pet.) (mem.
op.). Finally, “the detail needed to establish a causal link generally is
proportional to the complexity of the negligent act giving rise to the
claim.” Id. In other words, a “causation opinion is not conclusory
simply because it is not complex.” Id.We apply an abuse-of-discretion standard to test the trial court’s decision to
grant or deny a motion to dismiss that challenges the adequacy of an expert report.
Abshire, 563 S.W.3d at 223. The scope of our review is limited to “the information
contained within the four corners of the report.” Id.
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B. Dr. Smith’s report adequately states his qualifications.
In its fourth issue, FCNR claims that Dr. Smith is not qualified to author an
expert report on the standard of care that FCNR owed Ashley. Though Dr. Smith is
a licensed physician, FCNR contends that his report and his CV fail to show within
their four corners that he is familiar with the standard of care for a skilled nursing
facility. The crux of the argument is as follows:
In other words, it is familiarity with the care expected of the particular
health care provider—not familiarity with how the expert would care for
a similar patient in [his] field—which determines whether that expert is
qualified. Dr. Smith did not establish that he is familiar with the
standard of care of a skilled nursing facility in the context of this case.
While he is a physician with experience treating patients such as Ms.
Norman, he has not shown within the four corners of his report or [his]
[CV] that he has experience or expertise with policies or procedures for
security at a skilled nursing facility and indeed[] admitted that he had not
even reviewed [FCNR]’s policies and procedures. Dr. Smith provided
no qualification to opine on [FCNR]’s standard of care or alleged breach
regarding negligent hiring, retention, supervision or vicarious liability.
[Footnote omitted.]
FCNR’s argument simply turns a blind eye to the qualifications that Dr. Smith
listed in his report. His report establishes his qualifications to opine not only on the
standard of care for a physician treating a patient such as Ashley but also on the
standard of care for a health care provider such as FCNR.
Under the title “Professional Activities,” Dr. Smith’s report states,
I am David A. Smith MD, CMD, a geriatrician in private practice in
Brownwood[,] TX. For many years I practiced family medicine as an
academic physician with special responsibilities in the areas of geriatrics,
long[-]term care[,] and psychiatry. I am a Certified Medical Director (in
Long[-]Term Care). At all relevant times I have been licensed to practice
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medicine in the [S]tate of Texas. I have been board certified by the
American Board of Family Practice. I previously held the Certificate of
Added Qualifications in Geriatrics. Since 1999[,] my practice is as a
consulting geriatrician for community[-]dwelling elders, attending
physician for long[-]term care residents[,] and as a Medical Director for
several nursing homes.
In addition to my medical practice, as my [CV] reflects, I have
been a Professor of Family & Community Medicine at Texas A&M
University. Prior to Texas A&M, I was a Professor with tenure teaching
Family Medicine and Psychiatry at the University of South Dakota
School of Medicine.
I am currently an Associate Editor for the Journal of American
Medical Directors Association. I was the Managing Editor of the
Annual of Nursing Home Medicine and was on the Editorial Board for
the Journal of Long[-]Term Care Administration.
Since 1981[,] I have been a member of the American Medical
Directors Association (now AMDA: Th[e] Society for Post-Acute and
Long[-]Term Care). I am also a member of the American Geriatrics
Society, the Texas Medical Association, and the Texas Medical Directors
Association.
I have worked in numerous healthcare and rehabilitation centers,
including as the medical director[]. This includes prior experience as a
regional medical director for a hospice organization[,] and[] therefore, I
have experience in estimating life expectancy.
I have also been an integral part of many committees as more
fully outlined in my CV. I have received the Faye Smith Award for
Excellence in Family Practice, been honored as a Pioneer in
Development of Certification of Medical Directors of Nursing Homes,
the Pattee Award for Excellence in Education[,] and AMDA:[ ]The
Society for Post[-]Acute and Long[-]Term Care’s Distinguished Service
Award[]. I have been honored by . . . Adult Protective Service[s]
reflecting a long and continuing history as a consultant to that [s]tate
agency.
Since 1984[,] I have spent a large amount of time studying and
gaining knowledge in my respective areas of practice and expertise and
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have been published in numerous refereed medical journals and several
medical textbooks, many of which are focused on areas related to
nursing and rehabilitation, cognitive and psychiatric conditions, as well
as ethical and legal issues. Furthermore, I have done presentations on
these topics at over 115 professional meetings since 1992. The
presentations have included topics such as nursing home resident[s’]
rights, abuse, physician accountability, psychiatry in nursing homes,
nursing[-]facility litigation and liability, and creating a culture of safety in
long[-]term care.
Later in his report, Dr. Smith specifically states that he is familiar with the standard of
care due Ashley in a nursing facility that provides the type of care that Ashley
received:
I am very familiar with the relevant conditions experienced by Ashley
Norman, to include her sexual assault, multiple sclerosis (MS), and
trichomonas. More importantly, I have dedicated my life to treating
people like Ashley Norman and am well aware of the standard of care
required of physicians, nurses, and nursing facilities that provide
treatment to patients with such conditions. Further, I am very familiar
and experienced in reading and interpreting data related to a urinalysis.
In addition to being well acquainted with the medical conditions
suffered by Ashley Norman, I also know the outcomes that can
reasonably be expected in patients with such a condition that receive
care at nursing and rehabilitation centers. I am also well aware of the
expected outcomes and standard of care for patients in nursing and
rehabilitation centers in general, regardless of any particular condition.
These subjects are an inextricable part of my clinical practice and my
academic activities.
It is my understanding that the standard of care is the same across
the country for physicians, nurses, and facilities holding themselves out
as qualified to treat or otherwise provide medical care to patients like
Ashley Norman.
The paragraphs quoted above show Dr. Smith’s qualifications not only as a
physician but also as an administrator of health care providers like FCNR and reveal
13
that he is a Certified Medical Director. Indeed, he indicates that he is the editor of the
journal of the American Medical Directors Association. The quoted paragraphs show
much broader experience than merely being a physician who treats patients in facilities
similar to FCNR. But even without this broader experience, Dr. Smith notes that his
medical practice involves the long-term care of patients.
Dealing with an argument similar to the one raised by FCNR challenging
Dr. Smith’s qualifications, the Austin Court of Appeals applied the standards of the
MLA to determine whether a physician was qualified to opine about the standard of
care owed by a nursing home to a dementia patient who was sexually assaulted. See
Gracy Woods I Nursing Home v. Mahan, 520 S.W.3d 171 (Tex. App.—Austin 2017, no
pet.). Mahan concluded that the physician in question had the necessary qualifications
to make an expert report on the nursing home’s standard of care. Id. at 181, 186.
Summarizing the standards of the MLA, Mahan posed the following test to determine
whether a physician who authored an expert report on the nursing home’s standard of
care was qualified:
This case, at its core, concerns the standards of care applicable to
nursing homes in order to protect patients from harming each other.
Thus, [the physician’s] report and CV must articulate a factual basis that
sufficiently demonstrates (1) his “knowledge of [the] accepted standards
of care” applicable to nursing homes, and (2) his qualifications “on the
basis of training or experience to offer an expert opinion regarding
[these] accepted standards,” e.g., his relevant licensing certifications, his
“other substantial training or experience,” and his “actively practicing
health care in rendering health care services relevant to the claim.”
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Id. at 183–84 (quoting Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.402(b)(2), (b)(3), (c)(1),
(c)(2)) (footnotes omitted). The Austin Court of Appeals concluded that the
physician was qualified to opine on a nursing home’s standard of care. Id. at 181, 186.
The court looked to such experience and training as the doctor’s certification in
geriatric medicine, his treatment of patients in long-term care, his experience as a
professor of geriatrics and as a consultant for government agencies regarding nursing
home operations, and his lectures on relevant topics. Id. at 185–86.
Here, Dr. Smith’s report and CV show that he has training and experience
beyond what the Austin Court of Appeals determined was necessary to be qualified as
a physician to offer an opinion on a nursing home’s standard of care. Dr. Smith is
not only a physician who had treated patients in a long-term care setting, but he also
had actually been employed as an administrator of those type of facilities and wrote
and lectured on the administration of such facilities. Dr. Smith also notes the “special
responsibilities” of his medical practice in the field of long-term care. Specifically, he
catalogs his experience, including his service as an attending physician for long-term-
care patients; his service as a medical director in several nursing homes; his service as
editor of several journals that address medical directors, nursing homes, and long-
term care; his recognition in developing the certification for medical directors of
nursing homes; and his publication on nursing home patients’ rights and how to
create a culture of safety for long-term care patients. Dr. Smith specifically states in
his report that he has “dedicated [his] life to treating people like Ashley” and is “well
15
aware of the standard of care required of physicians, nurses, and nursing facilities that
provide treatment to patients with such conditions.”
The case that FCNR relies on to argue that Dr. Smith is unqualified fails to
support its argument. FCNR relies on Tawa v. Gentry and its holding that a physician
cannot testify about the standard of care of health care providers unless the expert has
knowledge of the standards or has worked with or supervised such health care
providers. No. 01-12-00407-CV, 2013 WL 1694869, at *13 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] Apr. 18, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). The holding of Tawa states a truism,
just not one applicable to Dr. Smith’s report in view of his statements that he is aware
of the standard of care and the experience his report catalogs to substantiate that
claim. See Methodist Health Ctrs. v. Crawford, No. 01-14-00291-CV, 2014 WL 5500492,
at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 30, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.)
(distinguishing Tawa and holding expert sufficiently stated his qualifications when he
said that he understood “not just what the standard of care requires[] but also what is
likely to occur if the standard of care is not met” and made specific references to the
applicable standard of care).
Accordingly, we hold that Dr. Smith is qualified to author an expert report on
the standard of care that FCNR owed Ashley. We therefore overrule FCNR’s fourth
issue.
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C. The suit should not be dismissed at this point for the failure of
Dr. Smith’s report to state that a breach of the standard of care
caused Ashley’s death.
In its fifth issue, FCNR argues that Dr. Smith’s report is deficient because it
fails to “provide any meaningful discussion of medical causation or how any alleged
breach in the standard of care proximately caused an injury to [Ashley], much less
‘resulted in her tragic and untimely death.’” The main focus of the argument is that
the report fails to identify Ashley’s cause of death or link her death to FCNR’s breach
of the standard of care. In a later portion of this opinion, we will hold that
Dr. Smith’s report is deficient in its statements regarding how FCNR breached the
standard of care and will reverse and remand this case to the trial court. But to the
extent that FCNR asks us to immediately dismiss the wrongful-death claim because
Dr. Smith’s report does not state how FCNR’s action caused Ashley’s death, we will
not do so. As explained below, a report is tested by whether it is adequate as to
one—instead of every—theory of recovery alleged. Here, the report is adequate if it
can be amended to support the survival claim alleged, and we will not dismiss the
wrongful-death claim before there is an opportunity to correct present deficiencies in
the report that would make the report sufficient as to one theory of recovery.
The Texas Supreme Court was clear in Certified EMS, Inc. v. Potts that an expert
report meets the requirements of the MLA if the report supports at least one theory
of recovery. 392 S.W.3d 625, 630 (Tex. 2013). In Potts, the question was whether a
report that supported a theory of vicarious liability was an adequate report to avoid
17
dismissal of the health care liability claim when the report did not support an
additional pleaded theory of direct liability of the health care provider. Id. at 627.
The Texas Supreme Court offered its own straightforward rationale for holding
that a report need only support one theory: the MLA does not require a report to
support each theory alleged but to support the existence of a “health care liability
claim.” Id. at 630. Succinctly, the Texas Supreme Court held that a report that
satisfies the requirements, “even if as to one theory only, entitles the claimant to
proceed with a suit against the physician or health care provider.” Id. When a report
supports one theory of liability, the dual purposes of the MLA have been served: the
report tells the defendant what conduct has been called into question and provides the
trial court with the assurance that the claim has merit. Id. In the Texas Supreme
Court’s view, requiring a report to support only one theory of recovery also satisfies
the legislative intent of the MLA by deterring baseless claims but not blocking earnest
ones. Id. at 631. Further, a rule requiring an expert report to support each theory
would ensnare the courts in satellite litigation and use a mechanism that is ill-suited to
resolve the viability of subsets of liability theories that may be later honed by
discovery and better tested by summary-judgment motions or trial. Id. at 632.
Both our court and the First Court of Appeals have applied Potts to a situation
similar to the one encountered in this case. In Bay Oaks and Ince, a health care liability
claimant alleged both survival and wrongful-death claims, but the expert report did
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not tie the breach of the standard of care to the patient’s death.3 See Bay Oaks SNF,
LLC v. Lancaster, 555 S.W.3d 268, 278–84 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet.
denied); SCC Partners, Inc. v. Ince, 496 S.W.3d 111, 114–15 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth
2016, pet. dism’d). In Bay Oaks, the defendant sought dismissal of a wrongful-death
claim because the expert report did not link the patient’s death to the injury described
in the report or opine as to a cause of death. 555 S.W.3d at 278. In Ince, we
confronted a similar argument. 496 S.W.3d at 114. Both Bay Oaks and Ince applied
Potts’s holding to reject the argument that the wrongful-death claim should be
dismissed. In essence, both opinions held that when a report is adequate to sustain
the survival claim, the purpose of the MLA is served, even though the report failed to
address the basis for the wrongful-death claim. Thus, if Plaintiff filed an adequate
report to support the claim of a breach of the standard of Ashley’s care and her
3
The distinction between survival claims and wrongful-death claims is as
follows: Survival claims result from Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section
71.021, which provides that a claim for injury to a person’s health does not abate on
death and may be prosecuted by “heirs, legal representatives, and the estate of the
injured person.” Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 71.021(a), (b). A wrongful-
death claim is generally covered by the Texas Wrongful Death Act, and “damages
recoverable in a wrongful[-]death action are for the exclusive benefit of the defined
statutory beneficiaries and are meant to compensate them for their own personal
loss.” Cunningham v. Haroona, 382 S.W.3d 492, 508 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012, pet.
denied) (citing Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 71.002, defining wrongful-death
cause of action). “Damages recoverable by the statutory beneficiaries under the
Wrongful Death Act include pecuniary losses to the beneficiaries, such as loss of
inheritance and non-economic damages to compensate for the losses caused by the
destruction of the familial relationship.” Id.19
survival claim, then the report need not go further and support the wrongful-death
claim to avoid dismissal.
Accordingly, we overrule FCNR’s fifth issue.
D. The suit should not be dismissed, at this point, for the failure of
Dr. Smith’s report to state a basis for FCNR to be held both
directly and vicariously liable for the claims made for the assault
against Ashley.
In its first and second issues, FCNR challenges Dr. Smith’s report because it
allegedly “lumps” all potentially culpable parties into one group and provides no basis
for the reader to conclude that FCNR is liable for the intentional acts of the persons
who allegedly abused Ashley. In essence, FCNR argues that Dr. Smith’s report fails
to adequately document that it is either vicariously or directly liable. FCNR once
again simply ignores the provisions of Dr. Smith’s report that undermine its argument
and the impact of the rule enunciated in Potts (which we have just discussed)—that a
report need support only a single theory of liability. As noted, we are remanding this
matter for the trial court to determine whether to grant an extension for Plaintiff to
file an amended report addressing how FCNR breached the standard of care it owed
directly to Ashley. If an amended report adequately documents that theory, then the
report will meet the Potts standard by supporting at least one theory of liability.
FCNR begins its argument by citing cases that stand for the proposition that a
report “may not assert that multiple defendants are all negligent for failing to meet the
standard of care without providing an explanation of how each defendant specifically
20
breached the standard [of care] and how that breach caused or contributed to the
cause of injury.” See, e.g., Taylor v. Christus Spohn Health Sys. Corp., 169 S.W.3d 241, 244
(Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2004, no pet.). Its argument then pivots to
contend that an assault committed by an employee is outside the scope of the
employee’s employment duties and that the employer is not vicariously liable for those
acts. See NCED Mental Health, Inc. v. Kidd, 214 S.W.3d 28, 34 n.8 (Tex. App.—El Paso
2006, no pet.); Buck v. Blum, 130 S.W.3d 285, 288 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2004, no pet.). With these two premises in place, FCNR argues that
Texas law is clear that an employer cannot be held vicariously liable for
sexual assaults allegedly committed by its employees because such
actions are not within the course and scope of employment. If such a
claim has no merit under the law, an expert report premised on this
same meritless theory is inadequate. The entire purpose of Chapter
74.351 is to serve as a gatekeeping function so the trial court can form a
basis to conclude that the claim has merit. The Smith Report is fatally
deficient because it attributes the alleged criminal sexual assault [by] two
alleged employees to their . . . employer.
But as we have discussed, Potts held that a report need only be sufficient to
support one theory of liability. 392 S.W.3d at 630. In Potts, the report supported a
theory of vicarious liability and was sufficient to avoid dismissal of the suit even
though it did not support a theory of direct liability. Id. Logically, the converse is also
true: when an expert report supports a theory of direct liability for negligence, it is
sufficient even though it does not support a theory of vicarious liability.
FCNR does not discuss Potts. Instead, FCNR appears to argue that Dr. Smith’s
statements directed to FCNR’s direct liability for a breach of the standard of care are
21
deficient because “[t]he remaining claims of breach made by Dr. Smith . . . are so
broad as to be no opinion at all and, therefore, inadequate.” The argument then
quotes brief snippets from the report and concludes that “[b]ecause these alleged
breaches are not specific and [are] not tied to the facts of the case, the Smith Report is
inadequate.” This argument is simply a short form of FCNR’s argument that
Dr. Smith’s report is conclusory on whether FCNR breached the standard of care—
the issue that we will discuss next. 4 Again, as we discuss below, we are remanding this
4
In both its opening brief and its reply brief, FCNR challenges Dr. Smith’s
report because he does not detail how Ashley was allegedly assaulted and posits a
rhetorical question: “Worse yet, the alleged employees [who allegedly assaulted
Ashley] remain unidentified, and the other details of the alleged assault, including
when and where it happened, remain a mystery. Surely such an expert report based
on no facts cannot form the basis for a viable Chapter 74 report?” The Dallas and
Austin Courts of Appeals have rejected the premise of FCNR’s rhetorical question
intimating that a report must outline the details of the assault. See Mahan, 520 S.W.3d
at 177–81; UHS of Timberlawn, Inc. v. S.B. ex rel. A.B., 281 S.W.3d 207, 212 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied). As the Austin Court of Appeals explained,
[T]he statute required [the physician’s] report to provide “a fair
summary” of his opinions regarding the requisite causal link, and the
report was deficient only if it “[did] not represent an objective good[-
]faith effort to comply with” this requirement, i.e., if it did not inform
[the nursing home] of the specific conduct called into question and
provide a basis for the trial court to conclude that [the patient’s
representative’s] claims had merit. In the context of this case, in which the
alleged “harm” or “injury” was a sexual assault (which is not itself a medical
condition and for which medically ascertainable evidence may not even exist), we
conclude that [the physician’s] report need not establish the fact of the assault itself in
order to constitute a “good-faith” effort to provide “a fair summary” of [the
physician’s] opinions regarding the causal link between [the nursing home’s] alleged
breach and [the patient’s] alleged injury.
22
matter to allow the trial court to decide whether an amended report may be filed.
Should that report be sufficient to establish the direct liability of FCNR, Plaintiff will
satisfy her obligation to present a report establishing a health care liability claim.
Thus, it is premature to deal with the argument that we should hold that the claim
should be dismissed because it fails to support a theory of vicarious liability. We
therefore overrule FCNR’s first and second issues.
E. Dr. Smith’s report is deficient in its statement that FCNR
breached the standard of care.
We turn to what is the crux of this appeal: FCNR’s attack in its third issue that
Dr. Smith’s report fails to sufficiently describe how FCNR breached the standard of
care due Ashley. We agree with FCNR that Dr. Smith’s report is deficient in its
statements that there was a breach of the standard of care. We also conclude that the
report is merely deficient instead of being no report at all. Thus, we will reverse the
trial court’s order denying the motion to dismiss and remand this matter to the trial
Mahan, 520 S.W.3d at 180–81 (emphasis added) (footnotes omitted). Mahan
establishes that FCNR’s premise that Dr. Smith’s report had to document how the
assault occurred is flawed. Here, Dr. Smith’s report goes further than the one in
Mahan and actually describes the disease that Ashley allegedly contracted from the
sexual assault. Further, the report documents what Dr. Smith relied on to establish
that an assault occurred: Plaintiff stated “that Ashley complained that she was raped
numerous times by two men [who] worked at FCNR.” The report also states that the
records that Dr. Smith reviewed had “notations that Ashley was reported to have
experienced multiple episodes of sexual assault at FCNR by FCNR employees.”
Again, a report is not challengeable because it is not believable or reasonable; if the
assault did not occur, that issue can be litigated in the appropriate context of a motion
for summary judgment.
23
court for it to determine whether to grant Plaintiff a thirty-day extension to cure the
report’s deficiencies.
We have outlined that a report must make only a good-faith effort to explain
how and why the alleged negligence caused the injury in question. See Tex. Civ. Prac.
& Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(l). Again, the report need not prove the entire case or
account for every known fact. See Abshire, 563 S.W.3d at 224.
But no matter how simply stated the underlying rule may be, its application to
specific cases involving the sexual assault of a patient has produced inconsistent
results. The Corpus Christi–Edinburg Court of Appeals concluded that a report was
adequate when, in essence, the report stated that a health care provider had failed to
adequately protect and provide safety to a patient. See Christus Spohn Health Sys. Corp.
v. Sanchez, 299 S.W.3d 868, 878 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2009, pet.
denied). The Texarkana Court of Appeals viewed the holding from the Corpus
Christi–Edinburg Court of Appeals as being close to the line of what was permissible
and contrasted that holding with those of our court and the Fourteenth Court of
Appeals that found a report inadequate when it did not take an extra step of
describing what the health care provider should have done, but did not do, to carry
out the requirements of the standard of care. See Texarkana Nursing & Healthcare Ctr.,
LLC v. Lyle, 388 S.W.3d 314, 318–22 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2012, no pet.)
(discussing Kingwood Pines Hosp., LLC v. Gomez, 362 S.W.3d 740, 750 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.), and Baylor All Saints Med. Ctr. v. Martin, 340
24
S.W.3d 529, 534 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2011, no pet.)). The Texarkana Court of
Appeals asked “how much detail is needed in order for an expert report to withstand
Chapter 74 scrutiny when the harm alleged arises from assaultive conduct,” and it
concluded that the report it reviewed was inadequate because the report failed to
articulate what should have been done differently to prevent the assault. Id. at 320–
22.
The Austin Court of Appeals crystalized the different approaches as to how an
expert report must describe causation for a health care liability claim based on sexual
assault as follows:
In cases against health care providers arising from the alleged failure to
prevent an assault, our sister courts have held expert reports deficient if
they merely state that the provider “failed to provide a safe and secure
environment” without any indication of what the facility “should have
done differently to prevent the assault.” On the other hand, this Court
has held that an expert report is sufficient if it specifies what the
defendant “should have done” and what it “should have done
differently.”
Mahan, 520 S.W.3d at 187 (footnotes omitted); see also Tex. San Marcos Treatment Ctr.,
L.P. v. Payton, No. 03-14-00726-CV, 2015 WL 7422989, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—Austin
Nov. 18, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding report adequate because it set out
standard and described what health care provider should have done but did not do to
meet standard).
Following the holding of our court and of our sister courts holding similarly,
we conclude that an expert report is deficient if it merely states the conclusion that the
25
health care provider failed to protect a patient in violation of the standard of care
without some indication of what the provider should have done differently.
Dr. Smith’s report fails to adequately take this second step.
We concede that the section of Dr. Smith’s report dealing with the breach of
the standard of care is lengthy, but as we will explain, irrespective of its length, the
report is inadequate:
My opinion is that John Doe, Richard Roe, Dr. Robert Cooper,[5] and
FCNR, each breached the required standards of care applicable to the
treatment of Ashley Norman, and that such breaches of the standard of
care were the proximate causes of the sexual assault, trichomonas, and
consequential pain and suffering experienced by Ashley.
The standard of care demands that physicians, nurses, staff, and
nursing facilities refrain from having any sexual contact with a patient,
whether or not such contact is consensual. This standard of care was
breached by FCNR, John Doe, and Richard Roe when John Doe and
Richard Roe engaged in sexual intercourse with Ashley Norman. Ashley
Norman was a patient[,] and the standard of care does not permit any
sexual contact with caregivers, regardless of cognitive functioning or the
ability to consent.
The standard of care demands that physicians, nurses, staff, and
all nursing facilities must promote care for residents in a manner and in
an environment that maintains and enhances each resident’s dignity and
respect in full recognition of the patient’s individuality. FCNR, John
Doe, and Richard Roe breached this standard of care when Ashley
Norman was sexually assaulted by John Doe and Richard Roe. This
standard was further breached when Ashley’s screams to stop were
ignored by John Doe and Richard Roe. The decision, not only to engage
in sexual intercourse[] but [also] to restrain Ashley and force her to
engage in sexual intercourse[,] is the opposite of enhancing the
residence’s [sic] dignity and respect of the patient’s individuality. John
5
This reference to Dr. Robert Cooper is the only one that appears in the
appellate record. We have no idea of what role, if any, Dr. Cooper plays in this claim.
26
Doe, Richard Roe, and FCNR took away Ashley’s right to refuse sexual
contact and forced her to endure the sexual assault on multiple
occasions.
The standard of care for physicians, nurses, and nursing facilities
requires that when a patient makes an allegation of sexual assault, the
authorities should be contacted[,] and safety measures should be taken to
ensure that no subsequent assault occurs. The standard of care requires
any staff receiving the allegation of sexual assault (no matter how
credible or not credible) to report to the designated Abuse Coordinator.
In most facilities[,] this is the Administrator. [The] [s]tandard of care
additionally requires suspension of any accused individual until an
investigation is completed. Not to do this provides perpetrators the
opportunity to “pollute” the investigation as well as exposing others to
potential victimization. On the other hand, it protects those falsely
accused by [e]nsuring a rigorous and high[-]quality investigation.
The standard of care also requires that an investigation be
performed to determine the facts surrounding the sexual assault, such as
how it occurred and who is responsible. The standard of care requires
safety measures be taken to ensure the patient’s safety.
This standard of care was breached when FCNR ignored Ashley’s
accusations of sexual assault and instead chose to do nothing. This
standard of care was also breached when no investigation occurred and
no additional safety measures were taken, such as increased security,
increased supervision, and prohibiting male contact with Ashley. The
standard of care requires that the patient’s safety be the number one
priority. This was breached not only when Ashley was sexually
assaulted[] but [also] when FCNR chose not to take any safety
precautions after the initial accusation and allowed subsequent sexual
assaults to occur.
As a volunteer member of the Texas Department of Aging and
Disability Services: Nursing Facility Administrators Advisory
Committee from 2012–2016, I recall our committee sanctioning
numerous [N]ursing Facility Administrators functioning as Abuse
Coordinators for failing to investigate various allegations of abuse
regardless of the credibility of the allegation.
27
Obviously, the standard of care for any healthcare provider
requires that they not sexually assault a patient. This standard of care
was breached when John Doe and Richard Roe held down Ashley
Norman and forced her to engage in sexual intercourse against her will
after she refused to do so willingly.
It is also important to note that Ashley Norman suffered from
MS and numerous cognitive deficiencies which would render her
mentally incapacitated and unable to consent to sexual contact, further
magnifying the breach. As my CV reflects, I have authored . . . a medical
textbook on the subject of determining mental capacity[,] and I
frequently perform these assessments for Texas Adult Protective
Services and as a consultant to other physicians. In my opinion, Ashley
was not able to give consent to have sexual intercourse. The standard of
care required FCNR to ensure [that] no person, staff or otherwise, was
permitted to have sexual intercourse with Ashley.
FCNR also breached the standard of care when it failed to
adequately supervise its employees and provide Ashley Norman with a
safe environment. Further, the standard of care requires that a patient
receive supervision so as to ensure the patient’s safety and to ensure at
the absolute least that the patient is not permitted to be sexually
assaulted on numerous occasions. By allowing the initial sexual assault[,]
FCNR clearly breached the standard of care by failing to provide
adequate supervision. If it had, John Doe and Richard Roe would not
have been allowed to be alone with Ashley and hold her down and
sexually assault her on numerous occasions. The actions of FCNR
appear to establish a pattern of conscious indifference to patient safety
involving cover-up and have fallen well below the required standard of
care by allowing any additional sexual assaults. After notification of the
allegation, FCNR staff with this knowledge became accessories after the
fact in my opinion as a physician (not a lawyer).
Sorting through these paragraphs, several themes emerge. First, many of the
paragraphs are directed against the Doe Defendants and stand for the obvious
proposition that no persons should be sexually assaulted. That proposition provides
28
no indication of how FCNR breached a standard of care that it owed directly to
Ashley.
Many of the paragraphs deal with the failure of FCNR to adequately investigate
what happened to Ashley. As a general proposition, whether FCNR adequately
investigated what allegedly occurred is of doubtful relevance in and of itself. A failure
to investigate after the assault would not have prevented an assault. The report notes
that Plaintiff “stated that Ashley had informed two nurses of the assault[] but that
FCNR did not take any action to prevent additional assaults and that she continued to
be sexually assaulted.” The report concludes that
[t]his standard of care was breached when FCNR ignored Ashley’s
accusations of sexual assault and instead chose to do nothing. This
standard of care was also breached when no investigation occurred and
no additional safety measures were taken, such as increased security,
increased supervision, and prohibiting male contact with Ashley.
But what the report lacks is some indication of why the actions or policies of a health
care provider, such as FCNR, breached the standard of care and caused the continued
assaults. The reader is not told what FCNR should have done differently to ensure
that reports to the nurses were processed in a way that would have prevented
additional assaults of Ashley.
When the report reaches the point of describing how FCNR breached the
standard of care in the concluding paragraph of the paragraphs that we quoted, it, in
essence, repeats the same proposition in several sentences: FCNR’s acts of failing to
supervise its employees and failing to ensure patient safety allowed Ashley to be
29
sexually assaulted. But these sentences lack what the report should contain—a
description of what FCNR should have done differently. Though the report
references that FCNR should have provided additional or increased measures, those
general statements, again, fail to state what specific steps should have been taken.
The report does highlight one thing that FCNR should have done differently,
which is taking the step of not permitting males to be in Ashley’s room. The problem
is that the report has a paragraph that, though it is a muddle, can be read to suggest
that FCNR did take this step. The paragraph states that
[t]here are also notations that Ashley was reported to have experienced
multiple episodes of sexual assault at FCNR by FCNR employees.
Importantly, it was also noted in numerous locations that Ashley did not
want any males present and [that] she only wanted female RNs and
PCTs. It appears that the facility complied with this as there are
notations of “females only” within the records.
The reader is left to guess whether the “facility” referred to is FCNR or one of the
other facilities referenced in the report as places where Ashley received treatment.
Certainly, even if FCNR took the step of complying with Ashley’s request but delayed
doing so after her outcries, leading to additional assaults, there might be an indication
of causation, but the report does not say this.
Dr. Smith’s report is deficient because it is conclusory. For a sexual-assault-of-
a-patient claim, a report must describe what the health care provider should have
done to forestall an assault, or it does not serve the purpose of ensuring that only
30
meritorious health care claims survive dismissal. Accordingly, we sustain FCNR’s
third issue.
F. We remand this claim to the trial court to determine whether
Plaintiff should receive a thirty-day extension to cure the
deficiencies in Dr. Smith’s report.
Having concluded that Dr. Smith’s report is deficient in its description of how
FCNR breached the standard of care, we turn to the question of whether to remand
this matter to the trial court to decide whether to grant a thirty-day extension to allow
Plaintiff to correct the deficiency. Dr. Smith’s report falls well within the standard to
grant such relief because his report is merely deficient rather than being no report at
all.
The MLA provides that “[i]f an expert report has not been served within the
period specified by Subsection (a) because elements of the report are found deficient,
the court may grant one 30-day extension to the claimant in order to cure the
deficiency.” See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.351(c). The Texas Supreme
Court has held that minimal standards apply that allow a party to be able to invoke the
extension provision. See Scoresby, 346 S.W.3d at 557. Under that standard, “a thirty-
day extension to cure deficiencies in an expert report may be granted if the report is
served by the statutory deadline, if it contains the opinion of an individual with
expertise that the claim has merit, and if the defendant’s conduct is implicated.” Id.
In applying the standard, a fundamental question is whether the deficiency in the
report is curable, i.e., does it appear impossible for the deficiency to be cured.
31
Zamarripa, 526 S.W.3d at 461 n.37. As our court has described the distinction, “[t]he
Act distinguishes between situations where a report is timely served but deficient and
those where no report is served.” See Mitchell v. Swanson, No. 02-19-00460-CV, 2020
WL 6065986, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Oct. 15, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing
Taton v. Taylor, No. 02-18-00373-CV, 2019 WL 2635568, at *8–9 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth June 27, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.)).
When a report meets the minimal standard that accords a party the opportunity
to cure its deficiencies, “we generally ‘do not render’ judgment; instead, we usually
‘remand for the trial court to consider whether to grant a thirty-day extension.’” Id.(quoting UHP, LP v. Krella, No. 02-19-00136-CV, 2019 WL 3756203, at *1 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth Aug. 8, 2019, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.)).
Dr. Smith’s report meets the standards that prompt us to remand this matter to
the trial court to determine whether to grant a thirty-day extension. There is no
question that Dr. Smith’s report was timely served. And we have already concluded
that the report and Dr. Smith’s CV adequately stated his qualifications.
On the question of whether Dr. Smith’s report implicated FCNR, we look to
an opinion from the San Antonio Court of Appeals for guidance. That court held, in
a case remarkably similar to this one, that a trial court abused its discretion by refusing
a thirty-day extension. See Hernandez v. Christus Spohn Health Sys. Corp., No. 04-14-
00091-CV, 2015 WL 704721, at *4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Feb. 18, 2015, no pet.)
(mem. op.). In Hernandez, the plaintiff alleged that a sexual assault had occurred in an
32
emergency room. The expert report filed in Hernandez stated that the hospital had
failed to address sexual assault outcries and to protect patients from predatory sexual
conduct once the conduct had been reported. Id. at *4. Hernandez concluded that the
expert report failed to adequately address causation but implicated the health care
provider and was potentially curable:
Although we agree that the report is deficient with regard to causation,
as previously noted, “the causal relationship the plaintiff must show may
not always be so clear.” Kim[ v. Hoyt, 399 S.W.3d 714,] 718 [(Tex.
App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied).] The report does state that “the patient’s right
to be protected in a vulnerable time of illness was not provided to Mrs. Hernandez,”
which implies that Hernandez was injured due to the absence of the requisite
protection. This is similar to the Texas Supreme Court’s review of the
expert report in Scoresby, in which the court noted that the report “did
not state the standard of care but only implied that it was inconsistent
with the Physicians’ conduct.” 346 S.W.3d at 557. Despite this
deficiency, the Texas Supreme Court held the report was curable. [Id.] at
549; see also Wooten v. Samlowski, 282 S.W.3d 82, 90–91 (Tex. App.—
Waco 2008), aff’d as modified, 332 S.W.3d 404 (Tex. 2011) (holding trial
court abused its discretion in denying extension where report was
deficient only because of an inadequate causal link).
Id. (emphasis added).
Though Dr. Smith’s report is deficient, his report certainly implicates the
conduct of FCNR as strongly, if not more so, than the report in Hernandez. Further,
the nature of the deficiency does not indicate that it will be impossible to cure. Thus,
the trial court should decide whether to grant an extension to allow Plaintiff to
attempt to cure the deficiency.
33
IV. Conclusion
Having overruled FCNR’s first, second, fourth, and fifth issues but having
sustained its third issue, we reverse the trial court’s order denying FCNR’s motion to
dismiss and remand this case to the trial court for it to determine whether to grant a
thirty-day extension pursuant to Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code Section
74.351(c).
/s/ Dabney Bassel
Dabney Bassel
Justice
Delivered: April 15, 2021
34