Curtis A. Fenderson v. the State of Texas ( 2021 )

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-20-00161-CR
NO. 03-20-00162-CR
Curtis A. Fenderson, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE 426TH DISTRICT COURT OF BELL COUNTY
NOS. 79021 & 79022, THE HONORABLE FANCY H. JEZEK, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Following a bench trial, the district court convicted appellant Curtis Fenderson of
the offenses of taking a weapon from a peace officer, see Tex. Penal Code § 38.14(b), and
assault on a public servant, see id. § 22.01(a)(1), (b-2). Fenderson pleaded true to enhancement
paragraphs alleging two prior felony convictions, and the district court sentenced him to 25
years’ imprisonment for each offense, with the sentences to run concurrently. In two issues on
appeal, Fenderson asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support each of his convictions. We
will affirm the judgment of conviction for the offense of taking a weapon from a peace officer.
We will modify the judgment of conviction for the offense of assault on a public servant and
affirm the judgment of conviction as modified.
BACKGROUND
At trial, the district court heard evidence that on the night of June 5, 2018, Officer
Franklin Melendez of the Killeen Police Department initiated a traffic stop on a vehicle. The
driver of the vehicle, later identified as Fenderson, did not have his driver’s license or proof of
insurance on him and gave the officer a fictitious name, Remo Noble, and two different dates of
birth. Melendez and another officer, Michael Swan, ran multiple computer searches on the
information provided and were unable to find anyone with that name, so Melendez prepared to
arrest Fenderson for the offense of failure to identify and asked him to step out of the vehicle.
Fenderson exited the vehicle and immediately ran away, pushing past Melendez as he did so.
Melendez, Swan, and a third officer, Christopher Ache, chased after him.
Swan used a stun gun on Fenderson, specifically a TASER-brand conducted
electrical weapon (“Taser”), causing Fenderson to stumble and enabling Ache to take him to the
ground. Ache fell to the ground with Fenderson, and a struggle ensued between the officers and
Fenderson, with the officers attempting to subdue and arrest Fenderson and Fenderson resisting
their attempts. Melendez testified that Fenderson tried to stand up, refused to “provid[e] his
hands” to the officers, and was “actively striking” them. Melendez added that Fenderson hit him
in the head. Ache recounted, “We’re in a fight with [Fenderson] trying to get him detained. He
kept pushing us off. And one time he took a swing at me but missed so I pinned his arm on the
ground.”
Swan handed his Taser to Ache because Ache’s Taser “came off [his] body”
during the scuffle. As Ache prepared to use Swan’s Taser on Fenderson, “it got knocked out of
his hand” by Fenderson. More specifically, Ache testified that in his offense report, he wrote
that Fenderson “swung his arm and hit the Taser out of [his] hands.” Ache further testified that
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he had “no idea” where the Taser went after it was knocked away from him but that he believed
“[i]t went into the grass somewhere to the side as [] we were fighting.”
At some point during the scrum, Fenderson gained possession of the Taser that
Swan handed to Ache, although the officers did not know how. Ache testified that he never saw
the Taser again after it was knocked away from him, but he heard Melendez yell that Fenderson
“had the Taser and was trying to tase” Melendez. Swan testified, “I’m not sure how [the Taser]
gets loose, honestly, but I know it gets loose and ends up in Mr. Fenderson’s hands.” Melendez
testified that he saw Fenderson holding the Taser, with his finger on the trigger, as he was about
to activate it. Fenderson tased Melendez’s arm, causing him pain, but Melendez’s “long-sleeved
shirt prevented the burn” from the Taser. Melendez grabbed the Taser away from Fenderson and
threw it away from him. As the situation continued to escalate, Ache ran back to his patrol car
and retrieved his K9 dog, and with the K9’s assistance, the officers subdued Fenderson and
placed him under arrest. Melendez suffered injuries during the fight with Fenderson, including a
bleeding lower lip, an injury to his forehead, and an injury to his left wrist. Photos of
Melendez’s injuries were admitted into evidence.
Video recordings of the traffic stop and arrest, taken from the officers’ patrol-car
dash cameras, were admitted into evidence. Although the recordings did not show the struggle
between the officers and Fenderson because it happened off-screen, their voices could be heard
on camera, and one of the officers could be heard yelling, “He’s got a taser! He’s got a taser!
He’s got a taser!” Another officer could be heard yelling, “Let go of the taser!”
Fenderson testified in his defense. Fenderson acknowledged that at the time of
the traffic stop, he had an outstanding arrest warrant for a parole violation and was in possession
of over 70 grams of cocaine. Fenderson testified that he “panicked” and “just ran” when the
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officers asked him to exit the vehicle. When asked why he continued to struggle with the
officers and resist arrest after he was taken to the ground, Fenderson testified, “I wasn’t in the
right frame of mind.” He claimed that at the time of the traffic stop, he was suffering from
“mental issues” and was taking medication for paranoia. Fenderson denied that he was “a
violent person” and denied hitting, punching, or tasing Melendez. Fenderson also testified that
he “didn’t even know” that he had taken the taser and that he “[did not] even know what
happened” during the struggle because he “wasn’t in the right state of mind.”
After hearing the evidence, the district court found Fenderson guilty of the
charged offenses of taking a weapon from a peace officer and assault on a public servant. These
appeals followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“When addressing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider
whether, after viewing all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational
trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Zuniga v. State, 551 S.W.3d 729, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Villa v. State, 514 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017)). “This
standard requires the appellate court to defer ‘to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to
resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from
basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Id. (quoting Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319). “We may not re-weigh
the evidence or substitute our judgment for that of the factfinder.” Id. (citing Williams v. State,
235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). “The court conducting a sufficiency review must
not engage in a ‘divide and conquer’ strategy but must consider the cumulative force of all the
evidence.” Id. at 733 (citing Villa, 514 S.W.3d at 232). Although factfinders “may not speculate
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about the meaning of facts or evidence,” they are permitted to “draw any reasonable inferences
from the facts so long as each inference is supported by the evidence presented at trial.” Id.(citing Cary v. State, 507 S.W.3d 750, 757 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d
9, 16–17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). “We presume that the factfinder resolved any conflicting
inferences from the evidence in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that resolution.” Id. (citing
Merritt v. State, 368 S.W.3d 516, 525 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)). This is because the factfinders
are “the exclusive judges of the facts, the credibility of the witnesses, and the weight to be given
to the testimony.” Id. (citing Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)).
“Direct evidence and circumstantial evidence are equally probative, and circumstantial evidence
alone may be sufficient to uphold a conviction so long as the cumulative force of all the
incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the conviction.” Id. (citing Ramsey v. State,
473 S.W.3d 805, 809 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13).
DISCUSSION
Taking a weapon from a peace officer
As charged in this case, a person commits the offense of taking a weapon from a
peace officer if he “intentionally or knowingly and with force takes . . . from a peace officer . . .
the officer’s . . . stun gun.” 1 Tex. Penal Code § 38.14(b). In his first issue, Fenderson claims
that the evidence is insufficient to show that he intentionally or knowingly and with force took
the Taser from Officer Ache. Fenderson contends that the evidence shows merely that he “ended
up with the Taser after it was dropped or came out of the officer’s holster.” He emphasizes that
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At the time of the alleged offense, the State also was required to prove that the person
took the weapon “with the intention of harming the officer.” See Act of May 22, 2019, 86th
Leg., R.S., ch. 647, § 1, 2019 Tex. Gen. Laws ___, ___ (current version at Tex. Penal Code
38.14(b)). Fenderson does not challenge that element on appeal.
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none of the officers testified that they saw Fenderson take the Taser. In Fenderson’s view,
“[t]hat [he] ended up with the weapon does not connote an intentional and knowing forceful
taking of the Taser” from Ache.
However, Fenderson overlooks other evidence in the record that supports the
district court’s finding that Fenderson did more than merely “end up” with the Taser. It was
undisputed that during the traffic stop, Fenderson ran from police officers, was taken to the
ground, and then fought with the officers as they attempted to subdue and arrest him. It was
during this fight that Fenderson obtained possession of the Taser. Although no officer observed
Fenderson take the weapon, the district court nevertheless could have reasonably inferred from
the evidence that Fenderson intentionally or knowingly and with force took it from Ache.
Melendez testified that Fenderson was “actively striking” the officers during the fight, and Ache
testified that Fenderson “kept pushing us off” him. Then, when Ache attempted to use the Taser
to subdue Fenderson, “it got knocked out of his hand” by Fenderson. Ache wrote in his offense
report that Fenderson “swung his arm and hit the Taser out of [his] hands.” Shortly thereafter,
Fenderson had possession of the Taser and used it on Melendez. The district court could have
reasonably inferred from this evidence that Fenderson took the Taser from Ache with force by
swinging his arm at him and hitting or knocking the Taser out of Ache’s hands. See Dobbs v.
State, 434 S.W.3d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (defining “force” as “violence, compulsion,
or constraint exerted upon or against a person or thing” (citing Merriam–Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary 455 (10th ed. 1996))); see also Olivarez v. State, No. 07-09-00223-CR, 2010 WL
2756917, *6 (Tex. App.—Amarillo July 13, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (concluding under similar facts that evidence was sufficient to prove that defendant
took officer’s stun gun “with force”); Rico v. State, Nos. 13-08-257-CR, -258-CR, 2009 WL
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1623343, at *9 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg June 11, 2009, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (defining “take” as to “get into one’s hands or into one’s possession,
power, or control by force or stratagem”; “to lay or get a hold of with arms, hands, or fingers”; or
“to seize or capture physically” (citing Webster’s Third Int’l Dictionary 2329–30 (1981)).
In arguing that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he took the officer’s
Taser with force, Fenderson cites to Hernandez v. State, 903 S.W.2d 109 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 1995, pet. ref’d), Chadwick v. State, 277 S.W.3d 99, 107 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009), aff’d,
309 S.W.3d 558 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010), and Pryor v. State, Nos. 05-03-00794-CR, -00795-CR,
2004 WL 728867 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 6, 2004, pet. ref’d) (not designated for publication).
However, these cases do not support Fenderson’s position. In Hernandez, the indictment
contained a “descriptive averment” that the defendant took the weapon specifically “by grabbing
the officer’s holstered firearm and attempting to remove it from the holster.” 903 S.W.2d at 113.
The court concluded that the State was required to prove the averment, even though it was not an
element of the offense, and that the State failed to do so. Id. at 113–15. As a result, the court
concluded that the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction. Id. The indictment in
this case contained no such descriptive averment, but even if it did, the Court of Criminal
Appeals has since held that the State is not required to prove immaterial “surplusage” contained
in the indictment. See Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 256–57 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
In Chadwick, the defendant was charged with attempting to take a weapon from a
peace officer. 277 S.W.3d at 101. The defendant had assaulted an officer, and during the
assault, the defendant used his hands, which were handcuffed together, to “pull up” on the
officer’s gun, which was snapped into the officer’s holster. Id. at 102. The defendant did not
remove the gun from the officer’s holster. Id. On appeal, the defendant argued that the evidence
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was insufficient to prove that he committed any act that amounted to “more than mere
preparation” to take the weapon. Id. at 106. This Court disagreed, holding “that pulling on the
gun, an act that would tend to dislodge the weapon and thus allow Chadwick to take possession
and control of it, constitutes attempt to take the weapon.” Id. at 107. Thus, Chadwick, although
distinguishable from this case because it involved an attempt offense, is closer to the State’s
position. Here, Fenderson committed an act that would tend to (and in fact did) dislodge the
weapon—he swung his arms at Ache and knocked the officer’s Taser out of his hands, thus
allowing Fenderson to take possession and control of it.
Similarly, in Pryor, the defendant was charged with attempting to take an
officer’s firearm. 2004 WL 728867, at *1. During an investigatory detention, the defendant ran
away from police officers, and when the officers caught up to him, the defendant fought with one
of the officers who was holding a firearm and attempted to point the gun in the officer’s
direction. Id. at *3. On appeal, the defendant argued that the evidence showed only that he
“attempted to control the officer’s gun hand” and that the evidence was insufficient to prove that
he tried to remove the gun from the officer’s possession. Id. The court disagreed, concluding
that “the term ‘take’ does not require exclusive possession; rather, it means to get into one’s
hands or possession, power, or control.” Id. The evidence showed that the defendant attempted
to “control” or “get a hold” of the officer’s firearm, and the court held that such evidence was
sufficient to support the conviction. Id. There were similar facts in this case. Fenderson ran
from police officers and was resisting arrest when he fought with the officers, and the district
court could have reasonably inferred that Fenderson knocked the Taser out of Ache’s hands so
that Fenderson could “control” or “get a hold” of the weapon and use it against the officers in his
efforts to resist arrest, which he did.
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Finally, to the extent that Fenderson is further arguing that his taking of the
weapon was not “intentional or knowing,” a defendant’s “mental culpability generally must be
inferred from the circumstances under which the prohibited act or omission occurs,” and a
factfinder may “infer the defendant’s requisite intent . . . from any facts tending to prove its
existence, including . . . the defendant’s acts, words, and conduct.” Harmel v. State, 597 S.W.3d
943, 954 (Tex. App.—Austin 2020, no pet.). Here, the circumstances under which Fenderson
obtained the Taser included that he gained possession of it while fighting the officers and
resisting arrest, that he swung his arms at the officer who was holding the Taser and succeeded in
knocking it out of his hands, and that when he obtained the Taser, rather than letting it go as one
of the officers instructed him to do, Fenderson pulled the trigger and used it on Officer
Melendez, who had to grab the Taser away from Fenderson. These circumstances support the
district court’s finding that Fenderson “intentionally or knowingly” took the Taser from Ache.
See Olivarez, 2010 WL 2756917, at *6 (concluding that defendant’s use of Taser and his efforts
to resist arrest and maintain control of Taser despite being instructed by officer to put it down
supported finding that defendant had intent to take Taser). On this record, we conclude that the
evidence is sufficient to prove that Fenderson committed the offense of taking a weapon from a
peace officer.
We overrule Fenderson’s first issue.
Assault on a public servant
In the assault case, the State charged Fenderson with intentionally, knowingly, or
recklessly causing bodily injury to Melendez by striking or pushing or stunning him. In his
second issue, Fenderson asserts that the evidence is insufficient to prove that his conduct was
either “intentional, knowing, or reckless.” Fenderson claims that the evidence shows only that
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he “suffered a mental breakdown when confronted with arrest, and his irrational conduct which
followed was the result of an irrational mental process that prevented his formation of the
requisite intent.”
Because the State charged Fenderson with “intentionally, knowingly, or
recklessly” assaulting Melendez, proof of any one of those culpable mental states will suffice to
support the conviction. See Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 52 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). Thus,
the evidence is sufficient if it shows that Fenderson: (1) had the “conscious objective or desire”
to cause Melendez bodily injury, see Tex. Penal Code § 6.03(a) (defining intentional conduct);
(2) was “aware that his conduct [was] reasonably certain” to cause Melendez bodily injury, see
id. § 6.03(b) (defining knowing conduct); or was “aware of but consciously disregarded a
substantial and unjustifiable risk” that his conduct would cause Melendez bodily injury, see id.§ 6.03(c) (defining reckless conduct). “Absent a judicial confession, the requisite culpable
mental state must ordinarily be inferred from the acts of the accused or the surrounding
circumstances.” Ledesma v. State, 677 S.W.2d 529, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).
Here, the evidence showed that Fenderson struck Melendez on at least three
occasions during the incident—first when he initially ran away from the vehicle and pushed past
Melendez, then when he hit Melendez on the head during the fight, and again when he used the
Taser on Melendez. The evidence also showed that Melendez suffered pain and visible injuries
as a result of Fenderson’s conduct. Based on this evidence, the district court could have
reasonably inferred that at the very least, Fenderson was aware of but consciously disregarded a
substantial and unjustifiable risk that his conduct would cause Melendez bodily injury. See, e.g.,
Lofton v. State, 45 S.W.3d 649, 652 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (“Even if appellant had intended
only to prevent his arrest, the force used by appellant against [the officer], at the very least,
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recklessly caused [the officer] to suffer a bodily injury.”); Griffis v. State, 441 S.W.3d 599, 604–
05 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2014, pet. ref’d) (concluding that evidence was sufficient to
establish that defendant intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused bodily injury to officer
who was attempting to arrest him; “whether [the defendant]’s actions were a result of his
resisting, as opposed to a violent attack on the officers, is . . . irrelevant.”); Johnson v. State, 172
S.W.3d 6, 11–12 (Tex. App.—Austin 2005, pet. ref’d) (concluding that evidence was sufficient
to support finding that defendant “at least acted with the requisite culpable mental state of
recklessness” when she caused bodily injury to officers while resisting their attempts to restrain
her).
As for Fenderson’s argument that his “mental breakdown” prevented him from
forming the requisite intent to assault Melendez, “Texas law, like that of all American
jurisdictions, presumes that a criminal defendant is sane and that he intends the natural
consequences of his acts.” Ruffin v. State, 270 S.W.3d 586, 591 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).
However, Texas law “excuses a defendant from criminal responsibility if he proves, by a
preponderance of the evidence, the affirmative defense of insanity.” Id. at 591–92. “Insanity is
the only ‘diminished responsibility’ or ‘diminished capacity’ defense to criminal responsibility in
Texas.” Id. at 592. Fenderson did not argue at trial, nor does he contend on appeal, that he was
“insane” at the time he assaulted Melendez. He contends only that he suffered from a mental
illness that prevented him from acting “rationally” at the time. “There is simply no defense
recognized by Texas law stating that, due to the defendant’s mental illness, he did not have the
requisite mens rea at the time of the offense because he does not have the capacity, or is
absolutely incapable of ever forming that frame of mind.” Jackson v. State, 160 S.W.3d 568,
575 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Such evidence “may be relevant for mitigation purposes during the
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punishment phase” of trial, see Mays v. State, 318 S.W.3d 368, 381 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010), but
it does not negate Fenderson’s mens rea to commit the offense, see Jackson, 160 S.W.3d at 574–
75.
We overrule Fenderson’s second issue.
Modification of judgment
The judgment of conviction for the offense of assault on a public servant states
that the offense was a third-degree felony. However, the offense as charged was a second-degree
felony. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(b-2). Moreover, the judgment lists the “statute for offense”
as “22.01(b)(1) Texas Penal Code” when it should list “22.01(b-2) Texas Penal Code.” This
Court has authority to modify incorrect judgments when the necessary information is available to
do so. See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(b); Bigley v. State, 865 S.W.2d 26, 27–28 (Tex. Crim. App.
1993); Owens v. State, 549 S.W.3d 735, 745–46 (Tex. App.—Austin 2017, pet. ref’d).
Accordingly, we modify the judgment of conviction for assault on a public servant to reflect that
the offense was a second-degree felony and that the “statute for offense” is “22.01(b-2) Texas
Penal Code.”
CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s judgment of conviction for the offense of taking a
weapon from a peace officer. We modify the judgment of conviction for assault on a public
servant to reflect that the offense was a second-degree felony and that the “statute for offense” is
“22.01(b-2) Texas Penal Code.” As modified, we affirm the judgment of conviction.
__________________________________________
Gisela D. Triana, Justice
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Before Justices Goodwin, Triana, and Smith
No. 03-20-00161-CR
Affirmed
No. 03-20-00162-CR
Modified and, as Modified, Affirmed
Filed: June 3, 2021
Do Not Publish
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