Ryan Camille Roccaforte v. the State of Texas ( 2022 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
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NO. 09-19-00428-CR
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RYAN CAMILLE ROCCAFORTE, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
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On Appeal from the Criminal District Court
Jefferson County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 17-27123
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found Ryan Camille Roccaforte guilty of committing an aggravated
robbery, and he appealed.1 Roccaforte raises two issues in his appeal. First, he argues
that during voir dire, the trial court committed reversible error by allowing the
prosecutor (over his objection) to give the jury a false impression about “the burden
of proof and the law” that applies to claims of self-defense. Second, Roccaforte
1See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.03(a)(2).
1
argues that during his closing argument, the trial court erred in granting the
prosecutor’s objection to an analogy he wanted to use to explain what it means to
prove something beyond reasonable doubt.
For the following reasons, we conclude Roccaforte’s issues lack merit and
affirm.
Background
In 2017, a grand jury indicted Roccaforte, charging him with committing an
aggravated assault. Roccaforte’s indictment alleges that Roccaforte, while
“committing theft of property owned by [James Jones] . . . and with the intent to
obtain and maintain control of said property, intentionally and knowingly and
recklessly cause bodily injury to [James Jones] by stabbing [James Jones] with a
knife[.]”2
All six of the witnesses who testified in the guilt-innocence stage of
Roccaforte’s trial were called by the State. 3 Along with the testimony of the
2Because the Texas constitution grants crime victims “the right to be treated
with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy throughout the
criminal justice process,” we use the alias James Jones when we refer to the
complaining witness in the opinion. Tex. Const. art. I, § 30.
3The witnesses were James Jones (the complaining witness), Bailey Davis
(who was with Jones the night of the alleged robbery), Van Ray Shipp (the owner of
the house where Jones stayed the night the alleged robbery occurred), John Hudson
(a sergeant with the Groves Police Department involved in the investigation police
conducted into the alleged robbery), Mark Blum (an officer with the Groves Police
2
witnesses, the jury had the right to consider the forty-nine exhibits admitted into
evidence during the guilt phase of the trial.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, the evidence at trial
shows that Jones had been selling methamphetamine for Roccaforte for “[a] couple
of months” before Roccaforte came to the residence where Jones was staying, the
location where the robbery and the stabbing occurred.4 About a week before Jones
was robbed, Jones told Roccaforte he no longer wanted to sell Roccaforte’s drugs.
But while Jones claimed he quit working for Roccaforte, Roccaforte appeared at the
residence where Jones was staying with a friend. Roccaforte gave Jones (under
Jones’ account of the events) around three grams of meth. Roccaforte told Jones he
wanted Jones to sell the meth. Roccaforte asked Jones to sell the meth, explaining
“[h]e had just a little bit left to get rid of before he went back to re-up.”
After Roccaforte left Jones with the meth, he called Jones repeatedly
“throughout the night” to inquire about whether the meth had been sold. Jones
testified he had gone to bed, so he was not answering his phone. Early the next
morning (and while it was still dark), Roccaforte returned and walked into the
Department involved in the investigation conducted by police), and Christopher
Robbins (the detective with the Groves Police Department who detained Jones the
night the alleged robbery occurred).
4See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318-19 (1979); Temple v. State, 390
S.W.3d 341, 360 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
3
bedroom, where Jones was in bed with his girlfriend. Roccaforte searched the room
for the meth. Ultimately, he found it on the dresser. After finding the meth,
Roccaforte took Jones’ wallet, the keys to his truck, and his cell phone without
Jones’ permission. According to Jones, he had $200 in his wallet. After taking those
items, Roccaforte struck Jones several times. In response, Jones stood up and took
three or four steps in retreat. At that point, Roccaforte “pulled out a knife” and
stabbed Jones in the arm.
After Roccaforte left, Jones retrieved a 12-guage shotgun from another room.
Jones searched the house and finally found Roccaforte in the garage. Roccaforte ran
from the house while hiding from Jones. As Roccaforte was running to the road,
Jones shot him twice. When Roccaforte went down after being shot, Jones
discovered he no longer had any more shells for his gun. When Jones returned from
the house after retrieving more shells, Roccaforte had gone. Jones searched the
neighborhood to find him, but police found Roccaforte first, as police had gone to
the neighborhood to investigate a reported robbery. When Officer Mark Blum, a
police officer employed by the City of Groves found Roccaforte, he detained him.
Blum testified he detained Jones so that the police could complete their investigation
and determine “exactly what was going on.”
4
When the parties both rested, the court allowed the attorneys representing the
parties a chance to object to the charge. The charge contains no instructions or
questions on the law relevant to anyone’s claim of self-defense. Roccaforte’s
attorney raised no objections to the charge. After the jury returned, the trial court
read the court’s charge. And since self-defense had been mentioned by both
attorneys in voir dire, the trial court told the jury that the charge included no
instructions on the defense even though the attorney for both parties had mentioned
the defense in voir dire. And the trial court also mentioned when it read the charge
that the issue of self-defense “is not applicable under the circumstances and evidence
and law for this particular case. So, you can’t speculate on what self-defense might
be because it is a particular law that has its own instruction that you must have and
consider and understand before you can deliberate on it.”
In one of Roccaforte’s appellate issues, he argues that in closing argument he
“attempted to explain the concept of reasonable doubt but was prevented from doing
so by the trial court.” What actually occurred, however, is that the court stopped
Roccaforte from using an analogy to explain what standard the attorney wanted the
jury to apply to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. In closing, Roccaforte’s
attorney argued:
I believe the Court actually gave you kind of the analogy of the football
field, that the preponderance of the evidence is just beyond the 50-yard
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line, a little bit of a fraction. I’m going to continue that beyond a
reasonable doubt for you, and this is an individual matter. This is not
group thing. Whatever you find is reasonable in your mind is what is
reasonable, and that’s the goal line.
Expecting that Roccaforte’s attorney would continue with the analogy by stating that
proving guilt beyond reasonable doubt required the State’s evidence to be so strong
it reached the end zone, the prosecutor objected, suggesting that in his view, the State
needed to prove guilt based on a standard of 100 percent when the standard that
applies—proving guilt beyond reasonable doubt—differs from proving guilt
“beyond all doubt.”
The trial court sustained the prosecutor’s objection. And after doing so, the
trial court told the jury: “There is no definition, ladies and gentlemen, for what
constitutes beyond a reasonable doubt.” After the ruling, Roccaforte’s attorney
suggested that, proving guilt under a standard of beyond reasonable doubt is a burden
which is “incredibly high,” and should be high since the State, when it charges a
defendant with a crime, is seeking “to deprive someone of their freedom, their
liberty, and that should be high.” Roccaforte’s attorney then explained in detail and
by referring to certain evidence that he did not believe the State had proved
Roccaforte guilty beyond reasonable doubt.
6
When the jury returned with its verdict, it found Roccaforte guilty. In the
punishment hearing, which was also conducted before the jury, the jury found
Roccaforte should serve a thirty-five-year sentence.5
Voir Dire
In Roccaforte’s first issue, he argues he should receive a new trial because the
trial court allowed the prosecutor, over objection and during voir dire, to misstate
the law that applies to a claim of self-defense. The record shows that while
questioning a prospective juror during voir dire, the prosecutor asked whether the
prospective juror would require anything more to establish self-defense in a case that
involved a defendant charged with shooting someone if the defendant said the reason
he shot another was that he was scared. Roccaforte’s attorney objected to the
question and suggested it was improper, arguing the question required “sort of proof
on the defense at that point.” The trial court overruled the objection and told the
defendant’s attorney: “You will have a fair opportunity to voir dire on that issue.”
Of course, at this point in the trial proceedings, the trial court, the prosecutor, and
5An aggravated robbery conviction is a first-degree felony. See Tex. Penal
Code Ann. § 29.03(b). But in Roccaforte’s case, the indictment alleges that before
committing the primary offense, Roccaforte was convicted of an aggravated robbery
in November 2007. The record shows Roccaforte pleaded true to the enhancement
allegation, so the punishment range available on a conviction for committing his
second, first-degree felony exposed him to a sentence of “life, or for any term of not
more than 99 years or less than 15 years.” See id. § 12.42(c)(1).
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perhaps even Roccaforte’s attorney did not know whether Roccaforte might testify
and present an account about the assault and stabbing that was materially different
from the one provided by Jones.
Roccaforte’s first issue concerns an objection that arose during jury selection.
Trial courts are given “broad discretion over the process of selecting a jury.” 6 Under
Texas law, trial courts abuse the discretion they have on matters that arise in
selecting the jury when they “prohibit[] a proper question about a proper area of
inquiry.”7 “A question is proper if it seeks to discover a juror’s views on an issue
applicable to the case.”8
To establish error, the party that complains about the trial court’s alleged error
must establish that an abuse of discretion occurred. 9 Here, the record shows that the
prosecutor thought Roccaforte might testify and claim, if he testified, that he stabbed
Jones in self-defense. For example, in voir dire, the prosecutor explained what the
law in Texas provides when defendant’s claim an assault is justified because the
6Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 755 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Allridge v. State,
762 S.W.2d 146 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).
7Sells, 121 S.W.3d at 755.
8Id. Even so, the attorneys may not, even when asking proper questions,
attempt “to commit the juror to a particular verdict based on particular facts.” Id. at
756. There is no argument here, however, that the question although otherwise
proper, was improper because it was intended to commit the prospective juror to a
particular verdict under the particular facts the State expected to prove in the trial.
9Fuller v. State, 363 S.W.3d 583, 585 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
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defendant was acting in self-defense. After the prospective told the prospective
jurors about the statutory definition relevant to a claim of self-defense, the
prosecutor explained that self-defense requires the force the defendant used to be
reasonable, explaining: “You’ve actually something there to say this reasonably,
ordinary and prudent person would say this is reasonable, right?” Roccaforte’s
attorney never objected while the prosecutor made these statements about Texas law
on self-defense.
Here, the State could not have known whether Roccaforte would testify when
he presented his defense. Since the State did not know that he would not testify, we
see nothing improper about the prosecutor’s questioning prospective jurors about
their general attitudes as they related to a potential claim of self-defense. 10 Certainly,
we recognize that the State has the burden of persuasion on self-defense when
evidence is presented that raise the elements needed to prove self-defense. 11 Even
so, the defendant (not the State) has the burden to produce evidence on self- defense,
even though that evidence may come before the jury during the State’s case-in-chief
or when the defendant presents evidence to support his defense. 12
10Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 9.31(a).
11See Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 913 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
12Id.
9
Here, the record shows the prosecutor, anticipating a possible claim of self-
defense, allowed the attorneys to question the prospective jurors about their general
attitudes about self-defense. Had Roccaforte produced some evidence on the
elements needed to prove self-defense, whether that evidence came before the jury
during the State’s presentation of its case-in-chief or when the defendant presented
his defense, the trial court would have been required to instruct the jury on the law
as it applies to self-defense. 13 But in voir dire, the trial court would not have known
whether or not self-defense might be raised by evidence not yet presented, so it was
within the trial court’s discretion to allow the attorneys to question the prospective
jurors about their general views on self-defense. The question the prosecutor asked
about self-defense concerns a hypothetical shooting, a scenario far different from the
facts at issue here. So, whether the question should or should not have been allowed
is a matter that falls in the zone of reasonable disagreement.14 It follows that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by allowing the prosecutor to question jurors about
what type of evidence they might want to consider in a case involving a shooting
that involved a claim the defendant shot the person while acting in self-defense.15
We overrule Roccaforte’s first issue.
13Jordan v. State, 593 S.W.3d 340, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020).
14Gonzalez v. State, 544 S.W.3d 363, 370 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018).
15Id.
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Closing Argument
In issue two, Roccaforte contends the trial court erred in sustaining the
objection the prosecutor made to an analogy Roccaforte’s attorney wanted to ask the
jury to consider in measuring whether Roccaforte’s guilt had been proven beyond
reasonable doubt. Roccaforte suggests that because the trial court sustained the
objection, he was prevented “from explaining reasonable doubt.”
Complaints that concern objections lodged during a party’s final argument are
reviewed for abuse of discretion. 16 A trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling
falls outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. 17 In deciding whether an abuse of
discretion occurred, we are to consider the remark in the context “in which it
appears.”18
Roccaforte claims the trial court kept his attorney from explaining reasonable
doubt by using a football-field analogy, an analogy the prosecutor expected to lead
to an argument that the State needed to cross the goal line on the football field to
prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt. The trial court could have inferred that is where
the prosecutor expected the analogy to lead, given the context in which the objection
State, 572 S.W.3d 234, 240-41 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019).
16Milton v.
17Gonzalez, 544 S.W.3d at 370.
18See Gaddis v. State, 753 S.W.2d 396, 398 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988).
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occurred and given the prosecutor’s suggestion that the attorney’s argument implied
the State had to prove guilt by “100 percent” or guilt “beyond all doubt.”
Trial courts may control arguments by attorneys that the court perceives to be
misleading as compared to the instructions in the charge. 19 When the trial court
sustained the prosecutor’s objection, it told the jury there is no definition under
Texas law for “what constitutes beyond a reasonable doubt.” Certainly, the trial court
continued that proving guilt beyond reasonable doubt does not mean “the State has
the burden of proving its case beyond all reasonable doubt[.]”20 Then, it clarified
that proving a matter “beyond a reasonable doubt” requires more proof than proving
something by a preponderance of the evidence, and to prove guilt beyond reasonable
doubt does not require proof beyond all possible doubt.21
The trial court’s charge does not define beyond reasonable doubt. 22 The trial
court told the jury there was no definition of the term under Texas law, and it told
the jury that what the term meant is a matter that is left to the collective wisdom and
experience of the jurors. We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
19See Loar v. State, 627 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).
20Fuller, 363 S.W.3d at 587; Murphy v. State, 112 S.W.3d 592, 597 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003).
21See, e.g., Fuller, 363 S.W.3d at 587; Mays v. State, 318 S.W.3d 368, 389
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010).
22See Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2000).
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sustaining the prosecutor’s objection to the defendant’s attorney’s argument
analogizing the State’s burden by using a hypothetical analogy that ran the risk that
some jurors might have understood the State’s burden by viewing it through the lens
of potentially misleading football-field analogy referring to a goal line to require the
State to prove guilt beyond all doubt. Because the trial court did not abuse its
discretion, Roccaforte’s second issue is overruled.
Conclusion
Having overruled both of Roccaforte’s issues, the trial court’s judgment is
AFFIRMED.
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HOLLIS HORTON
Justice
Submitted on September 28, 2021
Opinion Delivered January 12, 2022
Do Not Publish
Before Kreger, Horton and Johnson, JJ.
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