Justin Edward Panus v. the State of Texas ( 2022 )

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-20-00099-CR
Justin Edward Panus, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE 368TH DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY
NO. 16-2610-K368, THE HONORABLE RICK J. KENNON, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Justin Edward Panus is serving a life sentence for aggravated kidnapping and
unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. See Panus v. State, No. 03-17-00719-CR, 2018 Tex.
App. LEXIS 7015, at *1, *20 (Tex. App.—Austin Aug. 30, 2018, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not
designated for publication) (affirming both convictions). He filed a motion for postconviction
forensic DNA testing that included a request for court-appointed counsel under chapter 64 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 64.01(a-1), (c). The district court
signed an order denying the motion. 1
On appeal, Panus contends that the district court abused its discretion by: (1) not
issuing findings in support of its ruling; (2) not complying with article 64.02(a) concerning
1 We previously abated this appeal and remanded the cause to the district court for entry
of an order. Panus v. State, No. 03-20-00099-CR, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 2612, at *1 & n.1
(Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 31, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (noting
that docket entry dated “01/17/2020” would not substitute for signed order on motion).
notice to the State’s attorney and action by the State’s attorney in response to the motion; and
(3) denying the motion for DNA testing. We will affirm the district court’s order.
BACKGROUND
The evidence presented during Panus’s trial was discussed fully in our opinion
affirming both his convictions. See Panus, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS 7015, at *1-4. Briefly, these
offenses involved Panus’s abduction of his ex-girlfriend Christina Cooper from the home of her
fiancé Matthew Gauthier in the early morning hours of September 25, 2016, and Panus’s
possession of a pistol when arrested. Id. at *1-2, *4.
The jury heard Cooper’s firsthand account about Panus’s commission of the
aggravated-kidnapping offense, supported in part by Gauthier’s testimony about the events he
witnessed and law enforcement officers’ testimony about their investigation. Id. at *19-20.
Cooper testified about Panus’s confrontation of her at the house, his abduction of her, and her
eventual escape from him. Id. at *4. Panus used a gun to barge into the house, threatened
Gauthier at gunpoint, dragged Cooper out of the house, and forced her into his truck. 2 Id. at *2.
Panus placed the gun on his lap, visible to Cooper, while he drove. Id. During the drive to his
apartment, Panus hit Cooper’s face with the gun and threatened her, “If we get out and you make
a scene, I swear to God I’ll kill you right here.” Id. When Panus parked the truck at his
apartment complex and got out, Cooper escaped from the passenger side and ran away. Id.
The jury also heard testimony as to Panus’s commission of the unlawful-
possession-of-a-firearm offense. Detective Woodson Blase testified about his part of the
investigation to locate and arrest Panus. Id. at *4. Detective Blase stated that Panus refused to
2 The gun used in the kidnapping was admitted into evidence during trial as State’s
Exhibit 57.
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comply with police commands to show his hands when they approached him and that Panus
reached toward his waistband, where officers found a subcompact pistol. Id. This firearm was
not the one involved in the kidnapping. 3 Defense counsel pointed this out during a bench
conference, when he objected that Detective Blase’s testimony was irrelevant “to whether or not
[Panus] used a deadly weapon in the kidnapping” and that “the weapon that was used in this
event” had already been identified. Id. at *2, *8. After hearing the evidence, the jury convicted
Panus of aggravated kidnapping and unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon as charged in
the indictment.
Panus filed a postconviction motion for DNA testing. The district court denied
the motion and implicitly, the embedded request for court-appointed counsel. 4 This
appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
Panus contends that the district court abused its discretion by: (1) not issuing
findings in support of its ruling; (2) not complying with article 64.02(a) concerning notice to the
State’s attorney and action by the State’s attorney in response to the motion; and (3) denying the
motion for DNA testing.
Forensic DNA Testing Under Chapter 64
Chapter 64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that “[a] convicted person
may submit to the convicting court a motion for forensic DNA testing of evidence that has a
3 The pistol that Panus had when he was arrested was admitted into evidence as State’s
Exhibit 62.
4 Panus does not complain about his lack of court-appointed counsel for the DNA-
testing motion.
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reasonable likelihood of containing biological material.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 64.01(a-1).
But “a person’s effort to secure testing under Chapter 64 does not involve any constitutional
considerations,” Ex parte Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d 883, 892 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), and “there is
no free-standing due-process right to DNA testing,” Ramirez v. State, 621 S.W.3d 711, 717 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2021). Rather, post-conviction forensic DNA testing is authorized only if certain
statutory requirements are met. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 64.01, .03. The convicting court
must order DNA testing under chapter 64 only if it finds that:
1. the evidence “still exists and is in a condition making DNA testing possible”;
2. the evidence “has been subjected to a chain of custody sufficient to establish
that it has not been substituted, tampered with, replaced, or altered in any
material respect”;
3. “there is a reasonable likelihood that the evidence contains biological material
suitable for DNA testing; and”
4. “identity was or is an issue in the case[.]”
Ramirez, 621 S.W.3d at 717 (quoting Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 64.03(a)(1)). Further, the
convicted person must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that:
1. he “would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been obtained
through DNA testing; and”
2. “the request for the proposed DNA testing is not made to unreasonably delay
the execution of sentence or administration of justice.”
Id. at 717-18 (quoting Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 64.03(a)(2)).
In reviewing a ruling on a chapter 64 motion for DNA testing, we give “almost
total deference to the judge’s resolution of historical fact issues supported by the record and
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application-of-law-to-fact issues turning on witness credibility and demeanor.” Id. But when, as
here, a live hearing is not convened, witness testimony is not presented, and “the trial record and
affidavit of the Appellant are the only sources of information supporting the motion,” “the trial
court is in no better position” than an appellate court to decide the issues, and our review is de
novo. See Smith v. State, 165 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Weems v. State,
550 S.W.3d 776, 779 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018, no pet.).
Panus’s postconviction motion for DNA testing concerns a Smith & Wesson 9mm
handgun that was admitted into evidence during trial as State’s Exhibit 57. According to Panus,
testing of that handgun would produce “exculpatory results” showing that he did not strike
Cooper with it. He contends that if he had “hit Cooper with the handgun in the manner described
by her, and with such force as to cause a wound, there would be blood and skin tissue on the
handgun” and that the absence of such DNA would establish that he did not strike her. He
further contends that Gauthier caused Cooper’s injury and that he was “attempting to save
Cooper from Gauthier’s abuse.”
However, Panus does not allege that identity was or is an issue in the case or that
he would not have been convicted if exculpatory DNA testing results had been obtained. Cf.
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 64.03(a); see Ex parte Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d 883, 891 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2011) (noting that reasonable grounds for testing are not present “if identity was not or is
not an issue”); see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 64.03(a)(1)(C). Additionally, Panus failed to
show that DNA testing under chapter 64 would establish by a preponderance of the evidence that
he would not have been convicted. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A); see
Swearingen v. State, 303 S.W.3d 728, 732 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (vacating trial court’s order
for DNA testing under chapter 64 and noting that convicted person could not establish by
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preponderance of evidence that he would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been
obtained through DNA testing). Moreover, the record does not support Panus’s assertion that
testing the handgun for the presence of Cooper’s DNA would produce “exculpatory results.”
“[E]xculpatory results” means “only those results excluding the convicted person
as the donor of this material.” LaRue v. State, 518 S.W.3d 439, 446 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). “A
‘favorable’ DNA test result must be the sort of evidence that would affirmatively cast doubt
upon the validity of the inmate’s conviction.” Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d at 892. “[I]f DNA testing
would not determine the identity of the person who committed the offense or would not
exculpate the accused, then the requirement of Article 64.03(a)(2)(A) has not been met.” Prible
v. State, 245 S.W.3d 466, 470 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); see Peyravi v. State, 440 S.W.3d 248,
249 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (“The purpose of DNA testing under article
64.03 is to provide an avenue by which a defendant may seek to establish his innocence by
excluding himself as the perpetrator of the offense.”).
Here, the record shows that Cooper and Gauthier identified Panus during trial as
the perpetrator of the kidnapping, and on direct appeal, there was no issue as to the sufficiency of
the evidence proving Panus’s identity as the kidnapper. See Panus, 2018 Tex. App. LEXIS
7015, at *1, *4, *19-20. Panus does not suggest otherwise but claims that he was only
“attempting to save Cooper” from Gauthier’s abuse. The DNA testing that Panus sought—to
show the alleged absence of Cooper’s DNA on the handgun admitted as State’s Exhibit 57—
would not exculpate him for the aggravated kidnapping of Cooper or for the unlawful possession
of the firearm admitted as State’s Exhibit 62. Cf. Prible, 245 S.W.3d at 470.
In sum, Panus failed to show that identity was an issue in this case or that
favorable DNA testing of the handgun would “affirmatively cast doubt upon the validity of [his]
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conviction” for aggravated kidnapping or unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. Cf.
Gutierrez, 337 S.W.3d at 892. Thus, Panus failed to establish his entitlement to DNA testing
under articles 64.01(b)(1) and 64.03(a), and the district court correctly denied Panus’s motion for
postconviction forensic DNA testing. See Ramirez, 621 S.W.3d at 717 (recognizing that “a court
must order testing only if the statutory preconditions are met”). We overrule Panus’s third issue.
Findings Supporting Ruling
Panus also contends that the district court abused its discretion by not issuing
findings in support of its ruling denying forensic DNA testing. He states that “the 14th
Amendment requires that when a statutory right to appeal is granted, that review must be
effectual and meaningful” and that his appeal cannot be meaningful without trial-court findings
providing “the specific basis as to why the trial court reached its conclusion.” Additionally, he
asserts that the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment applies to this appeal because article
64.05 provides for an appeal from a trial court’s denial of a motion for forensic DNA testing.
But “[n]othing in article 64.03 or the rest of chapter 64 requires the trial judge to
make written findings when denying a defendant’s motion for forensic DNA testing.” Dixon
v. State, 242 S.W.3d 929, 933 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). Our review in this appeal is
de novo, and our determination does not depend on any issue requiring deference to the trial
court. See Smith, 165 S.W.3d at 363; Weems, 550 S.W.3d at 779. Finally, no constitutional
considerations are involved in a person’s effort to secure chapter 64 testing. Ex parte Gutierrez,
337 S.W.3d at 892. Because Panus made no showing that the district court was required to issue
findings supporting its denial of forensic DNA testing, we overrule Panus’s first issue.
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Notice of and Response to Motion
Lastly, Panus contends that the district court abused its direction by not
complying with article 64.02(a) concerning notice to the State’s attorney and action by the
State’s attorney in response to the motion. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 64.02(a)(2) (directing
convicting court to provide State’s attorney with copy of motion for DNA testing and to require
State’s attorney to deliver evidence to court with description). Panus complains that the district
court originally denied his motion for DNA testing on January 2, 2020, “the very day that the
motion was filed,” thereby showing its noncompliance with section 64.02(a). However, Panus
does not explain how he was harmed by the alleged noncompliance. On this record, we conclude
that he cannot do so.
The record reflects an undated notation of “denied” on Panus’s motion for DNA
testing and a docket entry showing that the motion was denied on “01/17/2020,” more than two
weeks after it was filed. See Panus v. State, No. 03-20-00099-CR, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 2612,
at *1 & n.1 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 31, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication). We abated this appeal for entry of a written order, see id. at *1, and on April 2,
2020, the district court signed an order denying Panus’s motion. Thus, the record does not show
that the motion for DNA testing was denied “the very day that the motion was filed.”
Significantly, we have determined that the district court properly denied Panus’s
motion because Panus failed to meet certain threshold requirements for DNA testing under
chapter 64; specifically, not showing that “identity was or is an issue in the case,” see Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. art. 64.03(a)(1)(C), and not showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he
“would not have been convicted if exculpatory results had been obtained through DNA testing,”
see id. art. 64.03(a)(2)(A). Given our determination that denial of the motion for DNA testing
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was proper, nothing shows that Panus was harmed by the alleged lack of notice to and response
from the State’s attorney before the deficient motion was denied. See Peyravi, 440 S.W.3d at
250 (concluding that “[b]ecause the trial court properly denied appellant’s motion for post-
conviction DNA testing, the court’s alleged failure to forward the motion to the State was
harmless”); In re McBride, 82 S.W.3d 395, 396 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, no pet.); see also
Engle v. State, No. 06-19-00214-CR, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 5862, at *3-4 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana July 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Accordingly, we
overrule Panus’s second and final issue.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the district court’s order.
__________________________________________
Darlene Byrne, Chief Justice
Before Chief Justice Byrne, Justices Baker and Smith
Affirmed
Filed: January 26, 2022
Do Not Publish
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