Johnny Len Kellogg v. the State of Texas ( 2022 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana
No. 06-21-00058-CR
JOHNNY LEN KELLOGG, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 124th District Court
Gregg County, Texas
Trial Court No. 51825-B
Before Morriss, C.J., Stevens and Carter,* JJ.
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Stevens
_______________
*Jack Carter, Justice, Retired, Sitting by Assignment
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A Gregg County jury convicted Johnny Len Kellogg of failure to register as a sex
offender1 and, after his punishment was enhanced by two prior felony convictions,2 assessed him
ninety-nine years’ imprisonment. In this appeal, Kellogg (1) challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting his conviction and (2) asserts that the trial court erred (a) in its charge to the
jury, (b) in admitting certain photographic evidence during the punishment hearing, and (c) in
assessing time payment fees in its judgment. Because we find that sufficient evidence supported
the conviction, that any jury-charge error did not cause egregious harm, and that any error in
admitting photographic evidence was harmless, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. However,
we modify the judgment by deleting the time payment fees and to correct the statute of offense.
I. Sufficient Evidence Supports Kellogg’s Conviction
In his first issue, Kellogg challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction. “In evaluating legal sufficiency, we review all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the trial court’s judgment to determine whether any rational jury could have found
the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” Williamson v. State, 589
S.W.3d 292, 297 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, pet. ref’d) (citing Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d
893, 912 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (plurality op.); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979);
Hartsfield v. State, 305 S.W.3d 859, 863 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2010, pet. ref’d)). “Our
rigorous legal sufficiency review focuses on the quality of the evidence presented.” Id. (citing
1
See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 62.102(b)(2).
2
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(d).
2
Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 917–18 (Cochran, J., concurring)). “We examine legal sufficiency under
the direction of the Brooks opinion, while giving deference to the responsibility of the jury ‘to
fairly resolve conflicts in testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences
from basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Id. (quoting Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007); citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 318–19; Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007)).
“In our review, we consider ‘events occurring before, during and after the commission of
the offense and may rely on actions of the defendant which show an understanding and common
design to do the prohibited act.’” Williamson, 589 S.W.3d at 297 (quoting Hooper, 214 S.W.3d
at 13 (quoting Cordova v. State, 698 S.W.2d 107, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985))). “It is not
required that each fact ‘point directly and independently to the guilt of the appellant, as long as
the cumulative force of all the incriminating circumstances is sufficient to support the
conviction.’” Id. (quoting Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13). “Circumstantial evidence and direct
evidence are equally probative in establishing the guilt of a defendant, and guilt can be
established by circumstantial evidence alone.” Id. (citing Ramsey v. State, 473 S.W.3d 805, 809
(Tex. Crim. App. 2015); Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13 (citing Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49
(Tex. Crim. App. 2004))). “Further, ‘we must consider all of the evidence admitted at trial, even
if that evidence was improperly admitted.’” Id. (quoting Fowler v. State, 517 S.W.3d 167, 176
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2017), rev’d in part by 544 S.W.3d 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018), (citing
Moff v. State, 131 S.W.3d 485, 489–90 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004))).
3
“Legal sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements of the offense as defined
by a hypothetically correct jury charge.” Id. at 298 (quoting Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240
(Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). “The ‘hypothetically correct’ jury charge is ‘one that accurately sets
out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of
proof or unnecessarily restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the
particular offense for which the defendant was tried.’” Id. (quoting Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 240).
Under the statute and the indictment, the State was required to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that, on or about April 30, 2018, Kellogg (1) knew that he was required to register under
Chapter 62 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure because of a reportable conviction for
sexual battery/indecency with a child by contact, (2) resided or intended to reside in the City of
Longview for more than seven days, (3) and failed to register with the local law enforcement
authority in Longview by the seventh day after he arrived in Longview. See TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. arts. 62.051(a)(1), 62.102(a), (b)(2). Kellogg only challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the finding that he resided or intended to reside in Longview for more than
seven days.3
Article 62.051(a) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure requires a person with a
reportable conviction to register with the local law enforcement authority in any municipality or
county “where the person resides or intends to reside for more than seven days.” TEX. CODE
3
Kellogg does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the findings that he knew he was required to
register under Chapter 62 because of a reportable conviction for sexual battery/indecency with a child by contact or
that he failed to do so by the seventh day after his arrival in Longview. Nevertheless, the record shows that
sufficient evidence established (1) that Kellogg had been convicted of sexual battery in Louisiana, an offense
substantially similar to indecency with a child by contact, which is a reportable conviction under Chapter 62, see
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 62.001(5)(A) (Supp.), (2) that he knew of his registration requirement, and
(3) that he had never registered as a sex offender in Longview.
4
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 62.051(a). As Kellogg correctly points out, the Texas Court of Criminal
Appeals has held that the “resides” language in Article 62.051(a) “clearly envisions a person’s
physical presence and his establishment of a domicile.” Herron v. State, 625 S.W.3d 144, 155
(Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (citing Reside, MERRIAM-WEBSTER’S NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY
(9th ed. 1986) (“to dwell permanently or continuously”; “occupy a place as one’s legal
domicile”); Reside, WEBSTER’S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY (3d ed. 1981) (to “have a
settled abode for a time: have one’s residence or domicile”)).
The evidence at trial relevant to Kellogg’s residing in or intending to reside in Longview
for seven or more days showed that, on July 6, 2017, Kellogg was arrested by Longview police.
Although the arrest records identified the arrestee as “George Purland, Jr.,” Captain Luke
Whitehead and Detective Kirby DeLoach of the Longview Police Department (LPD) testified
that the fingerprints of the arrestee taken at the time matched Kellogg’s fingerprints. Also, a
photograph of the arrestee taken by the LPD at the time was identified as Kellogg. At the time of
the arrest, Kellogg told the arresting officer that his residence was the Globe Inn in Longview.
Kellogg was arrested a second time by the LPD on October 31, 2017, at which time he
identified himself as “George W. Purland, Jr.” Based on the fingerprints of the arrestee and a
photograph taken at the time by the LPD, Kellogg was identified as that arrestee also. Kellogg
gave his residence address at the time of that arrest as 1300 East Marshall Avenue in Longview.4
On June 16, 2018, Kellogg was again arrested by the LPD and identified himself as
“George Purland.” Based on his fingerprints and a photograph taken at the time by the LPD,
4
The Globe Inn was located at 1300 East Marshall Avenue in Longview.
5
Kellogg was identified as the arrestee. At the time of his third arrest, Kellogg gave his residence
address as 1300 East Marshall Avenue in Longview.5
The State also introduced a text message extracted from a cell phone associated with
Kellogg that was sent on February 10, 2018, from Kellogg (using the alias “Skool”) in which he
stated that he was leaving McDonald’s and was “gonna walk down toward the globe.” Detective
Chris Bethard testified that he believed that the text referenced the McDonald’s on East Marshall
and the Globe Inn, which was east of the McDonald’s. The evidence also showed that there
were people who lived at the Globe Inn for long periods of time.
Kellogg argues that this evidence only shows that he was staying at the Globe Inn on the
days that he was arrested but does not show that he resided there for any seven-day period.
However, the jury is allowed “to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.”
Williamson, 589 S.W.3d at 297 (quoting Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 13). Because Kellogg
consistently identified the address of the Globe Inn in Longview as his place of residence over a
period of months, the jury could reasonably infer that he had continuously dwelt there during that
time. See Herron, 625 S.W.3d at 155. For that reason, we find that sufficient evidence
supported the jury’s finding that Kellogg resided in Longview for seven or more days and that he
failed to register with the LPD. See Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 10–11 (Tex. Crim. App.
2014) (evidence that defendant told police officer he had moved to an address different from his
registered address was sufficient to show that he intended to and did reside at the new address on
5
Although the fingerprint card and criminal history reporting form listed Kellogg’s address as 1500 East Marshall
Avenue, the arrest report and booking report listed his address as 1300 East Marshall Avenue. Whitehead testified
that, during the booking process, LPD staff verifies the arrestee’s then-current address.
6
that date); Rollings v. State, No. 13-02-384-CR, 2004 WL 1124471, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus
Christi May 20, 2004, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication)6 (holding evidence that
defendant had identified his residence as an address in Ingleside in loan documents and on police
reports dating from October 2001 sufficient to show that he resided in Ingleside for seven or
more days). We overrule Kellogg’s first issue.
II. Jury-Charge Error
In his second and third issues, Kellogg asserts that the trial court submitted erroneous
instructions in its jury charge. “We employ a two-step process in our review of alleged jury-
charge error.” Murrieta v. State, 578 S.W.3d 552, 554 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, no pet.)
(citing Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). “Initially, we determine
whether error occurred and then evaluate whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to
require reversal.” Id. (quoting Wilson v. State, 391 S.W.3d 131, 138 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2012, no pet.) (citing Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731–32)).
“[T]he jury is the exclusive judge of the facts, but it is bound to receive the law from the
court and be governed thereby.” Id. (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.13). “A trial
court must submit a charge setting forth the ‘law applicable to the case.’” Id. (quoting Lee v.
State, 415 S.W.3d 915, 917 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, pet. ref’d) (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM.
PROC. ANN. art. 36.14)). “The purpose of the jury charge . . . is to inform the jury of the
applicable law and guide them in its application. It is not the function of the charge merely to
6
“Although unpublished opinions have no precedential value, we may take guidance from them ‘as an aid in
developing reasoning that may be employed.’” Rhymes v. State, 536 S.W.3d 85, 99 n.9 (Tex. App.—Texarkana
2017, pet. ref’d) (quoting Carrillo v. State, 98 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2003, pet. ref’d)).
7
avoid misleading or confusing the jury: it is the function of the charge to lead and prevent
confusion.” Id. (quoting Lee, 415 S.W.3d at 917; Delgado v. State, 235 S.W.3d 244, 249 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007)).
A. Any Error in the Trial Court’s Date of Offense Instruction Did Not Result in
Egregious Harm
In its jury charge during the guilt/innocence phase, the trial court included the following
instruction:
Date of offense: You are further charged as the law in this case that the
State is not required to prove the exact date alleged in the indictment but may
prove the offense, if any, to have been committed any time prior to the day on
which the indictment was presented. In this case, the Court has taken judicial
notice that the indictment was presented on the 29th day of April, 2021. You are
instructed that the jury may, but is not required to[,] accept as conclusive any fact
judicially noticed.[7]
Kellogg argues that this instruction was erroneous because it did not advise the jury of the
applicable three-year statute of limitations, and it did not limit the jury’s consideration to conduct
that occurred within the limitations period.
As Kellogg points out, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that, when an
indictment, as in this case, alleges that an offense occurred on or about a certain date, “the ‘on or
about’ language of an indictment allows the State to prove a date other than the one alleged in
the indictment as long as the date is anterior to the presentment of the indictment and within the
statutory limitation period.” Sledge v. State, 953 S.W.2d 253, 256 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
Consequently, generally when the trial court gives an “on or about” instruction, in addition to
7
This instruction is commonly referred to as an “on or about” instruction. See, e.g., Brown v. State, No. 02-14-
00285-CR, 2016 WL 673541, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Feb. 18, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication).
8
instructing the jury that the State “may prove the offense, if any, to have been committed any
time prior to the day on which the indictment was presented,” the jury will be further instructed
“so long as said offense, if any, occurred within (the applicable statute of limitations)”8 and will
then be give an instruction regarding when the indictment was presented.9
Even so, as the State points out, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has also held that
the statute of limitations is a defensive issue that “is forfeited if not asserted at or before the
guilt/innocence [phase] of trial.” Proctor v. State, 967 S.W.2d 840, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998);
see also Ex parte Heilman, 456 S.W.3d 159, 169 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (reaffirming Proctor’s
holding that limitations defenses, except those involving legislative ex post facto violations, are
forfeitable rights). The court acknowledged that, if the defendant requests a jury instruction on
limitations and there is some evidence that the prosecution is limitations-barred, then the trial
court must give a limitations instruction. Proctor, 967 S.W.2d at 844. But it went on to hold
that, if the limitations defense is not raised before or during the guilt/innocence phase of trial, the
State is not required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the prosecution is not barred by
limitations. Id. at 845.
In addition, although Article 36.14 requires the “trial court [to] submit a charge setting
forth the law ‘applicable to the case,’” it does not impose a duty on the trial court “to sua sponte
instruct the jury on unrequested defensive issues.” Posey v. State, 966 S.W.2d 57, 62 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1998) (quoting TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14). Rather, “a defensive issue
8
Brown, 2016 WL 673541, at *4. The applicable statute of limitations in this case is three years. See TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 12.01(8) (Supp.).
9
See, e.g., Brown, 2016 WL 673541, at *4.
9
is not ‘applicable to the case’ for purposes of Article 36.14 unless the defendant timely requests
the issue or objects to the omission of the issue in the jury charge.” Id. In such an instance, “a
trial court does not err by failing to instruct the jury on an issue that was, by virtue of the
defendant’s silence, simply inapplicable to the case.” Mendez v. State, 545 S.W.3d 548, 552
(Tex. Crim. App. 2018).
In this case, there was evidence from which the jury could infer that Kellogg committed
the offense either at a time that was barred by the statute of limitations or at a time that was not
limitations-barred. Nevertheless, Kellogg did not assert the limitations defense before or at the
guilt/innocence phase. He also did not request an instruction on limitations or object to the
absence of an instruction on limitations in the jury charge.
The trial court was obligated to “submit a charge setting forth the ‘law applicable to the
case.’” Murrieta, 578 S.W.3d at 554 (quoting Lee, 415 S.W.3d at 917) (quoting TEX. CODE
CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.14). So, the determination of whether, under the circumstances of this
case, the trial court was required to include in its “on or about” instruction language limiting the
jury’s consideration to an offense that occurred within the statute of limitations requires a
determination of the law applicable to this case. Kellogg argues that, because the indictment
alleged an on or about date, under Sledge, the State was only allowed to prove a date of offense
within the statute of limitations, and consequently, the “on or about” instruction must contain the
limiting language. The State argues that, since Kellogg never raised a statute of limitations issue
at or before the guilt/innocence phase of the trial, under Proctor, the State had no obligation to
prove that the prosecution was not limitations-barred, and because limitations was an unasserted
10
defensive issue, it was not law applicable to the case. Consequently, the State argues that the
trial court did not err by not including the limiting language in its “on or about” instruction.
Neither Kellogg nor the State has cited, and we have not found, any authority
determining whether, under circumstances similar to this case, a trial court errs by not including
language limiting the jury’s consideration to an offense that occurred within the statute of
limitations when it gives an “on or about” instruction. And we need not make this determination
since, even if we assume the trial court erred, any error did not result in egregious harm.
“The level of harm necessary to require reversal due to jury charge error is dependent
upon whether the appellant properly objected to the error.” Id. at 555 (citing Abdnor, 871
S.W.2d at 732). Because Kellogg did not object to the charge, we will not reverse the judgment
“unless the record shows the error resulted in egregious harm, Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738,
743–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App.
1984) (op. on reh’g)), such that he did not receive a fair and impartial trial.” Id. (citing Almanza,
686 S.W.2d at 171; Loun v. State, 273 S.W.3d 406, 416 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2008, no pet.)).
“Jury-charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects the very basis of the case, deprives the
defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a defensive theory.” Id. (quoting Stuhler v. State,
218 S.W.3d 706, 719 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007)). “In making this determination, we review ‘the
entire jury charge, the state of the evidence, the argument of counsel, and any other relevant
information in the record as a whole.’” Id. (quoting Villarreal v. State, 205 S.W.3d 103, 106
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. dism’d, untimely filed) (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171)).
11
“Direct evidence of harm is not required to establish egregious harm.” Id. (citing Hutch v. State,
922 S.W.2d 166, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996)).
In support of his argument that the instruction caused him egregious harm, Kellogg points
to the evidence of his arrests in Longview on July 6, 2017, October 31, 2017, and June 16, 2018,
two of which dates fell outside the applicable statute of limitations. He also points to one
statement in the State’s final argument in which the State told the jury that it could make
reasonable inferences from the timeline that showed that Kellogg claimed to be living in
Longview from July 6, 2017, to June 16, 2018.
That said, the record, as a whole, showed that the evidence of Kellogg’s presence in
Longview on various dates before April 29, 2018, was in support of the State’s allegation that,
on or about April 30, 2018, Kellogg failed to register as a sex offender when he resided or
intended to reside in Longview for seven or more days. In its opening statement, the State
informed the jury that it was going to prove that Kellogg failed to register as a sex offender on
April 30, 2018. Further, in its final argument, the State on three occasions pointed the jury to the
April 30, 2018, to June 16, 2018, timeframe as the relevant time in which it was required to find
that Kellogg failed to register when he resided, or intended to reside, in Longview for seven or
more days. This was consistent with the trial court’s instruction in the application portion of its
charge that required the jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that, on or about April 30, 2018,
Kellogg resided or intended to reside in Longview for more than seven days and failed to register
by the seventh day of his arrival in the jurisdiction. Although the State also pointed to the
evidence that showed Kellogg claimed to be living in Longview when he was arrested in 2017,
12
and the text messages indicated that he was in Longview in February 2018, it was in the context
of explaining to the jury that it could make reasonable inferences from this evidence that Kellogg
resided or intended to reside in Longview for more than seven days during the April 30, 2018, to
June 16, 2018, time period.
Kellogg also stressed to the jury, both in his opening statement and in final argument, that
the main issue in the case was whether the State proved that he resided or intended to reside in
Longview for more than seven days on April 30, 2018. In his final argument, Kellogg went on
to argue that the State’s evidence that he was arrested in Longview on July 6 and October 31,
2017, did not show that he intended to reside or resided in Longview then, or on April 30, 2018.
Finally, Kellogg did not make a statute of limitations objection to the arrest records from
2017 or to the phone records that showed his presence in Longview before April 30, 2018.
Neither did he ask for an instruction limiting the jury’s consideration of that evidence. As a
result, the jury was free to consider the evidence for all purposes, including as evidence that
Kellogg resided in, or intended to reside in, Longview on or about April 30, 2018.
Based on this record, we cannot say that any alleged error in the trial court’s “on or
about” instruction affected the very basis of the case, deprived Kellogg of a valuable right, or
vitally affected a defensive theory. See Murrieta, 578 S.W.3d at 555. For that reason, we find
that the error, if any, did not result in egregious harm. We overrule Kellogg’s second issue.
13
B. Kellogg Forfeited His Complaint Regarding the Sexually Violent Offense
Instruction
The jury charge at the guilt/innocence phase also included the following instruction:
Relevant Statutes
A person commits the offense of “Failure to Comply with Sex-Offender
Registration Requirements” if he is required to register and fails to comply with
any requirement of Chapter 62 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure:
The duty to register for a person ends when the person dies if the person
has a reportable conviction for a sexually violent offense.
1) Indecency with a Child by sexual contact is a sexually violent
offense.
On appeal, Kellogg asserts that describing the predicate offense as a “sexually violent offense”
was unnecessary, superfluous, not helpful or instructive, that it was a comment on the weight of
the evidence, and that it was “unnecessarily prejudicial and was reasonably calculated to cause
. . . the rendition of an improper judgment.” Other than these conclusory statements, Kellogg
provided no substantive analysis and cited no applicable authority in support of the statements.
In addition, although Kellogg set forth the standard for analyzing harm caused by jury-charge
error, he provided no harm analysis other than a conclusory statement that the error was
calculated to injure his rights and deprived him of a fair and impartial trial.
“Rule 38.1([i]) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure requires that a brief contain ‘a
clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and
to the record.’” Fowler v. State, No. 06-20-00030-CR, 2020 WL 6731733, at *4 (Tex. App.—
Texarkana Nov. 17, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (quoting TEX. R.
APP. P. 38.1(i)). “An issue is inadequately briefed when an ‘appellant does not address the
14
question of whether the alleged error . . . was harmless.’” Id. (quoting Cardenas v. State, 30
S.W.3d 384, 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000)); see Pizano v. State, No. 13-11-00249-CR, 2012 WL
1964553, at *11 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi May 31, 2012, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated
for publication); Beavers v. State, No. 2-05-448-CR, 2006 WL 3247887, at *6 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Nov. 9, 2006, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication). It is also
inadequately briefed when an appellant “neglect[s] to present argument and authorities as
required by” Rule 38.1(i). Cardenas v. State, 30 S.W.3d 384, 393 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); see
Beavers, 2006 WL 3247887, at *6. For these reasons, Kellogg has forfeited this complaint. See
Fowler, 2020 WL 6731733, at *4. We, therefore, overrule this issue.
III. Admitting Photographic Evidence at the Punishment Phase
In his fourth issue, Kellogg complains that the trial court erred in admitting photographs
taken at the scene of an arson, and seven photographs and a recording depicting child
pornography obtained from the cell phone connected to Kellogg, during the punishment phase of
his trial. Kellogg argues that the photographic evidence was inadmissible under Rule 403 of the
Texas Rules of Evidence because its probative value was substantially outweighed by a danger
of unfair prejudice.
Although Kellogg combines his complaint regarding the admission of the arson scene
photographs and the pornographic photographs and recording and analyzes them together, we
analyze them separately.
15
A. Kellogg’s Complaint Regarding the Arson Photographs Was Not Preserved
As to his complaint regarding the arson photographs, twenty-three photographs of the
burned-out remains of a house in Longview were offered, collectively, into evidence. Those
photographs depicted the charred remains of the inside and outside of the house and included
several photographs that showed the charred remains of a human body, identified as Johnny
Miller. At trial, Kellogg objected to all the photographs under Rule 403 of the Texas Rules of
Evidence, without specifying which photographs he claimed were unfairly prejudicial. On
appeal, Kellogg only asserts that the photographs containing images of charred human remains
(without identifying which exhibits contained those images) had the potential to impress the jury
in an irrational way.
To preserve a complaint for appellate review, “a party must first present to the trial court
a timely request, objection, or motion stating the specific grounds for the desired ruling if not
apparent from the context.” Layman v. State, No. 06-21-00003-CR, 2021 WL 5972092, at *2
(Tex. App.—Texarkana Dec. 17, 2021, pet. filed) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(citing TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)). Further, “[w]hen an exhibit contains both admissible and
inadmissible evidence, the objection must specifically refer to the challenged material to apprise
the trial court of the exact objection.” Id. (quoting Sonnier v. State, 913 S.W.2d 511, 518 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1995)). If the objection does not specifically point out which part of the evidence is
inadmissible, then it is insufficient to preserve any error in the admission of the evidence. See
Whitaker v. State, 286 S.W.3d 355, 369 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Because Kellogg only lodged a
16
general objection to all the photographs without specifying which photographs that he claimed
were inadmissible, he has not preserved this complaint for our review. See id.B. Any Error in Admitting the Child Pornography Images Was Harmless
Kellogg did preserve his complaint regarding the photographic evidence containing child
pornography. “Under Article 37.07 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, any evidence that
the trial court ‘deems relevant to sentencing’ is admissible during the punishment phase of a
trial.” Gilbert v. State, 575 S.W.3d 848, 871 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2019, pet. ref’d) (quoting
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1)); see Sims v. State, 273 S.W.3d 291, 295
(Tex. Crim. App. 2008). “If the evidence ‘will assist the fact[-]finder in deciding the appropriate
sentence in a particular case,’ it is relevant to determining punishment.” Gilbert, 575 S.W.3d at
871 (quoting Sims, 273 S.W.3d at 295 (citing Mendiola v. State, 21 S.W.3d 282, 285 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000))). During the punishment phase, character evidence is admissible in the form of both
opinion testimony and extraneous-offense evidence, notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405 of the
Texas Rules of Evidence. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1) (Supp.); Sims, 273
S.W.3d at 296–97.
“That said, even if punishment-phase evidence is deemed relevant, it is subject to
analysis under Rule 403.”10 Gilbert, 575 S.W.3d at 871 (citing Rodriguez v. State, 203 S.W.3d
837, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)). To determine the admissibility of evidence under Rule 403,
the trial court must consider these factors: “(1) how probative is the evidence; (2) the potential
Rule 403 provides that relevant evidence may be excluded “if its probative value is substantially outweighed by a
10
danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, or needlessly presenting
cumulative evidence.” TEX. R. EVID. 403.
17
of the evidence to impress the jury in some irrational, but nevertheless indelible way; (3) the time
the proponent needs to develop the evidence; and (4) the proponent’s need for the evidence.”
Salazar v. State, 90 S.W.3d 330, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (citing Solomon v. State, 49
S.W.3d 356, 366 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). “The trial court is presumed to have engaged in this
analysis.” Gilbert, 575 S.W.3d at 871 (citing Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d 186, 195–96 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997)). “We review the trial court’s analysis under an abuse-of-discretion standard
and will only overturn its ruling if it falls outside the ‘zone of reasonable disagreement.’” Id.(quoting Rodriguez, 203 S.W.3d at 843 (quoting Robbins v. State, 88 S.W.3d 256, 260 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002))).
Kellogg argues that the probative value of the pornographic images was slight because,
he contends, there was only a tenuous connection between the cell phone and him and there was
evidence that other persons also used the cell phone. He also argues that the images of child
pornography were calculated to shock, inflame, and anger the jury and that they had the potential
to impress the jury in an irrational and indelible way, thereby influencing the jury’s sentence. In
addition, he contends that the State spent an inordinate amount of time developing the evidence
and that the State’s need for the evidence was slight since Detective Bethard had already testified
that the cell phone contained images of child pornography.
The State argues that there was sufficient evidence both that the cell phone had been
owned by Kellogg and that he was using it when the child pornography was downloaded. It also
argues that it needed the photographic evidence so the jurors could judge for themselves that it
was indeed child pornography. The State also points out that there were only seven photographs
18
and a short recording and argues that the danger of impressing the jury in an irrational way was
slight.
Even so, we need not decide whether the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the
photographs and video, since even if we assume that the trial court abused its discretion, any
error was harmless. “We review a trial court’s decision to admit extraneous-offense evidence
during the punishment phase for an abuse of discretion.” Paroline v. State, 532 S.W.3d 491, 502
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2017, no pet.) (citing Beham v. State, 476 S.W.3d 724, 735 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2015), rev’d on other grounds, 559 S.W.3d 474 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018)
(citing Ellison v. State, 86 S.W.3d 226, 227 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002))). “If the trial court errs in
admitting extraneous-offense evidence in the punishment phase, it is a non-constitutional error.”
Id. (citing Beham, 476 S.W.3d at 738 (citing Higginbotham v. State, 356 S.W.3d 584, 592 (Tex.
App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. ref’d))). “We disregard a non-constitutional error unless it affects
the defendant’s ‘substantial rights.’” Id. (citing Beham, 476 S.W.3d at 738 (citing TEX. R. APP.
P. 44.2(b))). “A substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect
or influence in determining the jury’s verdict.” Id. (quoting Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 518
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005)). “We will not reverse the trial court’s judgment for a non-constitutional
error if, after reviewing the entire record, we have ‘fair assurance that the error did not influence
the jury, or had but a slight effect.’” Id. (quoting Beham, 476 S.W.3d at 738 (quoting Motilla v.
State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (quoting Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410,
417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)))).
19
“In determining whether the jury’s decision may have been adversely affected by the
error, we
consider everything in the record, including any testimony or physical evidence
admitted for the jury’s consideration, the nature of the evidence supporting the
verdict, the character of the alleged error and how it might be considered in
connection with other evidence in the case. The reviewing court may also
consider the jury instructions, the State’s theory and any defensive theories,
closing arguments, voir dire, and whether the State emphasized the error.
Id. (quoting Beham, 476 S.W.3d at 738–39 (quoting Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 518–19
(Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citations omitted))).
During the guilt/innocence phase of the trial, the jury heard evidence and found that
Kellogg had been convicted of sexual battery of a child in Louisiana in 2005, which was an
offense substantially similar to the Texas offense of indecency with a child by contact. At the
punishment phase, the jury learned that Kellogg was around thirty-five years old when he
committed that offense and that the victim was six or seven years old. It also learned that
Kellogg had been convicted of failure to register as a sex offender in Louisiana in 2010 and
again in 2013 and that he had been released from prison for the last offense in September 2016.
In addition, the evidence showed that, in 1989, Kellogg was convicted of attempted robbery with
a deadly weapon and possession of a dangerous weapon in Louisiana.
Also, during the guilt/innocence phase the jury heard evidence that between July 2017
and June 2018, Kellogg had been arrested three times in Longview and had given the LPD
fictitious names when identifying himself. The evidence at that phase also showed that a cell
phone later retrieved by the LPD from a third-party seller contained Kellogg’s photograph in the
user profile. That cell phone also contained a screen name of “Reubin Ackworth” with
20
Kellogg’s photograph associated with Ackworth’s Facebook account and contained text
messages in which Kellogg used “Skool” as another fictitious name. There was another
Facebook account accessed on the cell phone in the name of “Drago Xanders” that also had
Kellogg’s photograph associated with the account.
At the punishment hearing, Detective Bethard testified that the cell phone contained
seven images and a recording that contained child sexual abuse. He also testified that the
recording was downloaded and that the seven images were created shortly before an email
account belonging to “Reubin Ackworth” was accessed on the cell phone.
In addition to seeing the arson photographs, the jury heard testimony that the fire
occurred on May 9, 2018, that Miller’s body had been discovered in the fire debris, that the body
had been bound at the wrists and ankles, that there were multiple layers of fabric around the
body, and that it appeared that the fire had been set on top of the fabric. Testimony showed that
the only fingerprints identified at the fire scene belonged to Miller, Kellogg, and Kellogg’s
girlfriend.
During the investigation of the arson fire, witness interviews indicated that Miller’s blue
van was missing from the residence. On May 10, 2018, the LPD found the vehicle parked at
Gene’s Grocery in Longview. Recordings taken by the security cameras at Gene’s Grocery at
around four o’clock on the afternoon of May 10 showed the van pull up and back into a parking
spot and a man exit the driver’s side of the van a few minutes later, who then walked to, then
down, the street and away from the store. Detective DeLoach testified that Kellogg’s
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fingerprints were found on the outside of the passenger side, on the inside passenger window,
and on the driver’s side of Miller’s minivan and on Miller’s television that had been pawned.
In its punishment charge, the trial court instructed the jury that it was not to consider
evidence of other wrongful acts, unless it found beyond a reasonable doubt that Kellogg
committed the other wrongful acts. Also, during its closing arguments, the State stressed
Kellogg’s prior conviction for child sexual battery, his three convictions for failure to register as
a sex offender, and his conviction for attempted robbery. It also stressed the evidence linking
Kellogg to the arson fire, the murder of Miller, and the theft of Miller’s property. The State only
referred to the evidence of child pornography in a short, three-sentence portion of its argument.
The argument, in total, consisted of ten and one-half pages of transcript.
Although Kellogg received the maximum sentence, it is not unlikely that the evidence of
his original conviction for sexual battery of a young child, his repeated failure to register as a sex
offender, his attempt to hide his true identity both from law enforcement and on social media,
and the testimony that child pornography was downloaded on his cell phone shortly before he
accessed his email account convinced the jury that he presented a continuing danger to children
and was deserving of a lengthy sentence. In addition, if the jury was convinced that Kellogg was
involved in the arson fire, Miller’s death, and the theft of Miller’s property,11 along with his prior
conviction for a violent offense, then it could have been convinced that he also presented a
danger to the community. For these reasons, we have a fair assurance that any error in admitting
the photographs and recording containing images of child pornography had little or no effect on
11
During the jury’s deliberation in the punishment phase, the jury requested, and was provided, equipment to enable
it to view the recording taken by the security cameras at Gene’s Grocery.
22
the jury’s punishment assessment. See Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App.
2002). We overrule Kellogg’s fourth issue.
IV. The Judgment Must Be Modified
Kellogg also challenges the trial court’s assessment of a time payment fee as part of the
costs of court. He argues that the time payment fee is unconstitutional and, in the alternative,
that his filing of an appeal suspended his obligation to pay court costs. The State agrees that the
assessment of the time payment fee was premature.
In this case, the trial court’s judgment included court costs of $355.00 and reimbursement
fees of $40.00. The certified bill of costs listed costs of court totaling $395.00,12 which included
a time payment fee of $15.00. The bill of costs also provided that “[a]n additional time payment
fee of $25.00 [would] be assessed if any part of a fine, court costs, or restitution [was] paid on or
after the 31st day after the date the judgment assessing the fine, court costs, or restitution [was]
entered,” citing Section 133.103 of the Texas Local Government Code. We have previously
noted that “the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has recently concluded that a time payment fee
like the one imposed here ‘must indeed be struck for being prematurely assessed because a
defendant’s appeal suspends the duty to pay court costs and therefore suspends the running of the
clock for the purposes of the time payment fee.’” Lowe v. State, No. 06-20-00108-CR, 2021 WL
2964272, at *2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana July 15, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
publication) (quoting Dulin v. State, 620 S.W.3d 129, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021)). “As a
consequence, even now, assessment of the time payment fee in this case would be premature
12
It appears that the trial court designated one of the court costs as a reimbursement.
23
because appellate proceedings are still pending.” Id. (quoting Dulin, 620 S.W.3d at 129). For
that reason, “we strike the time payment fees ‘in their entirety, without prejudice to them being
assessed later if, more than 30 days after the issuance of the appellate mandate, the defendant has
failed to completely pay any fine, court costs, or restitution that he owes.’” Villegas v. State, No.
06-20-00063-CR, 2021 WL 2446747, at *2 (Tex. App.—Texarkana June 16, 2021, no pet.)
(mem. op., not designated for publication) (quoting Dulin, 620 S.W.3d at 133). We sustain this
issue.13
Also, the judgment of conviction incorrectly states that the statute of offense is
“62.102(b)(2) Penal Code.” “[A]ppellate courts ‘have the authority to reform judgments and
affirm as modified in cases where there is nonreversible error.’” Sharpe v. State, 607 S.W.3d
446, 448 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2020, no pet.) (quoting Ferguson v. State, 435 S.W.3d 291,
293 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014, pet. struck) (comprehensively discussing appellate cases that have
modified judgments)). For that reason, we modify the trial court’s judgment to reflect that the
correct statute of offense is Article 62.102(b)(2) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. See
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 62.102(b)(2).
V. Conclusion
We modify the bill of costs by deleting the time payment fee of $15.00, by deleting the
phrase “[a]n additional time payment fee of $25.00 will be assessed if any part of a fine, court
costs, or restitution is paid on or after the 31st day after the date the judgment assessing the fine,
13
Because of our disposition of striking the time payment fee as prematurely assessed and because we should
“avoid[] the adjudication of constitutional issues when at all possible,” we do not address Kellogg’s constitutional
challenge. Dulin v. State, 620 S.W.3d 129, 133 n.29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (quoting Pena v. State, 191 S.W.3d
133, 136 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)).
24
court costs, or restitution is entered,” and to reflect total court costs of $380.00. We modify the
trial court’s judgment to reflect court costs of $340.00 and to reflect that the statute of offense is
Article 62.102(b)(2) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure. As modified, we affirm the trial
court’s judgment.
Scott E. Stevens
Justice
Date Submitted: December 10, 2021
Date Decided: March 2, 2022
Do Not Publish
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