Erwin Cruz and the Erwin A. Cruz Family Limited Partnership, Both of Them Individually and on Behalf of North Dallas Medical Imaging, LP, Plano AMI, LP, and Ghani Medical Investments, Inc. v. Mehrdad Ghani ( 2018 )

Affirm in part, reverse in part, remand; Opinion Filed August 20, 2018.
In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-17-00566-CV
ERWIN CRUZ AND THE ERWIN A. CRUZ FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
BOTH OF THEM INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF NORTH DALLAS
MEDICAL IMAGING, LP, PLANO AMI, LP, AND GHANI MEDICAL INVESTMENTS,
INC., Appellants
V.
MEHRDAD GHANI, Appellee
On Appeal from the 101st Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DC-10-16274
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Francis, Myers, and Stoddart
Opinion by Justice Stoddart
This lawsuit involves the interests of two medical imaging centers, North Dallas Medical
Imaging, LP (“NDMI”) and Plano AMI, LP. Appellant Dr. Erwin Cruz was involved in the
formation of both businesses with appellee Mehrdad Ghani. After NDMI was dissolved and Cruz
was expelled from Plano AMI, he filed this lawsuit in his own name and on behalf of the Erwin
A. Cruz Family Limited Partnership, NDMI, Plano AMI, and Ghani Medical Investments, Inc.
(collectively as appellants, “Cruz”). Following a multi-day trial, the jury resolved most questions
in Cruz’s favor and awarded actual and punitive damages. The trial court granted Ghani’s motion
for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) and entered judgment for Ghani on all claims,
including his counterclaim. In three primary issues, Cruz argues the trial court erred by entering
JNOV because the evidence supports the jury’s findings and entitled him to judgment; the trial
court erred by entering judgment on Cruz’s claim that Ghani improperly paid himself
compensation; and the trial court failed to provide due process before entering judgment on
Ghani’s counterclaim. Cruz also asserts four contingent issues in the event the Court does not find
in his favor on his JNOV arguments. In twenty cross-issues, Ghani argues the evidence is
insufficient to support several of the jury’s answers and many of the jury’s answers are against the
great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in part and
we reverse the trial court’s judgment in part. We remand for the trial court to enter judgment in
favor of appellants on those portions of the jury’s verdict we conclude are supported by the
evidence, to consider Cruz’s request for equitable relief, and to conduct further proceedings on
Ghani’s counterclaim.
BACKGROUND
Ghani and Cruz were friends. Ghani owned and operated businesses in the clothing
industry and Cruz is a neurologist. They decided to open a medical imaging business, primarily
offering MRI scans, in which they would be majority owners. They planned to offer financial
incentives to doctors interested in buying into the business. The doctors would refer their patients
for medical imaging and receive a share of the proceeds from the business.
A. Formation of NDMI and Plano AMI
In April 2002, Ghani, Cruz, and Mark Mendes formed NDMI. They each owned a 30.33%
limited partner interest. Each partner performed a specific function: Cruz referred his patients for
scans and persuaded other doctors to refer patients; Ghani managed the business; and Mendes had
a technical role. Cruz’s office was in the same building as NDMI and he was a primary referral
source. The corporate general partner, MCG Group, Inc. (“MCG”), held a 1% limited partner
interest and the remaining 8% was held by physician investors. Limited partner investors who
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bought interests in NDMI included Dr. Michael Taba (an orthopedic surgeon), Debra Brown (a
physician’s assistant), Drs. Robert Ippolito and Henry Raroque, and Adam Hardison (a lawyer).
Taba, Ippolito, and Raroque all referred patients to NDMI. NDMI borrowed approximately $1.5
million to start the business and Ghani, Cruz, and Mendes personally guaranteed the loan.
Shortly after NDMI opened, Cruz and Mendes had a dispute, which ultimately led to Cruz
and Ghani exercising a corporate protection or “bad boy” provision in the limited partnership
agreement to expel Mendes from NDMI. Mendes sued Cruz, Ghani, NDMI, and MCG and they
ultimately reached a settlement. Cruz and Ghani split Mendes’s limited partner interest between
themselves.
NDMI became profitable and, in 2004, Cruz, Ghani, and Taba created Ghani Medical
Investments, Inc. (“GMI”) and Plano AMI, LP to operate a second imaging center. Taba sent most
of his patients to Plano AMI because his primary practice was in Plano and he only maintained a
small satellite office in Dallas. At trial, the parties disputed the ownership structure of GMI and
Plano AMI. However, they agreed Cruz, Ghani, and Taba owned equal interests in Plano AMI,
directly or indirectly through GMI.
The businesses relied on physicians referring patients for scans and, without such referrals,
they were not sustainable. Ghani testified that as long as the doctors referred patients, they were
financially strong.
B. Operation and Management of the Centers
Other than a brief period in 2005-2006, Ghani managed the day-to-day operation of both
centers. Taba explained Ghani was to consult Cruz and himself “if there was any issue or anything
else that had to be decided by the three of us.” Otherwise, Taba trusted Ghani. Ghani testified:
“[B]asically, everybody trusted me and . . . I didn’t have anybody to question me.”
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There were common expenses shared by NDMI and Plano AMI, and Ghani moved money
between the two entities. For example, the businesses shared a single software system, which was
purchased by NDMI for approximately $100,000; some employees worked for both entities but
were on the payroll of only one; and the centers shared a management office. The businesses hired
a third-party certified public accountant, Hossein Zamanian, who worked for both entities. One
of his employees, Tammy Boynton, testified Ghani determined how to allocate expenses between
the entities and NDMI often transferred money to Plano AMI. Boynton believed Ghani used
money transfers to even-out income between the partners because NDMI performed better than
Plano AMI; she believed Ghani was “trying to redistribute the money so there was enough money
there to pay the Plano partners and shareholders.” Frequently, at the end of the month, Ghani
instructed Boynton to transfer a specific amount of money from NDMI to Plano AMI, but Boynton
never saw reports supporting these transfers. Cruz testified Ghani began “running both businesses
together,” inferring Ghani comingled funds from the two businesses.
C. Selling the Businesses
In the spring of 2007, Cruz, Taba, and Ghani decided to sell the businesses. They hired a
broker, Steve Denn Company & Associates (“Denn”), to market NDMI and Plano AMI to potential
buyers. Cruz, Ghani, and Taba decided on an asking price of $5.9 million. Although there were
numerous interested potential buyers, including some who provided letters of intent, they did not
close a sale. Ghani testified he wanted to sell but, over time, realized this type of business “cannot
be sold, because most of the referral[s] . . . come[s] from the investor, and the minute you buy out
those investors, they have no incentive to sell the business anymore.” Ghani created an
impediment for potential buyers by requiring interested parties to pay a $50,000 nonrefundable
earnest money deposit as a condition to examine the businesses’ books. Denn considered Ghani’s
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condition, which he had not seen in another transaction, to be an unreasonable barrier that would
“scare off everyone.”
On July 25, 2008, Denn emailed Ghani and Cruz stating: “I have raised the asking price,
based on revenues trending up by !5% [sic] or better as you had told me!” When asked about the
email at trial, Denn testified Ghani informed him revenue was up by 15 to 20% so they should
raise the asking price.
Denn began finding Ghani increasingly unresponsive when he sought updated financial
documents about the businesses. On July 29, 2008, Denn emailed Ghani and Cruz with a list of
financial documents he needed and noted he received no response from Zamanian. On August 21,
2008, Denn emailed Cruz because his “calls and emails to Mike Ghani go unanswered.”
Approximately two weeks later, Ghani unilaterally terminated Denn’s contract without consulting
Cruz or Taba. Denn forwarded Ghani’s termination email to Cruz and Taba, stating: “In my
opinion, there is a conflict of interest here. Mike is unwilling to share information, and had [sic]
decided on his own, that he does not want to Sell [sic].” Cruz replied: “It has always been obvious
[Ghani’s] lack of respect and fiduciary responsibilities not to communicate or consider our
opinions on these important issues.”
D. Dissolution of NDMI
As 2008 progressed, the relationship between Cruz and Ghani became increasingly tense.
In December 2008 or January 2009, a decision was made to dissolve NDMI. The dissolution forms
the basis of some of the claims in this lawsuit, and Cruz and Ghani provided the jury with different
accounts of what occurred.
1. Ghani’s Account
Ghani believed NDMI should be dissolved because reimbursement rates from insurance
companies were falling, which reduced profitability; key referring physicians, including Taba and
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Raroque, were relocating and wanted to redeem their partnership shares; NDMI was unable to
recruit other physicians to refer business; the MRI machine was nearing the end of its
recommended life; and the lease was expiring and the renewal term was five years. Ghani testified
he and Cruz agreed it was better to have one thriving business rather than two weak ones. Because
their referral base was moving to Plano, they decided to keep the Plano location and close the
Dallas one, NDMI.
In September 2008, Ghani stopped making distributions to the NDMI partners. Ghani
testified he and Cruz believed this strategy would allow them to “pay the loan very aggressively”
in less than a year. From December 2008 until April 2010 when NDMI closed, they used the
revenue to pay off debt on which they were personally liable. Ghani stated: “All the decision was
[sic] made between Dr. Cruz and I [sic].”
Taba testified Ghani explained the reduced distributions to him as being necessary to pay
down NDMI’s debt. Ghani told Taba referrals had declined and he believed they would continue
to do so, which would adversely impact the financial profitability of NDMI.
2. Cruz’s Account
Cruz believed NDMI was profitable. However, because Ghani no longer wanted to operate
NDMI, Ghani stopped providing Cruz with financial information so that Cruz would believe
NDMI faced financial problems and agree to close the businesses. Cruz was concerned that Ghani
was misusing his management authority, including comingling money between the businesses. In
September 2008, Ghani stopped providing financial reports to him and Cruz did not receive
financial reports for September, October, November, or December 2008 even though he requested
them from Ghani and Zamanian. Cruz testified: “So there was no way to get financials to see the
veracity, the truth, behind what Mike was saying.”
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Cruz knew Taba and Raroque intended to reduce their referrals to NDMI, but testified this
would impact NDMI “minimally” because the business could recruit other doctors. Cruz
attempted to discuss marketing plans and new business strategies with Ghani, but Ghani refused
to consider them. Ghani told Cruz: “[I]t’s too late. I already committed the machines.” Cruz
asked Ghani for clarification and Ghani told Cruz he committed to selling NDMI’s machines.
When Boynton left her employment with Zamanian on August 30, 2008, she was not
concerned about NDMI’s financial ability to pay distributions. Although her desk was outside
Ghani’s office, she did not hear him express any concerns about financial matters. She stated: “He
was just saying that he felt that he wanted out of that company because he didn’t take it on to do
that job for his entire life.”
Cruz stated that if he had known the true financial status of NDMI, he would not have
agreed to close it. But he believed Ghani who told him “there was no money in 2008. . . that the
business was losing money.” Ghani asked Cruz to consent to closing NDMI and, eventually after
being pressured by Ghani and Doug Brady, a lawyer hired by Ghani, Cruz agreed.
3. NDMI is Dissolved
Cruz and Ghani, acting as directors of NDMI’s general partner, executed a resolution dated
December 5, 2008, authorizing Ghani to oversee the dissolution of NDMI. NDMI continued
operating as a business until April 2010, during which time Cruz, Taba, and Raroque continued
sending patients to NDMI. Cruz believed the business was busy.
Net revenue for NDMI in 2007 was approximately $1.7 million, it was approximately $1.8
million in 2008 and approximately $1.75 million in 2009. Of those three years, taxable income
for NDMI was the highest in 2009. Ghani explained that 2009 numbers were “healthy” because
he reduced expenses by $230,000. He conceded that “if the business is making that kind of an
income, you don’t close. But that’s not the only reason we decided to close down.”
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E. Debra Brown Lawsuit
Debra Brown, a physician’s assistant who was a limited partner in NDMI, sued Ghani,
Taba, and Cruz in August 2009 for breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty. Brown
believed Ghani did not disclose relevant information and there “was no transparency.” Brown
testified Ghani stopped paying her distributions from NDMI in September 2008 without providing
an explanation even though NDMI was profitable. She alleged NDMI was mismanaged and
money was improperly moved from NDMI to Plano AMI.
In December 2008, Brown began communicating with Adam Hardison, another NDMI
limited partner and a lawyer. During discovery in the Brown lawsuit, Brown produced documents
showing Cruz sent approximately ninety-five emails to Hardison in September 2008 (before
Brown filed her lawsuit), which included tax returns from NDMI and Plano AMI. Hardison and
Brown were not limited partners in Plano AMI and were not entitled to financial information about
the entity. Cruz acknowledged he shared the information with Hardison and explained he sought
legal consultation from Hardison as part of selling the businesses through Denn.
Ghani, Cruz, and Taba hired a lawyer, Shawn Tuma, to represent them in Brown’s lawsuit.
Ghani asked Tuma to convene a meeting in Tuma’s office. Ghani was “extremely upset” at the
meeting and stated he discovered emails showing Cruz was communicating with Brown “behind
the scenes.” According to Cruz, during the meeting, Ghani threatened him, saying: “Dr. Cruz, you
are a traitor. You’re a traitor, and I’m going to hire my attorneys. I’m going to destroy you, and
I’m going to take your license away.” Cruz then left the meeting. Taba felt betrayed by Cruz’s
actions and said it was “dishonest[], disloyal toward the rest of the partners.” After the meeting in
Tuma’s office, Taba and Ghani consulted with Doug Brady about removing Cruz from Plano AMI
and GMI. Ghani believed removing Cruz was necessary because Cruz shared confidential
information about Plano AMI with Debra Brown and Adam Hardison.
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F. Plano Open
In 2007 or 2008, Cruz, Ghani, and Taba discussed acquiring an open MRI machine to
create an additional revenue stream for Plano AMI. Although Plano AMI could have acquired an
open MRI machine, Ghani and Taba created new two new entities in January 2010: Plano Open
MRI, LP and its general partner Ghani Medical Investment #2, LLC. Cruz was not invited to join
or informed about the venture.
Plano Open was located across the parking lot from Plano AMI. Ghani managed Plano
AMI and Plano Open, marketed them together, and did not treat them as being in competition with
one another. On occasion, when Plano AMI was overbooked, patients were sent to Plano Open.
Plano Open was profitable for Ghani and Taba.
In May 2010, Taba apologized to Cruz for not including him and said: “Look, Mr. Ghani
had said he doesn’t want to [do] any business with you and you had said you don’t want to do any
business with him.” Taba testified it was impossible for Ghani and Cruz to form another business
venture together.
Cruz asserts Ghani breached his fiduciary duties to Plano AMI and GMI by pursuing Plano
Open. Ghani testified he discussed Plano Open with Doug Brady who looked at the partnership
documents and told him he could pursue Plano Open.
G. Jury Verdict and JNOV
The jury returned a verdict nearly entirely favorable to Cruz. It determined Ghani failed
to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI with respect to the dissolution, that failure was not
excused, and it damaged NDMI. The jury likewise concluded Ghani breached his fiduciary duties
to Plano AMI and GMI with respect to the pursuit of Plano Open, those breaches were not excused,
and they caused damages. The jury found Cruz was a limited partner in Plano AMI; Ghani directed
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or participated in GMI’s conversion of Cruz’s shares in Plano AMI and GMI1; and Cruz suffered
damages.
Ghani filed a motion for JNOV challenging most of the jury’s findings. The trial court
granted the motion in its entirety and entered judgment favorable to Ghani. This appeal followed.
LAW & ANALYSIS
In his first issue, Cruz argues the trial court erred by granting Ghani’s motion for JNOV
because the evidence supports the jury’s findings and entitles him to judgment. In twenty cross-
issues, Ghani argues the evidence is insufficient to support several of the jury’s answers and many
of the jury’s answers are against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s decision to grant JNOV under a no–evidence standard, examining
whether any evidence supports the jury’s findings. Gharda USA, Inc. v. Control Solutions, Inc.,
464 S.W.3d 338, 347 (Tex. 20150); see also City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 823 (Tex.
2005) (test for legal sufficiency is same for summary judgment, directed verdict, JNOV, and
appellate no–evidence review). No evidence exists when there is:
(a) a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (b) the court is barred by rules of
law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital
fact; (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla;
(d) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact.
Gharda USA, Inc., 464 S.W.3d at 347 (quoting City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810). We uphold the
jury’s finding if more than a scintilla of competent evidence supports it. Id. More than a scintilla
of evidence exists when the evidence supporting the finding “rises to a level that would enable
reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Id. (quoting Burroughs
Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995)). We review only the evidence tending
1
The conversion of Cruz’s interests in Plano AMI and GMI are discussed below.
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to support the jury’s verdict and “must disregard all evidence to the contrary.” Id. (quoting
Mancorp, Inc. v. Culpepper, 802 S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1990)). We consider the evidence and
possible inferences in the light most favorable to the finding under review and indulge every
reasonable inference that would support it. Id.; City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. When a party
attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which it had the burden of proof,
the party must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence establishes, as matter of law, all vital facts
in support of the issue. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001).
When a party complains about the factual sufficiency of the evidence, it must show the
adverse finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Dow Chem. Co. v.
Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam); PopCap Games, Inc. v. MumboJumbo,
LLC, 350 S.W.3d 699, 722 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2011, pet. denied). We consider and weigh all of
the evidence and set aside the verdict only if the supporting evidence is so weak or the finding is
so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust.
Dow Chem., 46 S.W.3d at 242; PopCap Games, 350 S.W.3d at 722.
When conducting our review of both legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence, we are
mindful that the jury, as fact finder, was the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and
weight to be given their testimony. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819; Wash Techs. of Am. Corp.
v. Pappas, No. 05-16-00633-CV, 2018 WL 718550, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 6, 2018, pet.
filed) (mem. op.). The jury is free to believe some, all, or none of a witness’s testimony. Pappas,
2018 WL 718550, at *5. We may not substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder’s. Id.
B. NDMI Claim
The jury found Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI with respect to
the dissolution of NDMI and that failure was not excused. The trial court granted Ghani’s motion
for JNOV as to these findings. In his first issue, Cruz argues, in part, the trial court erred by
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entering JNOV on his NDMI claim. In his first and third cross-issues, Ghani asserts the evidence
is insufficient to support the jury’s answers to Questions 1 and 3, respectively, and in his second
cross-issue, he argues the jury’s answer to Question 2 is against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence.
1. Jury Charge, Jury’s Findings, and JNOV
Question 1 of the jury charge states MCG owed fiduciary duties as the general partner of
NDMI. To the extent Ghani exercised a degree of control over MCG such that he directed MCG’s
conduct as the general partner regarding the dissolution of NDMI, Ghani owed fiduciary duties to
NDMI. To show Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI, Cruz was required to
show:
a. The dissolution transaction was not fair and equitable to NDMI;
b. Ghani did not make reasonable use of the confidence that NDMI placed in him;
c. Ghani did not act in the utmost good faith or exercise the most scrupulous
honesty toward NDMI;
d. Ghani placed his own interests before the interests of NDMI, used the advantage
of his position to gain a benefit for himself at the expense of NDMI, or placed
himself in any position where his self-interest might conflict with his
obligations to NDMI; or
e. Ghani failed to fully and fairly disclose all important information to NDMI.
The jury answered “yes,” finding Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI with
respect to the dissolution.
In Questions 2 and 3, the jury determined Cruz did not waive Ghani’s failure to comply
with his fiduciary duties and $2.075 million would fairly and reasonably compensate NDMI for
the damages caused by Ghani’s breach of fiduciary duty. Ghani moved for JNOV on the grounds
there is no evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 1, the jury’s answer to Question 2
should be disregarded because he established waiver as a matter of law, and there is no evidence
to support the jury’s answer to Question 3 awarding damages. Ghani’s motion for JNOV did not
challenge that he owed fiduciary duties to NDMI.
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2. Background Facts
Evidence, including Ghani’s own testimony, shows Ghani exercised control over NDMI
and directed the day-to-day operations. Ghani explained NDMI needed to be closed because the
referral stream from doctors was declining and not being replaced, Ghani and Cruz were personally
liable for debt on the equipment, and insurance reimbursement rates were dropping. However,
ample evidence shows NDMI was not facing a financial crisis and could have continued operating
successfully, but Ghani wanted to end his partnership with Cruz. There is evidence showing Ghani
withheld financial information while misrepresenting the status of NDMI to induce Cruz to agree
to close NDMI.
a. Access to Financial Data
Ghani and Cruz presented contradictory evidence about whether Cruz had access NDMI’s
complete financial data before he agreed to the dissolution.
i. GHANI’S EVIDENCE
NDMI’s financial information was maintained on a computer using the software
QuickBooks. Zamanian testified the computer was maintained in NDMI’s office and
approximately twenty to thirty steps outside of Cruz’s personal office. Ghani explained one of the
reasons they employed Zamanian, a third-party CPA, was to provide all partners access to financial
information. Cruz and Taba also used Zamanian for personal tax returns and had relationships
with him. Ghani stated that “everybody felt comfortable with him.”
According to Ghani, in August or September 2008, Cruz began complaining about access
to financial information even though he “always had access” through Zamanian and Tammy
Boynton. Ghani testified: “I never sent him any financials, because I didn’t want to be responsible
for that financial [sic]. That’s why we had the CPA. . . . So we had all the same source where we
get our information from.” Ghani testified that in late 2008 he sent an email to Zamanian (copying
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Cruz) stating Cruz was entitled to all financial information and Zamanian needed to make sure
Cruz had what he needed. The email was not shown at trial.
Boynton testified that while she worked for Zamanian, she provided Cruz with any
financial information he requested about NDMI and Plano AMI, but she did not believe Cruz
reviewed it. Zamanian and Ghani knew she provided this information. Before she stopped
working for Zamanian in August 2008, she gave CDs containing backup copies of QuickBooks
records for the businesses to Cruz.
Taba testified the financial information “was always there to be looked at, if someone
wanted to look at it” and the information was always available through Ghani or Zamanian.
Zamanian testified financial information was timely provided to any client who requested it,
“especially for someone who is so close to me. His office was next door to me. How could I not
do this?”
ii. CRUZ’S EVIDENCE
Cruz testified he stopped receiving financial information about the businesses in September
2008 when Boynton stopped working for Zamanian. Taba also testified that although Ghani
provided “all the documents” to Cruz and himself when the business started, he stopped doing so
in later years. On January 5, 2009, Cruz emailed Taba asking if Taba received his Schedule K-1,
a tax document, or “financial [sic] for 2008.” Cruz’s email states he left a multitude of messages
for Zamanian, but did not receive any response. He stated “[i]t is like hitting a wall.” Taba replied
he had not. When asked whether a person could expect to receive a Schedule K-1 by January 5,
Zamanian replied “absolutely not” because the entire year’s financial data must be compiled before
a Schedule K-1 can issue and, at best, that would not be finished before the end of January.
Zamanian testified the Schedule K-1 usually issued in the summer.
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On April 3, 2009, Cruz emailed Zamanian and Ghani “requesting again the detailed
financial reports of Plano and Dallas MRI business, P and L and everything you agreed to provide
me this past Monday.” Cruz testified he was concerned about the financial status of the
partnerships. When asked about the same email, Zamanian stated he provided all information and
did not know what Cruz was seeking. Zamanian recalled an instance when he had to deliver the
same information to Cruz’s office two or three times. Cruz emailed Zamanian and Ghani again
on April 16, 2009 stating: “Despite multiple verbal and written communications, you both have
decided not to give me the information I requested for my tax return. Because of that I have to
request an extension. You both have provided me with partial information which has not helped
me at all. My K-1s do not match my records and I am at an impasse. As a general partner I have
the right to have such documents. I should not even have to ask for them.” Although Cruz testified
he needed tax information and he was trying to determine how Ghani spent money, Zamanian
believed this information was provided to Cruz.
On July 2, 2009, Doug Brady wrote a letter on Cruz’s behalf to Ghani and Zamanian
requesting numerous financial reports for NDMI and Plano AMI. The letter states Cruz, a limited
partner, is entitled to the information. Cruz testified that when this letter was sent, he had not
received financials for nearly one year.
Kimberly Ault Robinson worked for NDMI in the summer of 2008. When asked whether
Ghani instructed her not to share information with Cruz, she answered affirmatively and explained:
“[I]t was a very broad instruction. It was to never discuss anything that I heard in any of the
facilities regarding business to Dr. Cruz. If I were to go in his office and market to him or check
on how referrals were, I was just not to talk or discuss anything business related with Dr. Cruz. . .
. it was very vague. There was some talks about that the Dallas location was going to close down
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and the partners were not going to ask Dr. Cruz to go to the new investment. They were doing it
hush-hush without his knowledge.”
William Meier, an attorney who drafted some documents for NDMI, testified that several
NDMI limited partners voiced concerns about the lack of timely information from Ghani. Cruz
frequently called Meier and complained he was not receiving access to basic information about
NDMI. During board meetings, Meier, Cruz, and Ghani discussed that Ghani needed to be more
transparent and make information available to Cruz so he could have meaningful input as a
member of the board.
Adam Hardison, a lawyer and NDMI limited partner, testified Ghani did not provide
sufficient financial information. On September 3, 2008, Hardison sent a letter to Ghani to force
Ghani “to be transparent to the partners, to comply with the fiduciary duty that we all have, to
provide this information to potential buyers, and why it’s not happening.” The letter requested
Ghani provide numerous pieces of information about NDMI.
While the evidence shows that until approximately September 1, 2008, Cruz had ready
access to financial data through Zamanian and Boynton, some evidence, including Cruz’s
testimony, indicates access to financial information stopped once Boynton left Zamanian’s
employment. Additionally, although the decision to dissolve NDMI was made in December 2008
or January 2009, evidence shows Cruz’s difficulty obtaining financial information continued into
2009. Cruz’s assertion that it was difficult to obtain financial information from Ghani and
Zamanian was confirmed by Denn’s, Hardison’s, and Meier’s testimony as well.
b. NDMI Financially Sound
Scott Hakala, Ph.D., testified as Cruz’s damages expert. Hakala works for a firm that
values businesses and business interests. To value NDMI, he focused on the “market approach”
to valuation, meaning he looked at how much a buyer would pay for the business based on its
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present value. The first step in performing the analysis is to identify the value of similar businesses
in the market. He looks for transactions involving companies of similar size and type to determine
which multiple of earnings, multiple of revenue, or other measure that the businesses are being
bought and sold for. Hakala testified the market for MRI centers was active from 2005 through
2012. It was a “very active acquisition market” with private groups looking to buy imaging
practices of “a certain size and type and profitability, and they were paying a certain known rate
for those businesses.”
He noted there were several indications of interest or offers to purchase NDMI along with
Plano AMI. He testified: “we had a number of offers that we could look at and see what people
were offering and then compare that with what we were seeing in reported general stories of what
these firms were being bought, as well as specific identifiable transactions.” He considered the
offers “conservative but reasonable offers consistent with what we were seeing in the imaging
business.” He testified acquiring companies were generally paying “somewhere between three and
six, sometimes a little more than six times EBITDA,2 so they would look at EBITDA as their
primary focus.”
When determining which EBITDA multiple to use, one consideration is the life of the MRI
machine. If the machine is nearing the end of its useable life, then the multiple is lower because a
buyer will need to retrofit the existing machine or purchase a new unit. However, if the MRI
machine has more than half its life remaining and the practice is still growing, a buyer may pay
four or five times EBITDA. Other considerations are the referral base and the extent a buyer thinks
it could expand that base and the level of competition among MRI service providers in the area.
Hakala looked at the referral base for NDMI and its historic performance from the time of its
inception until the date he valued the business. He also examined tax returns, portions of the
2
EBITDA is an acronym for the calculation of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization.
–17–
general ledger in QuickBooks, partnership and organizational documents, and deposition
transcripts of “various individuals” taken during the litigation to ensure he understood how the
business operated as well as its “unique factors.”
Hakala opined NDMI would fall in the “lower middle part” of the EBITDA multiplier
range. He testified it had a “good base of revenue, a good history, a good trend, but they appeared
to have . . . basically leveled out.” The machines would be good for four and a half to five years.
On the conservative side, he estimated “about four times EBITDA was about what we would
typically expect NDMI to be sold for.”
Hakala attempted to determine annual earnings for NDMI by analyzing historical financial
statements. An exhibit used during his testimony shows:
C.
D.
E.
F.
Hakala explained net revenue declined for NDMI from 2006 to 2007 because the MRI
reimbursement rates were reduced. Net revenue from 2007 through 2009 was stable. It fell again
in 2010, which Hakala attributed to NDMI closing its operation in early 2010. The EBITDA,
which Hakala testified is a “pretty good measure of the true profitability of the business,” also fell
from 2006 to 2007 but remained relatively stable in 2007, 2008, and 2009, increasing slightly from
2008 to 2009. Once Hakala had these numbers, he conducted a “normalizing process” to show
how much profit the business actually generated.
Hakala testified that at the end of 2008, the owners could have sold NDMI for
approximately $3.5 million. Once the net debt of $561,773 was subtracted, the equity value of
–18–
NDMI at the end of 2008 was about $2.95 million. Based on his calculations, Hakala did not
believe the decision to dissolve NDMI was justified. NDMI’s value was not maximized by
dissolving the business and, unless the business was sold, a better strategy would have been to
continue operating until it became unprofitable to do so.
When asked whether doctors referring fewer patients to NDMI would affect the future
financial viability of NDMI, Hakala testified: “Some, but not that much.” The potential for
reduced referrals was one of the reasons he used a lower multiplier range for NDMI. Looking at
the net revenue numbers for NDMI in 2008 and 2009, Hakala stated NDMI was not teetering on
the “brink of financial viability.” He believed NDMI “would probably have to lose half or more
of its revenue before you can really start seeing it get to a negative EBITDA where you’d no longer
continue to try and operate it.”
Hakala also used an income-valuation approach to value NDMI, which produced a value
about 30 to 50 percent higher. Hakala testified: “Basically, you get more value if you continue to
own and run it than if you try and sell it to somebody else, because they’re going to discount it for
the risks.” Generally, he explained, the value to the existing owner is higher than to a potential
buyer in the MRI business.
c. Ghani motivated to close NDMI
Some evidence shows Ghani no longer wanted to operate NDMI and was entering into a
new MRI business venture that did not include Cruz. Kimberly Ault Robinson, a former employee,
testified: “There was some talks [sic] about that the Dallas location was going to close down and
the partners were not going to ask Dr. Cruz to go to the new investment. They were doing it hush-
hush without his knowledge.” Boynton stated Ghani “was just saying that he felt that he wanted
out of that company because he didn’t take it on to do that job for his entire life.”
–19–
Additionally, in December 2008, Ghani formed a new business venture, Mesquite AMI,
with his friend Reza Nabavi. Cruz testified Ghani created Mesquite AMI at the same time he
sought to close NDMI by telling Cruz: “We’ve got to close. There is no money, no business going
on.” When Cruz wanted to discuss marketing plans for NDMI so the business would not need to
close, Ghani told Cruz: “[I]t’s too late. I already committed the machines.” Cruz asked Ghani for
clarification, and Ghani told Cruz he committed to selling NDMI’s machines. Cruz testified: “And
that’s the exact time he was in the business, or he’s registered this business with our machines.”
NDMI eventually closed in April 2010 and Nabavi came to NDMI to collect the MRI
machine. Nabavi told Cruz he was going into business with “Mike.” The record includes a service
price quote given to “SASAN, Ltd. or assignee Reza Nabavi, Partner” and made to the attention
of Mike Ghani to de-install an MRI machine located in Dallas and re-install it at a location within
20 miles. The date on the invoice is April 23, 2010.
Ghani testified Cruz gave him authority to sell all of the equipment. Nabavi was interested
in buying the MRI machine and offered to pay more than any other potential buyers. Nabavi
bought the machine and opened a business that Ghani is not part of. The Mesquite AMI proposal
never came to fruition. Ghani denied he planned to open an MRI facility with Nabavi in 2010.
3. Analysis of NDMI Claim
Although Ghani provided an explanation about why NDMI needed to be dissolved and
why the dissolution was not a breach of his fiduciary duties, evidence presented at trial allowed
jurors to reach the opposite conclusion. Some evidence shows Ghani withheld financial
information from Cruz immediately before seeking Cruz’s consent to close the business. That
information would have shown NDMI was not in financial straits and could continue operating as
a profitable entity. Although Ghani stated the financial problems were due, in part, to declining
reimbursement rates, Hakala testified that occurred in 2006-2007 and the businesses had recovered
–20–
financially from that. Further, although Ghani asserted referrals were declining because Taba and
Raroque were moving their practices away from Dallas, Hakala testified a change would have
“some, but not that much” impact on future financial viability and Cruz stated the impact would
be minimal.
A jury could reasonably infer that Ghani acted as he did because he no longer wanted to be
in business with Cruz and wanted to pursue an opportunity with Nabavi. To accomplish this goal,
Ghani falsely told Cruz there was “no money coming in, and we have big debt” to scare him into
agreeing to close NDMI. Even as Ghani testified he was concerned about reimbursement rates
going down and the medical imaging industry becoming less profitable, he formed a new MRI
entity with Nabavi to invest in and pursue opportunities in the same industry and in the same
geographic area. Based on the contradictory evidence, the jury could have disregarded Ghani’s
explanation in favor of the one provided by Cruz.
This is some evidence Ghani placed his own interests before the interests of NDMI, used
the advantage of his position to gain a benefit for himself at the expense of NDMI, or placed
himself in any position where his self-interest might conflict with his obligations to NDMI. Thus,
we conclude there is some evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 1 that Ghani failed
to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI.
Additionally, Hakala’s testimony is sufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question 3
awarding $2.075 million for Ghani’s breach. Hakala testified that the equity value of NDMI at the
end of 2008 was about $2.95 million. Hakala provided a step-by-step process explaining his
methodology to the jury. He stated buyers of medical imaging businesses were paying between
three and six times EBITDA. He explained why, for NDMI, he used a lower multiplier, which
included some of the concerns raised by Ghani. However, Hakala also explained to the jury how
to reach its own calculation if it believed his numbers were too low or high. He testified: “So it’s
–21–
simply multiplication. You have an earnings number, a multiplier to apply the earnings. That
gives you the value of the business.” From that, the jurors could subtract the debt to find the net
equity value of the business, meaning what the business is worth to the partners.
The jury’s damages award is approximately three times EBITDA, which is within the range
of the evidence presented at trial. See Basic Capital Mgmt., Inc. v. Dynex Commercial, Inc., 402
S.W.3d 257, 265 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) (jury has discretion to award damages
within range of evidence presented at trial so long as there is a rational basis for calculation). We
conclude there is some evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 3.
In response to Question 2, the jury determined Ghani’s failure to comply with his fiduciary
duties to NDMI was not excused. The charge instructed the jury that failure to comply is excused
if Cruz waived compliance. The charge defined waiver as the “intentional surrender of a known
right or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming it.” Although Cruz consented to closing
NDMI, Cruz testified he relied on Ghani’s representations there was “no money coming in, and
we have big debt,” which “came out to be not true.” Cruz stated: “[B]asically, if I would have
known the financial status of the North Dallas Medical Imaging, which was shut down from Mr.
Ghani explaining to me that there was no money in 2008,” he would not have agreed to dissolution.
Cruz also testified he did not know about Mesquite AMI or that this potential venture was a reason
Ghani sought to close NDMI.
From this evidence, the jury could have concluded that, although Cruz consented to closing
NDMI, he did not intentionally surrender a known right. He relied on false information from
Ghani, at the same time Ghani withheld accurate financial information, and he would not have
consented had he known NDMI was profitable. The evidence does not conclusively establish Cruz
intentionally surrendered a known right.
–22–
4. Conclusion
Because more than a scintilla of competent evidence supports the jury’s answers to
Questions 1, 2, and 3, we conclude the trial court erred by disregarding the jury’s answers and
entering JNOV in Ghani’s favor on these questions. See Gharda USA, Inc., 464 S.W.3d at 347.
Additionally, the jury’s answers to these questions are not against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence. See Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242. We sustain Cruz’s first
issue to this extent and we overrule Ghani’s first, second, and third cross-issues.
C. Plano Open Claim
In his first issue, Cruz argues, in part, the trial court erred by granting Ghani’s motion for
JNOV on his Plano Open claim. In his fourth through seventh cross-issues, Ghani asserts the
jury’s answers to Questions 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B are against the great weight and preponderance
of the evidence. Ghani’s eighth, ninth, and nineteenth cross-issues state the evidence is insufficient
to support the jury’s answers to Questions 6A, 6B, and 22. Because we agree there is no evidence
to support the jury’s answers to Questions 6A, 6B, and 22—the damages questions—we need not
consider whether the evidence is sufficient to support the liability finding.
In response to Questions 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B, the jury found Ghani failed to comply with
his fiduciary duties to Plano AMI and GMI with respect to the pursuit of Plano Open and the
failures to comply were not excused. In Questions 6A and 6B, the jury was asked what sum of
money would compensate Cruz for the damages caused by these breaches. The jury provided the
same response to both Questions 6A and 6B: $1.657 million. Finally, in response to Question 22,
the jury found by clear and convincing evidence that the injuries found in response to Question 6
resulted from malice or fraud by Ghani. The trial court granted Ghani’s motion for JNOV as to
these findings.
–23–
Cruz’s only evidence of damages on his Plano Open claim was testimony from Hakala
about the value of Plano Open at the end of 2011. Hakala testified the value of Plano Open at the
end of 2011 was between $1.4 million and $1.75 million. The equity was between $1.1 million
and $1.45 million. The adjusted EBITDA for Plano Open for 2011 was $347,413. This evidence
does not reflect the damages sustained by Plano AMI and GMI because of Ghani’s breaches of
fiduciary duty. Plano AMI and GMI may have sustained damages because Ghani diverted patients
to Plano Open, comingled funds between Plano Open and Plano AMI, or because Plano AMI was
competing with a similar venture located across the parking lot. However, Hakala’s evidence only
provided the value of Plano Open as a whole and does not attempt to show the damages to Plano
AMI and GMI.
In Question 22, the jury was asked: “Do you find by clear and convincing evidence that
the injuries, if any, you found in response to Question 6 resulted from malice or fraud by” Ghani?
The jury answered “Yes.” Ghani’s motion for JNOV asserts there is no evidence to support the
jury’s answer. Question 22 was part of the jury’s determination of punitive damages. See Transp.
Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 16 (Tex. 1994) (punitive damages are damages assessed to
punish a defendant for outrageous, malicious, or otherwise morally culpable conduct). However,
a party may not recover punitive damages unless it establishes actual damages. See Burbage v.
Burbage, 447 S.W.3d 249, 263 (Tex. 2014). Because we conclude there is no evidence of actual
damages from Ghani’s breach of fiduciary duty relating to Plano Open, the evidence is insufficient
to support the punitive damages award. See id.
Because there is no competent evidence to support the jury’s answers to Questions 6A, 6B,
and 22, we conclude the trial court properly granted JNOV as to these questions. We overrule
Cruz’s first issue to this extent and we sustain Ghani’s eighth, ninth, and nineteenth cross-issues.
–24–
We do not consider whether there is legally or factually sufficient evidence supporting the
jury’s answers to Questions 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B. We decline to address Cruz’s first issue to this
extent and we decline to address Ghani’s fourth through seventh cross-issues. See TEX. R. APP. P.
47.1.
D. Plano AMI & GMI Claims
In his first issue, Cruz argues, in part, the trial court erred by entering JNOV in Ghani’s
favor on his Plano AMI and GMI claims. In his tenth through sixteenth cross-issues, Ghani argues
the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s answers to Question 7, 8, 9A, 9B, 10, and 12, and
the jury’s answer to Question 11 is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
1. Plano AMI Claim: Jury Charge, Jury’s Findings, and JNOV
Question 7 asked the jury whether Ghani actively directed or participated in GMI’s
conversion of the GMI shares belonging to Cruz. The jury answered “Yes.” In response to
Question 8, the jury determined $8,000 would compensate Cruz for his damages proximately
caused by the conversion. Questions 9A and 9B asked the jury whether there was an agreement
that Cruz would be a limited partner in Plano AMI and, if so, what percentage interest he owned.
The jury concluded Cruz possessed a 24% limited partnership interest in Plano AMI as of August
2010. Question 10 asked the jury whether Ghani actively directed or participated in GMI’s
conversion of Cruz’s limited partnership interest in Plano AMI and the jury answered “Yes.”
Question 11 asked the jury whether Ghani complied with his fiduciary duties to Cruz with respect
to treatment of Cruz as a limited partner in Plano AMI after August 11, 2010. The jury answered
“No,” meaning Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties. In response to Question 12, the
jury determined $617,000 would compensate Cruz for his damages proximately caused by the
conduct found in response to Questions 10 or 11. Ghani’s motion for JNOV asserted there is no
–25–
evidence to support the jury’s answers to Questions 7, 8, 9A, 9B, and 10, and the jury’s answer to
Question 11 should be disregarded because the issue was established as a matter of law.
2. Plano AMI Claim: Background Facts & Analysis
The parties disputed the ownership structure of GMI and Plano AMI. Cruz maintained he
was a limited partner in Plano AMI and held stock in GMI while Ghani asserted Cruz only owned
stock in GMI. Some evidence shows Cruz was a limited partner in Plano AMI, owned stock in
GMI, and Ghani directed or participated in the conversion of both interests.
a. Cruz Owned a Limited Partnership Interest in Plano AMI
Cruz testified he was a limited partner in Plano AMI. Cruz claimed he, Ghani, and Taba
each owned a 24% limited partnership interest directly in Plano AMI; GMI owned 1% as the
corporate general partner; and physician investors owned the remainder. The Plano AMI limited
partnership agreement lists GMI as the general partner and Ghani, Taba, and Cruz as limited
partners. Ghani signed the Plano AMI limited partnership agreement as president of GMI and
individually as a limited partner. Taba and Cruz each signed individually as limited partners.
Exhibit A to the limited partnership agreement is titled “List of Partners and Percentage Interest.”
It lists GMI as the general partner owning a 60% interest. Ghani is listed as a limited partner, but
no percentage interest is given. Taba and Cruz are not listed on Exhibit A. Likewise, Exhibit B
titled “Description of Property Contributed by the Partners” lists GMI as the general partner, but
does not provide the amount of property GMI contributed. Ghani, individually, is listed as a
limited partner, but, again, no amount of property is provided. Taba and Cruz are not listed on
Exhibit B. From 2004 to 2010, Plano AMI made distributions directly to Cruz and Taba, but they
did not receive distributions from GMI. The tax returns for those six years, which Ghani signed,
show Cruz was a limited partner in Plano AMI.
–26–
In contrast, Ghani asserted GMI owned 60% of Plano AMI and physician investors owned
the remaining 40%. Cruz, Ghani, and Taba each owned one-third of the GMI stock, but were not
limited partners in Plano AMI. According to Ghani, Cruz and Taba preferred this structure because
holding their ownership interests through GMI concealed their large interests from physician
investors. Cruz was particularly concerned because he would be referring fewer patients to Plano
AMI than he did to NDMI.
Ghani explained Doug Brady, a lawyer hired by Plano AMI, discovered in 2010 that the
tax returns filed for Plano AMI incorrectly showed Cruz and Taba were limited partners in Plano
AMI. Brady instructed Zamanian to file amended tax returns for 2004 through 2010, but the
amended returns only changed the designations reflecting which people were shareholders in GMI
and limited partners in Plano AMI. The amended tax returns show Cruz was a shareholder in GMI
rather than a limited partner in Plano AMI. Ghani explained the error in the tax return occurred
because Zamanian assumed the corporate structure for GMI and Plano AMI was the same as for
NDMI when it was not.
Although Ghani asserts the documents showing Cruz was a limited partner in Plano AMI
were inaccurate and reflect a series of mistakes, the jury was free to disbelieve this testimony and
instead credit the substantial contradicting evidence. Documentary evidence and Cruz’s testimony
constitute more than a scintilla of competent evidence to support the jury’s answers to Questions
9A and 9B, in which it concluded there was an agreement for Cruz to be a limited partner in Plano
AMI and he owned a 24% interest as of August 2010.
b. Conversion of Cruz’s Plano AMI Limited Partnership Interest
It is uncontested that Ghani was president of GMI and exercised full control over Plano
AMI. By the summer of 2010, there was conflict between Ghani and Cruz and they no longer
wanted to be business partners. Over the next eighteen months, Ghani dissolved NDMI after
–27–
inducing Cruz’s consent by withholding financial information and misrepresenting the status of
the business. Additionally, Ghani started Plano Open, which siphoned customers from Plano AMI.
Two former employees claimed Ghani and his wife, Rona, 3 were looking for a way to exclude
Cruz from the partnerships. One former employee testified she heard Rona talk about their plans
to “get [Cruz] out of the business.” When asked about her understanding of the plan, the former
employee responded: “[T]hey were just going to get him out of the partnership. How that was
going to take place, I don’t know.” The other former employee testified she knew the Ghanis were
unhappy with Cruz and wanted him out of the business. Rona expressed her displeasure that Cruz
“wasn’t carrying his weight, he wasn’t bringing enough business, and [Rona] didn’t feel that he
earned or deserved to have any part of the [distribution] checks or any of the money of the
shareholders.”
At a meeting in June 2010, Ghani was angry with Cruz and told him: “Dr. Cruz, you are a
traitor. You’re a traitor, and I’m going to hire my attorneys. I’m going to destroy you, and I’m
going to take your license away.” After this meeting, Ghani and Taba consulted Brady about
removing Cruz.
In July 2010, after Cruz sued Ghani, Ghani realized the Plano AMI tax returns erroneously
showed Cruz was a limited partner and no dividends had been declared from GMI. Ghani
instructed Zamanian to amend the tax returns and he began recognizing dividends for GMI. Once
the tax returns were amended, they showed Cruz owned his interest only in GMI. Cruz no longer
held any interest in Plano AMI.
Taken together, there is some evidence showing Ghani actively directed or participated in
GMI’s conversion of Cruz’s limited partnership interest in Plano AMI. Because there is sufficient
evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 10 and it was instructed to consider damages
3
Because Rona Ghani has the same surname as her husband who is a party to this appeal, we will call her by her first name.
–28–
based on its answer to Question 10 or Question 11, we need not consider the evidence supporting
the jury’s response to Question 11. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
c. Damages for conversion of Plano AMI Interest
The jury concluded $617,000 would compensate Cruz for his damages proximately caused
by the conversion of his interest in Plano AMI. Ghani’s motion for JNOV asserted there is no
evidence to support this amount.
Hakala performed a similar valuation for Plano AMI as he did for NDMI and used a similar
exhibit during his testimony.
Plano AMI’s revenue and profitability steadily increased in 2008 and 2009. Hakala used the
adjusted EBITDA for Plano AMI and, based on the offers from potential buyers, multiplied it by
four. A high-end multiplier of five would reflect Plano, Texas, as a “premium area” with a good
growth trend. The product would be between about $6 million and $7.5 million. He testified the
net equity value was between $5.65 million and $7.15 million.
However, by August 2010, the EBITDA “had been reduced substantially.” Hakala testified
“some of the referrals went down and there was a clinic opened really close by called Plano Open
AMI that began to draw revenue off and also incur expenses.” He used a lower multiplier of 3.5
and 4.0 because “they were now facing direct competition nearby, and they had suffered a
significant decline in revenue, so a buyer would be concerned about that.” He estimated the value
was between $2.8 million and $3.2 million. He concluded the net equity was $2.275 million to
–29–
$2.675 million. Cruz was a 24% limited partner, meaning his share was worth $546,000 to
$642,000. Ghani argues these calculations fail to account for Cruz’s status as a limited partner
with a minority interest.
Hakala was asked: “If you wanted to find out . . . just what Dr. Cruz’s interest in Plano
AMI was worth, could you take these numbers to do that calculation?” Hakala stated he could and
would do so by multiplying Cruz’s percentage interest by the value of his net equity. “He would
get a pro rata share of his net equity.” When asked why he could calculate Cruz’s share in that
manner, he testified:
The discounts for lack of marketability and some of the other factors,
minority interest discounts, are already built into the prices that are paid for these.
So to this extent, a lot of that’s already factored in.
We are also assuming in a fair market value sense, a willing buyer, willing
seller, and neither under duress. So . . . if Dr. Cruz is not in a financial position
where he has to sell his interests, he doesn’t really want to sell the interest, this is
an awful lot of good income that’s throwing off of [Plano AMI]. He’s getting 30
percent of this income every year. He’s getting a lot of value out of Plano AMI for
his money. He wouldn’t ordinarily want to or need to sell, so the question is what
do I have to offer to entice him to sell to me? Because he’s not openly saying, I
want to sell.
Hakala’s testimony shows he considered Cruz’s status as a limited partner and determined, in this
situation, the minority interest discount was “already built into the prices.”
The jury’s damages award is within the range of evidence presented at trial. See Basic
Capital Mgmt., 402 S.W.3d at 265. We conclude there is more than a scintilla of competent
evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 12.
d. Malice or Fraud in the Conversion of Cruz’s Interest in Plano AMI
Question 23 asked, in part, whether the jury found by clear and convincing evidence the
injuries it found in response to Question 12 resulted from malice or fraud by Ghani. 4 Malice is
4
Question 23 was premised on the jury’s response to Question 8 or Question 12. As discussed below, we conclude no evidence supports the
jury’s response to Question 8. Therefore, we limit our analysis of Question 23 to Question 12.
–30–
defined as “a specific intent by Ghani to cause substantial injury or harm to Cruz.” When
reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding that must be proven by clear
and convincing evidence, we look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to
determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its
finding was true.” Horizon Health Corp. v. Acadia Healthcare Co., Inc., 520 S.W.3d 848, 866
(Tex. 2017). We assume the finder of fact resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a
reasonable fact finder could do so. Id.
Evidence shows Ghani converted Cruz’s interest in Plano AMI after telling him: “Dr. Cruz,
you are a traitor. You’re a traitor, and I’m going to hire my attorneys. I’m going to destroy you,
and I’m going to take your license away.” He then had the tax returns for six years amended to
show Cruz only owned an interest in GMI, thereby converting Cruz’s shares in Plano AMI.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s finding, a reasonable fact
finder could have formed a firm belief that Ghani had a specific intent to cause substantial injury
or harm to Cruz. We conclude the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s answer to
Question 23.
3. Conclusion: Plano AMI Claim
Because the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s answers to Questions 9A,
9B, 10, 12, and 23, we conclude the trial court erred by disregarding the jury’s answers to and
entering JNOV in Ghani’s favor on these questions. See Gharda USA, Inc., 464 S.W.3d at 347.
We sustain Cruz’s first issue to this extent and we overrule Ghani’s twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth,
sixteenth, and twentieth cross-issues. We need not consider whether the evidence is sufficient to
support the jury’s answers to Question 11 and, thus, we do not consider Cruz’s first issue to this
extent or Ghani’s fifteenth cross-issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1.
–31–
4. Conversion of Cruz’s Shares of GMI
The jury found Ghani participated in the conversion of Cruz’s shares in GMI (Question 7)
and $8,000 would compensate him for the conversion (Question 8). Ghani’s motion for JNOV
asserted there is no evidence to support the jury’s answers to Questions 7 and 8. Because we
conclude there is no evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 8, the damages question,
we need not consider whether the evidence supports its answer to Question 7.
It is uncontested that Cruz was removed as a shareholder from GMI and was paid nothing
for his shares. The parties dispute whether Ghani and Taba were justified in removing Cruz.
Assuming, as the jury found, that they were not justified, Cruz presented no evidence of his
damages. Hakala testified about the value of NDMI, Plano AMI, and Plano Open. He offered no
testimony about the value of GMI and, more specifically, the value of Cruz’s interest in GMI. We
have found no other evidence in the record that would show the value of Cruz’s interest in GMI
on August 11, 2010, the date provided in the jury charge. In his brief, Cruz makes no argument in
support of the jury’s response to Question 8. Based on our review of the record, we conclude there
is no evidence supporting the jury’s answer to Question 8. We overrule Cruz’s first issue to this
extent and sustain Ghani’s eleventh cross-issue. We need not consider Ghani’s tenth cross-issue
asserting the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question 7. See TEX. R. APP.
P. 47.1.
E. Ault Claims
In his first issue, Cruz argues, in part, the trial court erred by entering JNOV in Ghani’s
favor on his claims arising from litigation filed by Kimberly Ault Robinson,5 a former employee.
In his seventeenth and eighteenth cross-issues, Ghani argues the jury’s answer to Question 19 is
5
At the time Kimberly Ault Robinson filed her lawsuit, she was known as Kimberly Ault. At the time of trial in this matter, her name was
Kimberly Ault Robinson. Because all parties refer to the underlying litigation as the Ault claims or Ault litigation, we will do so as well and, for
purposes of this analysis, we will refer to Kimberly Ault Robinson as “Ault.”
–32–
against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence and the evidence is insufficient to
support the jury’s answer to Question 20.
1. Jury Charge, Jury’s Findings, and JNOV
Question 19 asked the jury whether Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to
NDMI with respect to payments made concerning the Ault litigation on behalf of Rona Ghani.
The charge states that Ghani had to show:
a. the payments were fair and equitable to NDMI;
b. Ghani made reasonable use of the confidence that NDMI placed in him;
c. Ghani acted in the utmost good faith and exercised the most scrupulous honesty
toward NDMI;
d. Ghani did not place its [sic] own interests before the interests of NDMI, did not
use the advantage of his position to gain a benefit for himself at the expense of
NDMI, and did not place himself in any position where his self-interest might
conflict with his obligations to NDMI; and,
e. Ghani fully and fairly disclosed all important information to NDMI.
The jury answered “No,” meaning Ghani did not comply with his fiduciary duties and, in response
to Question 20, determined the amount of $95,000 would compensate NDMI for its damages.
2. Background Facts
Rona Ghani worked as the marketing director for NDMI and Plano AMI. Ault was hired
to work with Rona and she worked for NDMI for approximately 90 days in 2008. After leaving
NDMI, Ault sued Rona and NDMI alleging Rona forged her name on a non-compete agreement
and sent the forged document to her new employer, causing her new employment to be terminated.
NDMI paid legal fees on behalf of Rona and itself to defend the lawsuit and paid to settle the
lawsuit. NDMI did not seek indemnification from Rona.
Cruz testified Ghani did not inform him about the Ault litigation and he did not participate
in the decision to pay expenses related to the litigation or settlement. Ghani testified he did inform
Cruz who replied: “I want you to handle it. I don’t have time.” Taba testified Ghani told him that
Rona contacted all of the NDMI partners and told them NDMI was paying the defense costs.
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3. Law & Analysis
Cruz argues Ghani breached his fiduciary duties by not causing NDMI to seek
indemnification from Rona. Under Texas law, the availability of common law indemnity is
extremely limited. Mahrouq Enterprises Intern. (MEI), Inc. v. Griffin, No. 05-10-00071-CV, 2012
WL 1537460, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 1, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Affordable
Power, L.P. v. Buckeye Ventures, Inc., 347 S.W.3d 825, 833 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.)).
Common law indemnity survives in Texas only in products liability actions to protect an innocent
retailer in the chain of distribution and in negligence actions to protect a defendant whose liability
is purely vicarious in nature. Id. (citing Affordable Power, 347 S.W.3d at 833). Vicarious liability
is liability placed upon one party for the conduct of another, based solely upon the relationship
between the two. Id. (citing Affordable Power, 347 S.W.3d at 833). In a case in which one
defendant’s liability is premised solely on respondeat superior, that defendant’s liability is purely
vicarious, and a claim for common law indemnity exists. Id. (citing Affordable Power, 347 S.W.3d
at 833). There is no right of indemnity against a defendant who is not liable to the plaintiff. Id.
(citing Affordable Power, 347 S.W.3d at 833).
When a party seeking indemnity, as Cruz argues NDMI should have, settles the claim of
the potential indemnitor (Rona) without a judicial determination of the indemnitor’s liability to the
plaintiff (Ault), the party “must satisfy three elements in order to be entitled to indemnity: 1) that
it was potentially liable to the plaintiffs; 2) that the settlement was made in good faith; and 3) that
the settlement was a reasonable amount under the circumstances.” Id. at *5 (citing St. Anthony’s
Hosp. v. Whitfield, 946 S.W.2d 174, 179–80 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1997, writ denied)). Upon such
a showing, the indemnitee may recover the amount paid in settlement of the claim. Id. (citing St.
Anthony’s Hosp., 946 S.W.2d at 179–80).
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There was no judicial determination of Rona’s liability to Ault. There is no evidence that
in this record showing NDMI could have met the three elements listed above that are required to
be entitled to indemnity. See id. at *4. Even if we assume NDMI was potentially liable to Ault,
there is no evidence the settlement was made in good faith or the amount of the settlement was
reasonable.
Because we conclude there is no evidence NDMI was entitled to indemnification against
Rona, we also conclude there is no evidence Ghani breached his fiduciary duty by not seeking that
indemnification. Additionally, the jury’s finding that Ghani breached his fiduciary duty by not
seeking indemnification from Rona is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
To the extent Cruz argues in his brief that the trial court erred by excluding evidence
concerning Ault’s allegations of forgery, Cruz provides no explanation of how the trial court’s
decision was an abuse of discretion, see In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex. 2005), or caused
reversible error, see TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a). Having reviewed Cruz’s offer of proof of the evidence
excluded by the trial court, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion or the exclusion
of evidence resulted in reversible error.
4. Conclusion
We conclude the trial court did not err by granting Ghani’s motion for JNOV on the jury’s
answers to Questions 19 and 20. We overrule Cruz’s first issue to this extent. We sustain Ghani’s
seventeenth cross-issue and we need not consider his eighteenth cross-issue challenging the
damages awarded by the jury based on its finding of breach of fiduciary duty.
F. Salary Claims
In his second issue, Cruz argues the trial court erred by refusing to enter judgment on his
claim that Ghani improperly paid a salary to himself.
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1. Background Facts
Ghani believed he should be compensated for managing the businesses because he
performed the same functions as a management company, which would be paid for its services.
Cruz opposed paying Ghani because he believed the partners were compensated through
distributions.
The NDMI partnership agreement precludes the general partner from receiving
compensation for services rendered on behalf of the partnership. However, the Plano AMI
partnership agreement permits the general partner to receive compensation. Ghani wrote a letter
dated November 1, 2007, to Taba and himself, stating GMI, the general partner of Plano AMI and
manager of its business affairs, would begin paying compensation to Ghani and Taba. Ghani
would receive $8,000 per month for acting as GMI’s president and overseeing the day-to-day
affairs of Plano AMI on behalf of GMI. Taba would receive $2,500 per month for providing
contrast services for patients. The minutes of the annual meeting of the GMI board of directors
reflect Ghani, Taba, and Cruz were present at a meeting held on November 15, 2007. Cruz
disputed he was present and Taba’s testimony indicates Cruz may not have been. The meeting
minutes state: “IT IS FURTHER RESOLVED, that the compensation agreement entered into by
the officers of the Corporation on or about November 1, 2007, a copy of which is attached hereto,
is hereby adopted, approved and ratified by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.” The
minutes are signed by Taba as the secretary and Ghani as the chairman. Taba testified the
November 1, 2007 letter may have been created after September 1, 2008.
From December 2008 through April 2010, Plano AMI paid $8,000 per month to MG
International. The record shows MG stands for Mike Ghani. Ghani told Taba that the salary was
less than a management company would be paid and Taba did not consider the salary unfair.
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2. Jury’s Findings
The jury found Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to Plano AMI with respect
to the payments made to himself (Question 13), but awarded $0 in damages (Question 14). Ghani
did not move for JNOV on the liability question and, thus, has not challenged the finding he
breached his fiduciary duties by making payments to himself. The trial court did not award
damages to Cruz on this claim. On appeal, Cruz argues the trial court should have entered
judgment ordering disgorgement of Ghani’s compensation.
3. Law & Analysis
Courts may fashion equitable remedies such as disgorgement and forfeiture to remedy a
breach of a fiduciary duty. Cooper v. Campbell, No. 05-15-00340-CV, 2016 WL 4487924, at *10
(Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 24, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing ERI Consulting Eng’r, Inc. v.
Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 874, 873-75 (Tex. 2010); Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229 (Tex. 1999);
Dernick Resources, Inc. v. Wilstein, 471 S.W.3d 468, 482 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015,
pet. denied)). Disgorgement is an equitable forfeiture of benefits wrongfully obtained. Id. (citing
In re Longview Energy Co., 464 S.W.3d 353, 361 (Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding); Swinnea v. ERI
Consulting Eng’r, Inc., 481 S.W.3d 747, 752 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2016, no pet.)). A party may be
required to forfeit benefits when a person rendering services to another in a relationship of trust
breaches that trust. See In re Longview Energy Co., 464 S.W.3d 361.
“We have said that such equitable forfeiture ‘is not mainly compensatory . . . nor is it
mainly punitive’ and ‘cannot . . . be measured by . . . actual damages.’” Id. (quoting Burrow, 997
S.W.2d at 240). Disgorgement is compensatory in the same sense attorney fees, interest, and costs
are, but it is not damages. Id. As a result, equitable forfeiture is distinguishable from an award of
actual damages incurred as a result of a breach of fiduciary duty. Cooper, 2016 WL 4487924, at
*10 (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 240; McCullough v. Scarbrough, Medlin & Assocs., Inc., 435
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S.W.3d 871, 905 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied); Swinnea, 481 S.W.3d at 753). A claimant
need not prove actual damages to succeed on a claim for forfeiture because they address different
wrongs. Id. (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 240; Swinnea, 481 S.W.3d at 753). In addition to
serving as a deterrent, forfeiture can serve as restitution to a principal who did not receive the
benefit of the bargain due to his agent’s breach of fiduciary duty. Id. (citing Swinnea, 481 S.W.3d
at 753 (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 237–38)). However, forfeiture is not justified in every
instance in which a fiduciary violates a legal duty because some violations are inadvertent or do
not significantly harm the principal. Cooper, 2016 WL 4487924, at *10 (citing Burrow, 997
S.W.2d at 241; Dernick, 471 S.W.3d at 482; Miller, 142 S.W.3d at 338).
Whether a forfeiture should be imposed must be determined by the trial court based on the
equity of the circumstances. Cooper, 2016 WL 4487924, at *10 (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at
245; Swinnea, 481 S.W.3d at 753; Dernick, 471 S.W.3d at 482). However, certain matters may
present fact issues for the jury to decide, such as whether or when the alleged misconduct occurred,
the fiduciary’s mental state and culpability, the value of the fiduciary’s services, and the existence
and amount of harm to the principal. Id. (citing Dernick, 471 S.W.3d at 482; Miller, 142 S.W.3d
at 338). Once the factual disputes have been resolved, the trial court must determine: (1) whether
the fiduciary’s conduct was a “clear and serious” breach of duty to the principal; (2) whether any
monetary sum should be forfeited; and (3) if so, what the amount should be. Id. (citing Swinnea,
481 S.W.3d at 753 (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 245–46); Dernick, 471 S.W.3d at 482).
The record shows Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to Plano AMI with
respect to the payments made to himself. The jury found the injury resulted from Ghani’s malice
(Question 24). Although Cruz, in his sixth amended petition, sought “disgorgement/fee forfeiture”
for Ghani’s misconduct and the issue was argued by counsel at the hearing on Ghani’s motion for
JNOV, the record does not show whether the trial court considered an equitable forfeiture award.
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Because Cruz requested the remedy and it was timely brought to the trial court’s attention, we
conclude the request for equitable relief should be remanded to the trial court for consideration of
the factors described by the Texas Supreme Court in ERI Consulting Engineers, Inc. v. Swinnea,
318 S.W.3d 867, 875 (Tex. 2010). We sustain Cruz’s second issue to this extent.
G. Ghani’s Counterclaim
In his third issue, Cruz argues the trial court denied his right to due process when it awarded
judgment on Ghani’s counterclaim without any adjudicatory proceeding. In 2012, Cruz obtained
a judgment against Ghani for over $4 million. See Plano AMI v. Cruz, No. 05-12-01480-CV, 2015
WL 128592 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 9, 2015, no pet.). Ghani appealed, but did not supersede the
judgment. While Ghani’s appeal was pending, Cruz obtained a writ of execution and caused a
condominium owned by Ghani to be sold for $25,000. After the execution sale, this Court reversed
the judgment on which execution issued. On remand, Ghani asserted a counterclaim for wrongful
execution, which Cruz generally denied. The trial court rendered judgment that Ghani recover
$217,500, the stipulated fair market value of Ghani’s condominium at the time of the execution
sale, on his counterclaim. The trial court also awarded Ghani prejudgment interest, post-judgment
interest, and costs. See Cruz v. Ghani, No. 05-17-00566-CV, 2018 WL 446425, at *1 (Tex. App.—
Dallas Jan. 17, 2018, no pet.).
Cruz asserts the trial court conducted no adjudication on Ghani’s right to relief, either
through a trial or motion for summary judgment, before entering judgment in Ghani’s favor. Thus,
Cruz argues, judgment on Ghani’s counterclaim is improper and, by entering the judgment, the
trial court denied his right to due process. Ghani responds the parties presented their legal and
factual arguments on the condominium issue to the trial court.
Before trial began, Ghani’s counsel informed the court there were two “administrative
issues” the parties “agreed to put off until after [the] verdict. One is we have a claim for wrongful
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foreclosure with respect to a condominium that was foreclosed on judgment. We’ve agreed to just
hold that and deal with that in the future.” Five months after the trial concluded, the trial court
held a hearing on Ghani’s motion for JNOV. During the hearing, the trial court stated:
THE COURT: Let’s talk about the condominium. Defendants argue that
they should be awarded judgment on the counterclaim for the levy of execution on
the condominium. Help me. . . . I don’t remember hearing about this during trial.
[Counsel for Ghani]: You didn’t. . . . That’s the reason . . . you wouldn’t
remember. . . . [W]hat you may recall faintly at this point was before the trial started
in one of the final pretrial conferences, [counsel for both parties] agreed to reserve
the condominium issue until after the trial was over.
The parties then presented brief arguments on the condominium issue. No evidence was admitted.
Six months after the hearing, the trial court entered its final judgment which states, in part:
By stipulation of the parties, the issues raised by defendant Ghani’s counterclaim
were reserved for future determination by the Court. The parties have stipulated
that on February 4, 2012, a condominium located at . . . , belonging to defendant
Ghani was sold at execution sale pursuant to this Court’s judgment of August 7,
2012, which was later reversed on appeal, and that the fair market value of the
condominium on the date of sale was $217,500. Plaintiff Cruz has deposited in the
registry of the Court the $25,000 received from the execution sale. The Court
concludes that defendant Ghani is entitled to restitutionary remedies to recover
what was taken from him pursuant to a judgment later reversed.
Cruz filed a motion to modify the judgment or for new trial on Ghani’s counterclaim.
Due process requires that a party receive “reasonable notice” of trial. Boateng v.
Trailblazer Health Enterprises, L.L.C., 171 S.W.3d 481, 492 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2005, no pet.) (quoting Peralta v. Heights Med. Ctr., Inc., 485 U.S. 80, 84 (1988)). The record
shows the trial court ruled on the merits of Ghani’s counterclaim without giving notice that the
JNOV hearing would also be a trial on the counterclaim. Rather, the trial judge raised the issue of
the counter-claim at the JNOV hearing and the parties then briefly presented arguments. There
was no opportunity to present evidence. The purpose of the hearing was to determine the merits
of the motion for JNOV, not to adjudicate the merits of Ghani’s counter-claim. Thus, we conclude
that the trial court erred by considering the JNOV hearing a trial on the merits of Ghani’s counter-
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claim and entering judgment on the claim. See Knutson v. Friess, No. 09-08-00181-CV, 2009 WL
1331100, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 14, 2009, no pet.) (citing Mocega v. Bradford
Urquhart M.D., 79 S.W.3d 61, 64–65 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied)
(reversing dismissal of medical malpractice action because trial court did not give notice of hearing
on motion to dismiss); Green v. McAdams, 857 S.W.2d 816, 819 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1993, no writ) (holding trial court erred by rendering post-answer default judgment after party
failed to appear at trial because trial court gave defaulting party no notice of trial setting); Seckers
v. Ocean Chems., Inc., 845 S.W.2d 317, 318–319 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ)
(holding trial court erred in dismissing case as a discovery sanction because trial court gave no
notice of sanctions hearing to the sanctioned party); Palmer v. Cantrell, 747 S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, no writ) (same as Seckers)). We sustain Cruz’s third issue.
CONCLUSION
In accordance with this opinion, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of Ghani on
Cruz’s Plano Open claim, GMI claim, and Ault claim. We reverse the trial court’s judgment in
favor of Ghani on Cruz’s NDMI claim, Plano AMI claim, and salary claim. We reverse the trial
court’s judgment in favor of Ghani on his counterclaim. We remand for the trial court to enter
judgment in favor of appellants on the NDMI claim, Plano AMI claim, and salary claim; to
consider Cruz’s request for equitable relief on the salary claim; and to conduct further proceedings
on Ghani’s counterclaim.
170566F.P05
/Craig Stoddart/
CRAIG STODDART
JUSTICE
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Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
ERWIN CRUZ AND THE ERWIN A. On Appeal from the 101st Judicial District
CRUZ FAMILY LIMITED Court, Dallas County, Texas
PARTNERSHIP, BOTH OF THEM Trial Court Cause No. DC-10-16274.
INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF Opinion delivered by Justice Stoddart.
NORTH DALLAS MEDICAL IMAGING, Justices Francis and Myers participating.
LP, PLANO AMI, LP, AND GHANI
MEDICAL INVESTMENTS, INC.,
Appellants
No. 05-17-00566-CV V.
MEHRDAD GHANI, Appellee
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.
We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s judgment in favor of appellee Mehrdad
Ghani on his counterclaim.
We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s judgment in favor of appellee Ghani on
the claims by appellants Erwin Cruz and the Erwin A. Cruz Family Limited Partnership, both of
them individually and on behalf of the North Dallas Medical Imaging, L.P. (“NDMI”), Plano
AMI, LP (“Plano AMI”), and Ghani Medical Investments, Inc. (“GMI”) that Ghani failed to
comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI, the failure was not excused, and NDMI suffered
damages; that Cruz was a 24% limited partner of Plano AMI, Ghani actively directed or
participated in GMI’s conversion of Cruz’s Plano AMI limited partnership interest, and Cruz
suffered damages as a result; and that Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to Plano
AMI with respect to salary payments made to himself.
We AFFIRM that portion of the trial court’s judgment in favor of appellee Ghani on the
claims by appellants that Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties with respect to the
pursuit of Plano Open causing damages to appellants; Ghani actively directed or participated in
GMI’s conversion of shares belonging to Cruz, which caused damages to Cruz; and Ghani failed
to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI with respect to payments made concerning the Ault
Litigation on behalf of Rona Ghani.
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We REMAND this cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
It is ORDERED that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.
Judgment entered this 20th day of August, 2018.
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