Tory Deshune Byrd v. State ( 2018 )

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 02-17-00173-CR
TORY DESHUNE BYRD APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE
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FROM THE 78TH DISTRICT COURT OF WICHITA COUNTY
TRIAL COURT NO. 57,088-B
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MEMORANDUM OPINION1
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I. INTRODUCTION
A jury convicted Appellant Tory Deshune Byrd of intentionally evading
arrest or detention with a prior conviction of the same, and the trial court
sentenced him to twelve years’ confinement. In a single issue, Byrd contends
that he suffered egregious harm because the deliberation instruction portion of
1
See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
the jury charge contained grammatical errors instructing the presiding juror to
sign only “one of the forms attached hereto” for “each count” even though only
one form was attached and Byrd was charged with only one count. Byrd alleges
that the improper pluralization of “form” and “count” led the jury to erroneously
conclude that he was charged with multiple counts, which might have led the jury
to erroneously convict him based solely on his prior conviction. Byrd did not
object to the jury charge. Because the record on appeal fails to reflect that Byrd
suffered egregious harm from the unobjected-to alleged charge error, we will
affirm.
II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On January 13, 2016, at approximately 11:45 a.m., Wichita Falls Police
Officer Deanna Tofte responded to a call at a residence in Wichita County,
Texas, regarding a disturbance and the possible commission of a crime. At trial,
Officer Tofte testified that when she arrived at the residence, she was informed
that the two people involved in the disturbance had left on foot and were traveling
north. Officer Tofte was apprised that the two individuals were black males and
that one man was wearing a blue shirt and gray pants and the other man was
wearing a gray and blue flannel shirt. Through a radio dispatch, Officer Tofte
advised other officers of the direction that the two men were travelling, when they
were last seen, what they were wearing, and of her concerns for officer safety.
At the time of Officer Tofte’s radio call, Patrol Officer Chad Nelson was on
patrol in the area, driving a “Crown Vic style” marked patrol car, and wearing his
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police uniform with a badge affixed to his chest. At trial, Officer Nelson testified
that he received a dispatch that the two suspects had left the residence and were
traveling north on foot toward a nearby bike trail. Officer Nelson testified that the
dispatch described the suspects as two black males, one wearing a blue shirt
and gray pants and the other wearing a blue and gray flannel shirt.
Officer Nelson arrived at the bike trail and drove his patrol car over the
curb and through the grass toward the trail and bridge. There was a creek with a
rocky bank below the bridge. Upon reaching the bike path, Officer Nelson saw a
black male wearing a blue shirt and gray pants, standing on the north side of the
creek. When Officer Nelson drove his patrol car over a bridge to the north side of
the creek, he testified that the man crossed back over the creek to the south
side. Officer Nelson put the patrol car in reverse and drove back to the south
side of the creek. Officer Nelson testified that he then saw a second black male
wearing a blue and gray flannel shirt. Officer Nelson did not turn on his lights or
engage the patrol car’s intercom system to communicate with the men.
Officer Nelson testified that he stepped out of the patrol car and yelled to
the two men, “Stop, Police; Just stay where you are.” Officer Nelson estimated
that the two men were fifty yards away from him when he yelled for them to stop.
Officer Nelson testified that both men looked at him and yelled something that he
could not understand. Officer Nelson testified that the men then ran north back
across the creek bed and that he pursued them on foot. Officer Nelson testified
that after a short pursuit, a second Wichita Falls Police Officer, Dale Finnegan,
3
approached the two men from a different direction. Officer Finnegan yelled
commands to the two men, and the two men laid down on their chests. 2 Officer
Nelson testified that the two men had travelled approximately two-tenths of a mile
from the time he first yelled at them to stop until the time that they were detained.
The State indicted Byrd for intentionally evading arrest or detention from
Officer Nelson.3 The indictment alleged a previous conviction for evading arrest
or detention,4 as well as previous convictions for felony possession of a
controlled substance and felony assault of public servant.
On May 9, 2017, the trial court presided over a trial on the merits. After the
State and Byrd rested, the trial court held a charge conference, at which Byrd
made no objections. The jury deliberated and returned a verdict of guilty, finding
Byrd guilty of the offense of evading arrest or detention with a prior conviction.
In this appeal, Byrd raises a single issue challenging the following portion
of the jury charge that concerned deliberation instructions:
Your verdict must be unanimous, and after you have arrived at your
verdict, you may use one of the forms attached hereto by having
your presiding juror sign his or her name to the particular form that
2
Officer Finnegan testified that he had pointed his AR-15 and moved
toward the two men while he was giving commands. Officer Finnegan testified
that although the two men did not immediately comply with his commands, they
eventually complied and laid down on their chests.
3
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.04(b) (West 2016).
4
Byrd had previously been convicted on May 2, 2014, of evading arrest or
detention with a previous conviction.
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conforms to your verdict, but in no event shall he or she sign more
than one of such forms as to each count. [emphasis added]
Byrd contends that by instructing the jury regarding multiple “forms” and “each
count,” the charge improperly suggested there were multiple counts and forms
when, in fact, this case only concerned one count and one form. Byrd contends
that this likely confused the jury because Byrd’s prior conviction for evading
arrest or detention was an element of the offense that he was charged with in the
present indictment. Moreover, the indictment includes both evading arrest
charges, as well as two other convictions. Thus, Byrd asserts that the jury
charge was in error, egregiously harmed him, and warrants reversal and either
acquittal or new trial.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“[A]ll alleged jury-charge error must be considered on appellate review
regardless of preservation in the trial court.” Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645,
649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). In our review of a jury charge, we first determine
whether error occurred; if error did not occur, our analysis ends. Id. If error
occurred, whether it was preserved determines the degree of harm required for
reversal. Id. Unpreserved charge error warrants reversal only when the error
resulted in egregious harm. Nava v. State, 415 S.W.3d 289, 298 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2013); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op.
on reh’g); see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (West 2006). The
appropriate inquiry for egregious harm is fact specific and must be performed on
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a case-by-case basis. Gelinas v. State, 398 S.W.3d 703, 710 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013); Taylor v. State, 332 S.W.3d 483, 489 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).
In making an egregious harm determination, “the actual degree of harm
must be assayed in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the evidence,
including the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the argument of
counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the record of the trial as a
whole.” Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171; see generally Gelinas, 398 S.W.3d at
708–10 (applying Almanza). Errors that result in egregious harm are those “that
affect the very basis of the case, deprive the defendant of a valuable right, vitally
affect the defensive theory, or make a case for conviction clearly and significantly
more persuasive.” Taylor, 332 S.W.3d at 490 (citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at
172). The purpose of this review is to illuminate the actual, not just theoretical,
harm to the accused. Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174. We address each of the
four factors articulated in Almanza. See id. at 171; Valencia v. State, No. 02-14-
00406-CR, 2015 WL 7820384, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Dec. 3, 2015, no
pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
IV. ANALYSIS
The first question we must resolve is whether error actually occurred.
Although the State minimizes the error by labeling it “typographical,” the State
does not disagree with Byrd’s contention that the jury charge does, in fact,
improperly pluralize “form” and “count.” Therefore, it is undisputed that the jury
charge contains error, however minute.
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The next question we must resolve is whether the error was preserved.
The State asserts that Byrd made no objection at the charge conference. Our
review of the record confirms that Byrd made no objection at the charge
conference. Therefore, the error warrants reversal only if it resulted in egregious
harm. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
To determine whether the error resulted in an egregious harm, we now
consider the four Almanza factors.
A. The Entire Jury Charge
“The purpose of the trial judge’s jury charge is to instruct the jurors on all of
the law that is applicable to the case.” Vasquez v. State, 389 S.W.3d 361, 366
(Tex. Crim. App. 2012). “Because the charge is the instrument by which the jury
convicts, [it] must contain an accurate statement of the law and must set out all
the essential elements of the offense.” Id. (quoting Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d
330, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)).
A jury charge contains an abstract paragraph and an application
paragraph. The “abstract or definitional paragraphs serve as a kind of glossary
to help the jury understand the meaning of concepts and terms used in the
application paragraphs of the charge.” Plata v. State, 926 S.W.2d 300, 302 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234(Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). “The application paragraph is what explains to the jury,
in concrete terms, how to apply the law to the facts of the case.” Yzaguirre v.
State, 394 S.W.3d 526, 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
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The relevant portion of the application paragraph here reads as follows:
[I]f you believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that
the defendant, Tory Byrd, on or about the 13th day of January, 2016,
in Wichita County, Texas did then and there intentionally flee from
Chad Nelson, a person the defendant knew was a peace officer who
was attempting lawfully to arrest or detain the defendant, and that,
prior to the commission of the aforesaid offense, on May 2, 2014, in
case number 53,484-B in the 78th District Court of Wichita County,
Texas, the defendant was convicted under Section 38.04, Penal
Code, of the offense of Evading Arrest Detention with Previous
Conviction, you will find the defendant guilty of the offense of
Evading Arrest or Detention with Previous Conviction as alleged in
the indictment . . . .
Byrd does not claim error exists in the application paragraph of the jury
charge. Instead, he claims error exists only in the deliberation instruction portion
of the jury charge. And generally, when considering the entire jury charge in an
Almanza analysis, errors in the abstract or deliberation instructions do not
constitute egregious harm. See Medina v. State, 7 S.W.3d 633, 640 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1999) (“Where the application paragraph correctly instructs the jury, an
error in the abstract instruction is not egregious.”). Under this factor, the error in
the jury charge does not rise to the level of egregious harm.
B. The State of the Evidence
Looking to the state of the evidence, there was ample evidence to support
the jury’s finding that Byrd evaded the lawful arrest or detention of Officer Nelson
on January 13, 2016. The testimony of Officer Nelson demonstrates that he
yelled at Byrd to stop; but Byrd yelled something back and ran in the opposite
direction. Further, the State’s fingerprint expert, Annette Wang, testified at trial
8
that Byrd was the same person who had been previously convicted for evading
arrest or detention on May 2, 2014. Therefore, considering the error in the
deliberation paragraph of the jury charge in light of the state of the evidence at
trial, Byrd did not suffer egregious harm.
C. Argument of Counsel
Looking to the arguments of counsel, Byrd’s counsel made no argument
concerning the May 2, 2014 conviction. The prosecutor mentioned the prior
evading arrest or detention conviction three times: in his opening statement, in
offering the State’s exhibit number 1, and in his closing argument. In fact, in the
prosecutor’s closing argument, he specifically referred to the May 2, 2014
conviction as supporting only a specific element of the offense for which Byrd
was being tried. Therefore, the prosecutor’s closing argument likely clarified any
confusion that the error in the deliberation instruction might have caused and
supports that Byrd did not suffer egregious harm. See Craaybeek v. State, No.
02-15-00454-CR, 2016 WL 4491225, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 26,
2016, pet ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (holding no egregious
harm occurred when the prosecutor’s closing argument actually clarified an
erroneous definition in jury charge).
D. The Trial as a Whole
Looking to the other relevant information in the record as a whole, during
voir dire, the prosecutor clearly stated that the prior conviction was only a part of
the State’s case against Byrd:
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We would need to prove that on or about January 13, 2016, here in
Wichita County, Tory Deshune Byrd did then and there intentionally
flee from Chad Nelson, a person the defendant knew was a peace
officer who was attempting lawfully to arrest or detain the defendant,
and that he had a prior conviction for evading arrest/detention.
[emphasis added]
Shortly thereafter, the prosecutor reaffirmed that the prior conviction was only
part of the State’s case against Byrd and even cautioned that the prior conviction
did not establish Byrd’s guilt for the instant offense:
[I]n order to get into this courtroom, we need to prove that the
defendant has a previous conviction for evading arrest. Now, just
because someone has been convicted of something at one point in
their life does not mean they automatically did something else later
on, right? The State needs to be held to its burden of proof in that
way.
From the outset of trial, the State clearly identified the prior conviction for
evading arrest or detention as being merely an element or part of Byrd’s instant
offense, and that the existence of the prior conviction alone did not mean that the
State had proved Byrd’s guilt of the instant offense. Thus, the record as a whole
does not show that the grammatical error in the deliberation instructions caused
Byrd to suffer egregious harm.
Having examined the four Almanza factors and having concluded that
none of them weigh in favor of egregious harm, we hold that the grammatical
error in the deliberation instruction portion of the jury charge did not deprive Byrd
of a valuable right, vitally affect his defensive theory, or make the case for
conviction clearly and significantly more persuasive. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d
at 171; Taylor, 332 S.W.3d at 490.
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V. CONCLUSION
Having held that the error in the deliberation instruction in the jury charge
was not an egregious harm, we overrule Byrd’s single issue on appeal and affirm
the judgment of the trial court.
/s/ Sue Walker
SUE WALKER
JUSTICE
PANEL: WALKER, MEIER, and GABRIEL, JJ.
DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)
DELIVERED: March 1, 2018
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