Sheila Smith, and/or All Occupants of 3434 Southmore Blvd., Houston, Texas 77004-6349 v. DLJ Mortgage Capital, Inc., It's Successors and Assigns , 558 S.W.3d 726 ( 2018 )

Affirmed and Opinion filed August 2, 2018.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-16-00811-CV
SHEILA SMITH, AND/OR ALL OCCUPANTS OF 3434 SOUTHMORE
BLVD., HOUSTON, TEXAS 77004-6349, Appellants
V.
DLJ MORTGAGE CAPITAL, INC., ITS SUCCESSORS AND ASSIGNS
Appellees
On Appeal from the County Civil Court at Law Number 3
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1082501
OPINION
In this appeal from a county court at law’s judgment in the de novo appeal of
a forcible-detainer action, the appellant/lessee asserts that a foreclosure terminated
the rights of the person who leased the real property to her but that, under the
Protecting Tenants Against Foreclosures Act, the foreclosure did not terminate her
rights as lessee. The appellant/lessee argues she was a bona fide tenant residing on
the premises under a valid lease that predated the substitute trustee’s notice of the
foreclosure sale. Concluding that the appellant has not shown that the county court
at law erred in rendering judgment in favor of the current owner, we affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In February 2012, appellant/defendant Sheila Smith entered into a residential
lease with George Campbell, the then-owner of the real property at 3434
Southmore in Houston, Texas (“Real Property”). Under this instrument, Smith
leased a portion of the improvements to the Real Property for a term beginning on
February 3, 2012, and ending on January 31, 2016.
Campbell had executed a deed of trust in 2007. In August 2013, the
substitute trustee under the deed of trust noticed a non-judicial foreclosure of the
lien, and the substitute trustee conducted a foreclosure sale in September 2013.
Appellee/plaintiff DLJ Mortgage Capital, Inc. made the highest bid at the sale, and
the substitute trustee signed a “Foreclosure Sale Deed” in September 2013,
purporting to convey the Real Property to DLJ Mortgage. DLJ Mortgage then
prosecuted a number of forcible-detainer actions seeking to obtain possession of
the Real Property from Campbell, Smith, and others.
In one of these cases, filed in July 2015, DLJ Mortgage asserted a forcible-
detainer action against Smith and all occupants of the Real Property. The justice
court ruled in favor of DLJ Mortgage. On January 12, 2016, following a trial de
novo on appeal, the county court at law rendered judgment that DLJ Mortgage take
nothing, based in part on the Protecting Tenants Against Foreclosures Act. DLJ
Mortgage did not appeal this judgment.
Instead, in June 2016, DLJ Mortgage filed this forcible-detainer action in the
justice court against Smith and all occupants of the Real Property. DLJ Mortgage
alleged that it owns the Real Property and that Smith’s lease had not been renewed
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and had expired. In July 2016, the justice court rendered judgment granting DLJ
Mortgage possession of the Real Property.
During the trial de novo on appeal in the county court at law, the presiding
judge stated that Smith’s lease had expired. The county court at law rendered
judgment granting DLJ Mortgage possession of the Real Property.
II. ISSUES AND ANALYSIS
On appeal, Smith asserts in a single issue that when Campbell lost his rights
in the Real Property during the foreclosure sale, the sale did not terminate Smith’s
rights because she is a bona fide tenant residing on the Real Property under a valid
lease that predated the substitute trustee’s notice of the foreclosure sale. It is
difficult to discern from Smith’s briefing how she contends the county court at law
erred. Nonetheless, Smith invokes her rights under the Protecting Tenants Against
Foreclosures Act. See Pub. L. No. 111-22, § 702, 123 Stat. at 1660–61, as
amended by Pub. L. No. 111-203, § 1484, 124 Stat. at 2204. Congress enacted this
statute in May 2009, and, as Congress provided, the statute terminated on
December 31, 2014.1 See id.
Congress enacted the Protecting Tenants Against Foreclosure Act as a
temporary measure to give more protections to tenants during the mortgage-
foreclosure crisis. The Act provided protections to tenants residing in dwelling
units subject to foreclosure by requiring that successors in interest to foreclosed
properties provide “bona fide tenants,” as the Act defines the term, with at least
ninety days’ notice to vacate the property and by providing that a bona fide lease
entered into before the notice of foreclosure would survive the foreclosure and
1
Congress originally provided that the statute would terminate on December 31, 2012, and later
changed the termination date to December 31, 2014. See Pub. L. No. 111-22, § 702, 123 Stat. at
1660–61, as amended by Pub. L. No. 111-203, § 1484, 124 Stat. at 2204.
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allow a bona fide tenant to occupy the premises under the lease until the end of the
remaining lease term, subject to an exception not applicable to today’s case. See
id.
In the portions of the Act relevant to this appeal, Congress provided as
follows:
Sec. 702. Effect of Foreclosure on Preexisting Tenancy.
(a) IN GENERAL.—In the case of any foreclosure on a federally-
related mortgage loan or on any dwelling or residential real property
after the date of enactment of this title, any immediate successor in
interest in such property pursuant to the foreclosure shall assume such
interest subject to:
(1) the provision, by such successor in interest of a notice to vacate to
any bona fide tenant at least 90 days before the effective date of such
notice; and
(2) the rights of any bona fide tenant, as of the date of such notice of
foreclosure—
(A) under any bona fide lease entered into before the notice of
foreclosure to occupy the premises until the end of the remaining term
of the lease, except that a successor in interest may terminate a lease
effective on the date of sale of the unit to a purchaser who will occupy
the unit as a primary residence, subject to the receipt by the tenant of
the 90 day notice under paragraph (1); or
(B) without a lease or with a lease terminable at will under state law,
subject to the receipt by the tenant of the 90 day notice under
subsection (1),
except that nothing under this section shall affect the requirements for
termination of any Federal- or State-subsidized tenancy or of any
State or local law that provides longer time periods or other additional
protections for tenants.
(b) BONA FIDE LEASE OR TENANCY.—For purposes of this
section, a lease or tenancy shall be considered bona fide only if
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(1) the mortgagor or the child, spouse, or parent of the mortgagor
under the contract is not the tenant;
(2) the lease or tenancy was the result of an arms-length transaction;
and
(3) the lease or tenancy requires the receipt of rent that is not
substantially less than fair market rent for the property or the unit’s
rent is reduced or subsidized due to a Federal, State, or local subsidy.
Id.
We review the county court at law’s interpretation of applicable statutes de
novo. See Johnson v. City of Fort Worth, 774 S.W.2d 653, 655–56 (Tex. 1989). In
construing a statute, our objective is to determine and give effect to Congress’s
intent. See Nat’l Liab. & Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527 (Tex. 2000).
If possible, we must ascertain that intent from the language Congress used in the
statute and not look to extraneous matters for an intent the statute does not state.
Id. If the meaning of the statutory language is unambiguous, we adopt the
interpretation supported by the plain meaning of the provision’s words. St. Luke’s
Episcopal Hosp. v. Agbor, 952 S.W.2d 503, 505 (Tex. 1997). We must not engage
in forced or strained construction; instead, we must yield to the plain sense of the
words that Congress chose. See id.
A. Did the county court at law violate any right of Smith under the Act to
occupy the premises until the end of the remaining lease term?
We presume that, under a liberal construction of Smith’s brief, Smith argues
that the county court at law erred by violating her right as a bona fide tenant under
the Act to occupy the premises until the end of the remaining term of the bona fide
lease that she entered into with Campbell before the substitute trustee gave notice
of the foreclosure. We also presume that the lease was a bona fide lease; Smith
was a bona fide tenant; and the Act governs whether Smith has the right to occupy
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the premises until the end of the remaining lease term even though the Act
terminated on December 31, 2014. Even operating under these presumptions, the
unambiguous language of the Act provides that Smith would have had the right to
occupy the premises only until the end of the remaining lease term. See Pub. L.
No. 111-22, § 702, 123 Stat. at 1660–61, as amended by Pub. L. No. 111-203, §
1484, 124 Stat. at 2204; Miles v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, No. 05-13-01337-CV,
2015 WL 224931, at *1 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 15, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.).
The county court at law did not issue findings of fact and conclusion of law,
and we presume that the county court at law made all findings necessary to support
its judgment, including the finding that the remaining term of Smith’s lease ended
on January 31, 2016, before DLJ Mortgage filed this forcible-detainer action in the
justice court. See Lemons v. EMW Mfg. Co., 747 S.W.2d 372, 373 (Tex.
1988) (per curiam).
In assessing legal sufficiency, we consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the challenged finding and indulge every reasonable inference that
would support it. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 823 (Tex. 2005). We
must credit favorable evidence if a reasonable factfinder could and disregard
contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. See id. at 827. We must
determine whether the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded
people to find the facts at issue. See id. The factfinder is the only judge of witness
credibility and the weight to give to testimony. See id. at 819.
In gauging whether the evidence is factually sufficient, we examine the
entire record, considering both the evidence in favor of, and contrary to, the
challenged finding. Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406–07
(Tex. 1998). After considering and weighing all the evidence, we set aside the fact
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finding only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be
clearly wrong and unjust. Id. The trier of fact is the sole judge of the credibility of
the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. GTE Mobilnet of S.
Tex. v. Pascouet, 61 S.W.3d 599, 615–16 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001,
pet. denied). We may not substitute our own judgment for that of the trier of fact,
even if we would reach a different answer on the evidence. Maritime Overseas
Corp., 971 S.W.2d at 407.
Applying these well-worn standards to the record evidence, we conclude the
trial evidence is both legally sufficient and factually sufficient to support the
county court at law’s implied finding that the remaining term of Smith’s lease
ended on January 31, 2016, before DLJ Mortgage filed this forcible-detainer action
in the justice court. Based on this finding, the county court at law did not violate
Smith’s right under the Act to occupy the premises until the end of the remaining
term of the lease. See Pub. L. No. 111-22, § 702, 123 Stat. at 1660–61, as
amended by Pub. L. No. 111-203, § 1484, 124 Stat. at 2204; Miles, 2015 WL
224931, at *1.
B. Did the county court at law violate Smith’s alleged right under the Act
to ninety days’ notice to vacate the premises?
We presume that, under a liberal construction of Smith’s brief, Smith argues
that the county court at law erred by violating her right as a bona fide tenant under
the Act to ninety days’ notice to vacate the premises. The trial evidence included a
notice to vacate dated June 2, 2016, and DLJ Mortgage filed this forcible-detainer
action in the justice court later that same month. Under the Act’s plain text, the
statute terminated on December 31, 2014. See Pub. L. No. 111-22, § 702, 123 Stat.
at 1660–61, as amended by Pub. L. No. 111-203, § 1484, 124 Stat. at 2204.
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Though we presumed in the previous section that any right Smith had to
occupy the premises until the end of the remaining lease term continued after the
statute’s termination, that statutory protection would have been triggered during
the foreclosure sale in September 2013, when the Act still was in effect. Any
ninety-day-notice requirement of the Act would not come into play until DLJ
Mortgage decided to pursue a forcible-detainer action after January 31, 2016, the
date on which DLJ Mortgage contends that the lease expired. Because the Act
terminated more than a year before that juncture, we conclude that the Act did not
require DLJ Mortgage to give ninety days’ notice to vacate. See U.S. Bank NA v.
Koo, No. SA CV 171539 AG, 2017 WL 4081890, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 14, 2017)
(concluding that the Act did not apply when notice to vacate was given after the
Act expired); McCoy v. Deutsche Bank National Trust Co., No. 15-CV-00613-
RBJ-KLM, 2016 WL 1047822, at *7 (D. Co. Feb. 23, 2016) (same as U.S. Bank
NA v. Koo). Thus, the trial court did not err by violating a right under the Act to
ninety days’ notice to vacate the premises. See Koo, 2017 WL 4081890, at *2;
McCoy, 2016 WL 1047822, at *7.
C. Did Smith adequately brief a challenge to the county court at law’s
judgment based on res judicata?
Smith asserts in passing that the doctrine of res judicata should have barred
this forcible-detainer action because another county court at law decided this claim
in the January 2016 judgment in Smith’s favor in the prior forcible-detainer action.
Adequate appellate briefing entails more than mentioning arguments in passing.
An appellant’s brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions
made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record. Tex. R. App. P.
38.1(i); San Saba Energy, L.P. v. Crawford, 171 S.W.3d 323, 338 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). We interpret this requirement reasonably and
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liberally. Republic Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Mex-Tex, Inc., 150 S.W.3d 423, 427
(Tex. 2004). Yet, we enforce the briefing rules, and they require the appellant to
put forth some specific argument and analysis showing that the record and the law
support the appellant’s contentions. See Deutsch v. Hoover, Bax & Slovacek,
L.L.P., 97 S.W.3d 179, 198–99 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.).
Although Smith asserts that the doctrine of res judicata should have barred this
forcible-detainer action based on the judgment in Smith’s favor in the prior
forcible-detainer action, Smith has not complied with the briefing rules to
adequately brief these arguments. See San Saba Energy, L.P., 171 S.W.3d at 338.
To the extent Smith asserts an appellate complaint based on res judicata, she has
forfeited it due to inadequate briefing.2 See id.
III. CONCLUSION
The county court at law impliedly found that the remaining term of Smith’s
lease ended before DLJ Mortgage filed this forcible-detainer action in the justice
court, and the trial evidence is legally sufficient and factually sufficient to support
this finding. Based on this finding, the county court at law did not violate any right
Smith may have had under the Protecting Tenants Against Foreclosures Act to
occupy the premises until the end of the remaining lease term. To the extent Smith
argues that the county court at law erred by violating her right as a bona fide tenant
under the Act to ninety days’ notice to vacate the property, we conclude that the
Act did not require DLJ Mortgage to give ninety days’ notice to vacate because the
Act already had terminated by its own terms.
2
The judgment in the prior forcible-detainer action addressed Smith’s right to possess the
premises in question while the lease still was in effect. Even if Smith had not forfeited the res
judicata argument, we still would conclude that res judicata did not bar this forcible-detainer
action.
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Because Smith has not shown that the county court at law erred in rendering
judgment in DLJ Mortgage’s favor, we overrule Smith’s sole appellate issue and
affirm the county court at law’s judgment.
/s/ Kem Thompson Frost
Chief Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Frost and Justices Boyce and Jewell.
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