Jonathan Trevino v. State ( 2018 )

Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed July 19, 2018.
In The
Fourteenth Court of Appeals
NO. 14-16-00848-CR
JONATHAN TREVINO, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 174th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. 1470435
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Jonathan Trevino appeals his conviction for murder contending that
the trial court committed error by (1) making improper comments to the venire panel
during voir dire; and (2) admitting improper character evidence of appellant’s gang
affiliation during the guilt-innocence phase of trial. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant was indicted for the murder of complainant, Michael Garza. A jury
trial was held from October 10, 2016, until October 18, 2016.
The evidence at trial showed that complainant lived in a house on Lawson Street
in Houston, Texas, with several people including his wife, Paula; his stepdaughter,
Alexis; his three sons, Michael Jr., Abel, and Frank; his niece, Amanda; and Amanda’s
boyfriend, Marko. Alexis began dating appellant when she was 15 years old. They
dated off and on for almost five years. At some point, appellant came to live at
complainant’s house with Alexis and her family. Complainant and his wife did not
initially approve of appellant living in their house, but they came to accept it over time.
Appellant and Alexis were parents to a one-year-old daughter, L.T., and expected a
second child.
Appellant began working in Louisiana in March of 2015. Appellant came home
to Houston on weekends and sometimes stayed at complainant’s house with Alexis and
L.T. On June 2, 2015, appellant arrived at the house in the evening. Alexis testified
that appellant seemed agitated when he arrived at the house. After helping with L.T.’s
bath, appellant took L.T. out on the porch. There, appellant drank and smoked with
Marko and complainant.
Appellant decided to take L.T. for a walk. Alexis thought appellant might try to
take L.T. to a friend’s house; she followed appellant and an argument ensued over
whether appellant could “take off with” L.T. Appellant stated, “If I want to take off
with my daughter, I can. Ain’t nobody can tell me nothing.” Alexis decided to walk
around the block with appellant and L.T. to calm the situation and prevent appellant
from “taking off with” L.T.
Complainant, Marko, and complainant’s neighbor, Daniel Martinez, sat on the
porch and saw Alexis arguing with appellant. They discussed how they could get
appellant to leave the house when Alexis and appellant returned because appellant had
“a lot of aggression already.” Alexis and appellant continued to argue as they walked
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around the block. Appellant became more agitated and insisted, “If I want to take my
daughter, ain’t nobody going to tell me anything.”
Alexis and appellant returned to the house, and appellant told complainant: “I
told y’all I wasn’t going to go nowhere with my daughter. And if I want to take her,
nobody is going to stop me.” After complainant told appellant to “chill out,” appellant
began arguing with complainant. Alexis testified that appellant flashed his gun or
threatened complainant with it during the argument.
Several witnesses including Michael Jr., Marko, Abel, and complainant’s
neighbor, Paul Martinez, testified that they saw complainant with a machete in his hand
by his side during the argument. None saw complainant raise the machete or brandish
it towards appellant. Marko testified that complainant grabbed the machete only after
appellant threatened him.
Appellant started walking away from the porch and back towards the road.
Alexis and complainant turned and started walking back into the house; at that point,
appellant ran back toward the porch and shot complainant from the side.
The State called several more witnesses who confirmed Alexis’s testimony
regarding the events that led to the murder. Rose Marie Rocha and Paul Martinez,
complainant’s neighbors, both saw appellant walking away from the argument and then
run back to the house to shoot complainant. Marko was sitting on the porch during the
argument and corroborated most of Alexis’s testimony about how the murder occurred.
Abel and Michael Jr. testified that complainant was angry but did not waive the
machete around, and that complainant was shot as he was walking into the house.
Appellant testified at trial regarding his version of events. Appellant
acknowledged firing his gun at complainant but claimed he did so in self-defense.
Appellant testified that complainant had the machete in his hand when appellant
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returned from his walk with Alexis and L.T. He testified that complainant threatened
to “chop him up” and raised the machete towards appellant. Michael Jr. testified that
he heard complainant tell appellant that complainant would “chop him” up as the two
men exchanged numerous threats.
Appellant testified that he was backing away from the porch but complainant
was angry and kept trying to attack him. Appellant testified that, as he was trying to
get away, he nearly fell down the steps and complainant swung the machete at him.
Appellant testified that this caused him to shoot complainant.
After hearing the evidence presented, the jury found appellant guilty of murder
and sentenced appellant to 45 years’ confinement. Appellant filed a timely appeal.
ANALYSIS
I. Voir Dire
In his first issue, appellant contends that the “trial court erred in explaining the
State’s burden of proof” to the venire panel. He contends that the trial judge’s
comments “did not provide an incorrect definition” of the State’s burden of proof, but
improperly “authorized [each juror] to decide for himself or herself what the [burden
of proof] standard is.” Appellant points to the following comments:
Now, in any given case, whether it’s a capital murder down to a
traffic ticket, the State has the burden of proving each and every allegation
by a burden of beyond a reasonable doubt. Now, beyond a reasonable
doubt doesn’t mean beyond all doubt. It’s beyond a reasonable doubt. So
who defined the reasonable doubt? Actually, you do because there is no
definition and you have to decide what beyond a reasonable doubt actually
means. We used to have a definition, but the Court of Criminal Appeals
and the Supreme Court has ruled that one out.
So we’re here to select members of the jury. Now, that doesn’t mean
beyond all doubt. And that is what I ask you to remember.
Appellant did not object to the trial judge’s comments; he contends the trial judge’s
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error was fundamental or structural and, therefore, no objection was required to
preserve his complaint for review. Appellant also claims that his lack of objection
“should not be treated as a complete waiver, since it is the equivalent of a charge error.”
The trial judge’s comments during voir dire are not equivalent to charge error,
and appellant cites no authority to support this contention.
The Court of Criminal Appeals recently has emphasized that there is no common
law “fundamental error” exception to the rules of error preservation. Proenza v. State,
541 S.W.3d 786, 793-94 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). The court reiterated that it “had
already rejected the idea that ‘fundamental error,’ as a freestanding doctrine of error-
preservation, exists independently from” the categorized approach the court set out in
Marin v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Id. at 793.
The court stated as follows regarding fundamental error: “In Marin, we
described the Texas criminal adjudicatory system as containing error-preservation
‘rules of three distinct kinds: (1) absolute requirements and prohibitions; (2) rights of
litigants which must be implemented by the system unless expressly waived; and (3)
rights of litigants which are to be implemented upon request.’” Id. at 792 (quoting
Marin, 851 S.W.2d at 279). The court “referred to these separate classifications as
category-one, -two, and -three Marin rights, respectively.” Id. If an alleged error falls
into one of the first two Marin categories — if it involves (1) a violation of an absolute
systemic requirement, or (2) a violation of a right that is waivable only — it may be
raised for the first time on appeal. See id. All other complaints involve category three
rights that are forfeited unless preserved. See id.
In light of Proenza, we reject appellant’s argument that unpreserved complaints
regarding the trial judge’s comments on the State’s burden of proof during voir dire
must be addressed on the merits because the complaint involves “fundamental error.”
See id. at 792-801. Under Proenza, there is no freestanding “fundamental error”
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exception to the rules of error preservation established by Marin. See id. at 793.
Appellant and the State do not address whether appellant’s complaint involves a
violation of a category one, two, or three right under Marin. Assuming without
deciding that appellant’s complaint falls within the first or second Marin category, we
conclude that the trial judge’s comments do not constitute error.
Appellant contends that the trial judge committed error because, even though he
“did not provide an incorrect definition” of beyond a reasonable doubt, he “invit[ed]
up to twelve different incorrect definitions.” Appellant contends that the trial judge’s
comments “gave the critical concept of proof beyond a reasonable doubt twelve
different ‘masters,’ as each juror was empowered by the judge to decide for himself or
herself what the words meant.” According to appellant, a juror could have “decided to
apply a preponderance-of-evidence approach” based on the trial judge’s comments.
Texas courts are not required to give jurors a definition of proof beyond a
reasonable doubt. Anderson v. State, 414 S.W.3d 251, 256 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d); Carriere v. State, 84 S.W.3d 753, 758 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d); see also Paulson v. State, 28 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2000).
Accordingly, each individual juror must decide what proof beyond a reasonable
doubt means and the amount of proof required to meet the beyond a reasonable doubt
standard. See Fuller v. State, 363 S.W.3d 583, 587 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (jurors
should supply their own meaning of the term “beyond a reasonable doubt” based on
“their own common-sense understanding of the words”); Murphy v. State, 112 S.W.3d
592, 598 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) (en banc) (“each juror must decide for himself what
amount of proof would constitute the threshold of beyond a reasonable doubt”); Garrett
v. State, 851 S.W.2d 853, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) (“an individual juror must
determine what proof beyond a reasonable doubt means to him, for the law does not
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tell him”); Haro v. State, 371 S.W.3d 262, 265 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,
pet. ref’d) (“Under Texas law . . . each individual juror decides the amount of proof
required to meet the threshold of beyond a reasonable doubt.”); Copeland v. State, No.
14-07-00475-CR, 2008 WL 4735199, at *2 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 30,
2008, pet ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“Texas courts . . . do not
provide a definition of reasonable doubt because jurors must determine what proof
beyond a reasonable doubt means to them.”).
The trial judge correctly explained to the venire panel that “the State has the
burden of proving each and every allegation by a burden of beyond a reasonable doubt.
Now, beyond a reasonable doubt doesn’t mean beyond all doubt. It’s beyond a
reasonable doubt. [And] because there is no definition . . . you have to decide what
beyond a reasonable doubt actually means.” See Fuller, 363 S.W.3d at 587; Murphy,
112 S.W.3d at 598; Garrett, 851 S.W.2d at 859; Copeland, 2008 WL 4735199, at *2.
Additionally, the trial judge did not err in instructing the venire panel that
reasonable doubt “doesn’t mean beyond all doubt.” See Fuller, 363 S.W.3d at 587
(“standard of proof beyond all doubt” would be an “inappropriately onerous” standard)
(emphasis in the original); Woods v. State, 152 S.W.3d 105, 114 (Tex. Crim. App.
2004) (the trial court did not abuse its discretion by instructing the jury that the
prosecution is not required “prove guilt beyond all possible doubt”); Jackson v. State,
105 S.W.3d 321, 325-26 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref’d)
(instructing jurors that the State is not required to prove its case beyond all doubt does
not constitute error).
With regard to appellant’s contention that the trial judge’s comments created a
risk that the jury would apply a lower burden of proof, like “a preponderance-of-
evidence approach,” we conclude that no such risk exists based on the particular
comments the trial judge made in this case. See Jackson, 105 S.W.3d at 326
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(instructing jurors that the State is not required to prove guilt beyond all doubt did “not
lessen the State’s burden of proof, confuse the jury, or negate the statutory burden of
proof language”); Carriere, 84 S.W.3d at 759 (jury charge defining reasonable doubt
as not beyond all doubt did not lessen the burden of proof, or confuse the jury about
which standard should be applied); see also Mays v. State, 318 S.W.3d 368, 389 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010) (trial judge’s instruction that “[i]t is not required that the prosecution
prove guilt beyond all possible doubt. It is required that the prosecution’s proof
excludes all ‘reasonable doubt’ concerning the defendant’s guilt” was not erroneous).
Here, the trial judge correctly instructed the venire members that they must find
the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The trial judge never suggested that
jurors could use a lower burden of proof. The trial judge stated that the “State has the
burden of proving each and every allegation by a burden of beyond a reasonable
doubt.” This is not error. See Johnson v. State, 263 S.W.3d 405, 418 (Tex. App.—
Waco 2008, pet. ref’d.) (the trial court’s statement that beyond a reasonable doubt is
“what it means to you” did not “invite the panelists to redefine the standard of proof
beyond a reasonable doubt”); Rogers v. State, 795 S.W.2d 300, 306 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, pet. ref’d) (the trial court’s statement that “the bottom line is
going to be what beyond a reasonable doubt is to you” was not an erroneous statement;
the trial court “was merely telling the jurors to use their common sense”). The trial
judge’s comments did not lower the State’s burden of proof, confuse the venire panel,
or invite the venire panel to apply any other standard than beyond a reasonable doubt.
See Jackson, 105 S.W.3d at 325-26; Carriere, 84 S.W.3d at 759.
We conclude that the trial judge’s comments regarding the State’s burden of
proof were not erroneous. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s first issue.
II. Admission of Evidence
Appellant contends in his second issue that “[t]he trial court erred in permitting
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the State to offer evidence of bad character at the guilt stage of trial which went beyond
the evidence admissible under Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.36(a).” Appellant argues
that the trial court erroneously permitted Deputy Squyres, a gang expert, to testify that
(1) appellant “appears to have been affiliated” with the “‘Five Deuce Hoover Crips’”
gang; and (2) “a tattoo indicated [appellant]’s affiliation with [the] ‘Folk Nation’
[gang].”
During appellant’s redirect-examination, his trial counsel elicited testimony that
complainant was a member of the Texas Syndicate prison gang. Appellant then
concluded his testimony and the State asserted that appellant “made his gang affiliation
relevant . . . [a]nd we intend to go into it at this point” during recross-examination. The
State questioned appellant regarding his gang affiliation and appellant repeatedly
denied being a member of the Houstone Tango Blast prison gang; he also denied having
told anyone that he is affiliated with the Houstone Tango Blast gang. But appellant
admitted: “[a]s a juvenile, I’ve been under Five Deuce Crips. That’s a street gang.”
Thereafter, the defense rested and the State announced that it would call a
rebuttal witness in light of appellant’s testimony. The next day before the State called
a gang expert, Deputy Squyres, as its rebuttal witness, appellant’s trial counsel
approached the bench and the following exchange occurred:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: All I want to do is — I don’t know — if the
next witness is a gang expert or graffiti expert, I do want to have a hearing
to determine if he’s an expert in that field. And second, I also want to
have an ongoing objection on the fact that there’s more prejudicial than
probative to the issues in this case. So I don’t know what’s coming, I just
—
THE COURT: I haven’t heard anything yet, you haven’t heard anything
yet, and all of a sudden we’re going to do this?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I don’t know whether he’s going to call him or
not. That’s what I’m asking. When he does call him, we need to have a
hearing. I’m just telling you.
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[THE STATE]: The next witness is a gang expert.
THE COURT: All right. You’re informed.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I’m sorry?
THE COURT: I said you’re informed.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. Can you give me at least a proffer as to
what’s going to be offered in front of this jury for you to make a ruling to
determine if it is prejudicial, you know, or probative in this case under
Rule 404? You’re supposed to conduct a brief hearing to determine if the
proffer is good enough to bring in.
THE COURT: You brought up the issues, so he’s got a right to put that
witness on to determine whether this is on your facts alone. So that will
be denied. Let’s get him up here.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. Good enough
The State called Deputy Squyres, who testified that he is a gang expert and has
specialized in gang investigations for 18 years. He testified that he had looked up
appellant in the Gang Tracker database and that appellant is “currently listed in the
database as a Five Deuce Hoover Crip.” Appellant did not object to this testimony.
Deputy Squyres then testified that there have been “updates to [appellant’s] affiliation
since he was originally classified as a Five Deuce Hoover Crip.” According to Deputy
Squyres, a gang workup was performed on appellant in October 2015. During the gang
workup, appellant self-admitted to being a member of the Houstone Tango Blast prison
gang, and a police officer reviewed appellant’s social media and appellant’s tattoos to
confirm his gang membership. Appellant did not object to this testimony.
After testifying that he was familiar with gang tattoos and their meaning, Deputy
Squyres testified that various tattoos appellant had on his body were consistent with
Houstone Tango Blast affiliation. Appellant did not object. The State then asked about
another one of appellant’s tattoos:
[THE STATE:] Now, I’m also showing you State’s Exhibit No. 85. What
do you see in State’s Exhibit No. 85 (indicating)?
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[DEPUTY SQUYRES:] I see the name, and it appears to be a crown.
[THE STATE:] Is that consistent with any particular gang affiliation?
[DEPUTY SQUYRES:] That type of crown is used by — it’s used in
Folk Nation gangs.
[THE STATE:] Is it sometimes used — or excuse me. Are crowns
sometimes used with the 52 Hoover Crips?
[DEPUTY SQUYRES:] They are.
Appellant did not object.
A trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an abuse
of discretion standard. Martinez v. State, 327 S.W.3d 727, 736 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010);
Lara v. State, 513 S.W.3d 135, 141 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.).
A trial court abuses its discretion only if its decision is so clearly wrong as to lie outside
the zone within which reasonable people might disagree. Taylor v. State, 268 S.W.3d
571, 579 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Lara, 513 S.W.3d at 141.
To preserve error, a complaining party must make a timely and specific request,
objection, or motion and obtain a ruling on that request, objection, or motion. See Tex.
R. App. 33.1(a); Lopez v. State, 253 S.W.3d 680, 684 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Merrit
v. State, 529 S.W.3d 549, 556 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d).
Moreover, an objection must be made each time allegedly inadmissible evidence is
offered unless the complaining party obtains a running objection or obtains a ruling on
his complaint in a hearing outside the presence of the jury. Lopez, 253 S.W.3d at 684;
Merrit, 529 S.W.3d at 556.
Assuming for the sake of argument that appellant’s objection to Deputy
Squyres’s testimony was specific enough to apprise the trial court of what testimony to
be offered later during trial might be objectionable, we nonetheless conclude that
appellant failed to preserve his complaint. Appellant failed to obtain a ruling on a
running objection with regard to Deputy Squyres’s future testimony, and failed to
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object when Deputy Squyres testified during trial regarding gang-related matters.
Because appellant failed to preserve his complaint for review, we overrule his second
issue. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a); Lopez, 253 S.W.3d at 684; Merrit, 529 S.W.3d at
556.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
/s/ William Boyce
Justices
Panel consist of Justices Boyce, Jamison and Brown.
Do Not Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
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