Jesse S. Villanueva v. State ( 2000 )

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
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NO. 03-99-00724-CR
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Jesse S. Villanueva, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
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FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. CR99-036, HONORABLE CHARLES R. RAMSAY, JUDGE PRESIDING
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Jesse S. Villanueva appeals from his conviction for knowingly passing a forged
instrument. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 32.21 (West Supp. 2000). The trial court assessed
appellant’s punishment, enhanced by two prior felony convictions, at imprisonment for twenty
years.
Appellant asserts that the evidence is factually insufficient to support the jury’s
verdict and that inadmissable evidence was admitted. The judgment will be affirmed.
It was alleged that appellant, with the intent to defraud and harm another,
intentionally and knowingly passed a check that he knew was forged. The check purportedly
made by Edmond Schorn was drawn on Schorn’s account without his authority. Appellant
concedes the legal sufficiency of the evidence, but insists that the evidence is factually
insufficient to support his conviction.
In reviewing factual sufficiency of the evidence, we view all the evidence
“without the prism of in the light most favorable to the prosecution;” we set aside the jury’s
verdict only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly
wrong and unjust. See Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Stone v.
State, 823 S.W.2d 375, 381 (Tex. App.—Austin 1992, pet. ref’d). In performing a factual
sufficiency review, the courts of appeals are required to give deference to the jury verdict and
examine all of the evidence impartially, setting aside the jury verdict “only if it is so contrary
to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.” Cain v. State,
958 S.W.2d 404, 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (quoting Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 129). Recently,
the Clewis standard has been reprised, “[T]he complete and correct standard a reviewing court
must follow to conduct a Clewis factual sufficiency review of the elements of a criminal offense
asks whether a neutral review of all the evidence, both for and against the finding, demonstrates
that the proof of guilt is so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the jury’s
determination, or the proof of guilt, although adequate if taken alone, is greatly outweighed by
contrary proof.” Johnson v. State, No. 1915-98, slip op. at 18 (Tex. Crim. App. Feb. 9, 2000).
On August 20 or 21, 1998, Edmond Schorn, a retiree, allowed two men and a
woman to come into his house to inspect the windows and to advise him about repairing them.
Once these people left his house Schorn did not hear from them again. Later, when Schorn
received his bank statement, he discovered that $9,200 had been removed from his account
without his authority. Check number 2174 in the sum of $2,800 and check number 2175 in the
amount of $6,400 drawn on Schorn’s account had been paid by Chase Bank in New Braunfels.
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Schorn discovered these blank checks had been taken from his checkbook by someone else.
Schorn remembered that when the window inspectors were in his house, the woman sat near a
desk where he kept his checkbook. Schorn also recalled that his telephone had been disabled
soon after the window inspectors had been in his house. Schorn could not identify appellant as
one of the men who had been in his house.
Anthony Felsing testified he was involved with stealing Schorn’s checks. Felsing
admitted that he filled in the checks and forged Schorn’s signature as the maker of each check.
Felsing described how he had used a piece of glass and a flashlight to trace Schorn’s signature
from a stolen check bearing Schorn’s signature onto the stolen blank checks. Felsing pleaded
guilty and was convicted of the offense of forging and passing check number 2174. Felsing
testified that he had filled in check number 2175, making it payable to appellant. He also
testified that after appellant cashed check number 2175, he and appellant and four other men
divided the proceeds of the check.
Jason Amerson, a teller at Chase Bank, testified that appellant presented the stolen
check and received the proceeds in cash on August 28, 1998. Because the check was for more
than $2,500, Amerson followed the bank’s policies for cashing checks in large amounts. These
policies include running the payee’s driver’s license number through the Texas Department of
Public Safety main frame to verify the name, date of birth, height, sex, and eye color of the
person presenting the driver’s license and the check. In addition, Amerson and his supervisor
compared the maker’s signature on the check with the account holder’s signature card and
compared the endorser’s signature with the signature on the driver’s license. After verifying the
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identification and obtaining his supervisor’s permission, Amerson cashed the check presented
by appellant. After the discovery of the forgery, Amerson identified appellant in the
photographic line-up shown to him by the investigator. At trial, Amerson identified appellant
as the man who presented the forged check.
Kathryn Rutledge, the teller manager at Chase Bank in New Braunfels, testified
that following the bank’s policies, she compared the maker’s signature on check number 2175
with Schorn’s signature card and compared the endorser’s signature with the signature on the
driver’s license which had been presented to Amerson. She then attempted but was unable to
call Schorn on the telephone. She authorized Amerson to cash the check. Although Rutledge
did not see appellant when he was in the bank, later when the investigator showed her a
photographic display of six men, she identified appellant’s photograph as depicting the same
man that she saw on the driver’s license photograph.
A handwriting expert compared the endorsement signature on check number 2175
with appellant’s known signature. The expert testified that in his opinion appellant had endorsed
the check.
In his defense, appellant testified that he did not cash a check for $6,400 at the
Chase Bank in New Braunfels. He testified that he had never met and did not know Anthony
Felsing and further that all of Felsing’s testimony was a lie. Appellant also testified that his
driver’s license had been missing for a period of time in August 1998.
We have made a neutral review of all of the evidence, applied the factual
sufficiency standard of review, and we hold that the evidence is not so weak as to undermine the
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jury’s determination of guilt or to indicate that the proof of guilt, although adequate if taken
alone, is greatly outweighed by contrary proof. Appellant’s third point of error is overruled.
In his first two points of error, appellant asserts:
Point of Error No. One:
The appellant’s due process rights were violated when the trial court allowed the
introduction of a copy of a photographic lineup when the original was lost,
denying appellant the opportunity to demonstrate the suggestiveness of the lineup
and whether or not the in-court identifications of appellant were admissible.
Point of Error No. Two:
Should the appellate court find that appellant’s first point of error was not
preserved, then appellant argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel
in violation of the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution, and in
violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Texas Constitution.
Appellant argues in his appellate brief:
Appellant can not show this Court, nor the Trial Court, that the photographic
lineup was impermissibly suggestive, nor can he show that the suggestiveness of
the lineup had a corrupting effect on the subsequent in-court identification
testimony because the State lost the original. All that we can examine is the
black and white copy introduced as State’s Exhibits 1, 2 and 10. We can not
examine the paper that the different photographs were developed on to examine
whether they were on different types or qualities of paper. We can not examine
skin colors or the individual’s eyes, hair or clothing. We can not prove anything
about the original lineup because the State, who acknowledged to the trial court
that it had possession of the original, lost it. When the State “lost” the original,
it denied Appellant an opportunity to demonstrate suggestiveness which would
have caused all in-court identification of Appellant to be ruled inadmissible.
Furthermore, because we can not determine the suggestiveness of the photo
lineup, we can not weigh the required factors [ ] to determine “the corrupting
effect” of the suggestive pretrial identification procedure as required by the Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals. See Ibarra v. State, 11 S.W.3d at 196. Nor can we
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perform the test as to whether, considering the totality of the circumstances, “the
photographic identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give
rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification” as required
by the United States Supreme Court in Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377,
384, 88 S. Ct. 967, 19 L. Ed. 2d 1247 (1968). Appellant can not do anything to
determine suggestiveness because of the State’s actions.
Defense counsel objected to the admission of the copy of the original
photographic line-up. The error claimed in point one was preserved for appellate review,
therefore, we overrule appellant’s point of error two without further consideration.
The admission of copies of photographs used in photographic line-ups rather than
the original photographs has been considered and held not to be reversible error. See Van Byrd
v. State, 605 S.W.2d 265, 270 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980); Davis v. State, 649 S.W.2d 380, 382 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1983, pet. ref’d). Furthermore, “[w]hen the identification testimony is of
independent origin apart from any pretrial identification procedure, the State’s inability to
produce a set of photographs has no adverse effect on the admissibility of the identification
testimony.” Love v. State, 730 S.W.2d 385, 395 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1987, no pet.).
If the totality of the circumstances reveals no substantial likelihood of
misidentification despite a suggestive pretrial procedure, subsequent identification testimony
will be deemed reliable, “reliability [being] the linchpin in determining the admissibility of
identification testimony.” Manson v. Brathwaite, 432 U.S. 98, 114 (1977); see also Ibarra v.
State, 11 S.W.3d 189, 195 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Webb v. State, 760 S.W.2d 263, 269 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1988); Jackson v. State, 657 S.W.2d 123, 130 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983); Loving v.
State, 947 S.W.2d 615, 617 (Tex. App.—Austin 1997, no pet.).
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Felsing, who filled in the stolen check with appellant’s name as payee and forged
Schorn’s name as the maker of the check, testified that he saw appellant enter the bank to cash
the check and saw him come out of the bank and get in a truck. Immediately thereafter,
appellant, Felsing, and four other men in three trucks went to Landa Park. In Landa Park, the
proceeds of the check were divided among the six men. Felsing, who had not seen the
photographic line-up, made an in-court identification of appellant.
Following the bank’s procedure, the bank teller, Amerson, verified the identity
of the man for whom he cashed the check. Without a trial objection, Amerson identified
appellant as the man who cashed the check.
Rutledge, Amerson’s supervisor, did not see the man who cashed the check.
However, when Amerson showed Rutledge the driver’s license, she compared the signature on
the driver’s license with the signature on the check, believing the signatures to be the same,
Rutledge instructed Amerson to cash the check. Later, Rutledge identified appellant’s
photograph in the photographic line-up as the same man whose photograph she had seen on the
driver’s license Amerson had shown her.
The handwriting identification expert compared the endorsement signature on the
check with the known signature of appellant. The expert expressed the opinion that appellant
endorsed the check.
Appellant specifically complains that because of the loss of the original
photographic line-up and the admission of a copy of the line-up, he did not have an opportunity
to demonstrate that the photographic line-up may have been impermissibly suggestive.
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However, even if appellant could have shown that the photographic line-up was suggestive, the
totality of the circumstances reveals no substantial likelihood that appellant was misidentified.
Appellant’s first point of error is overruled.
The judgment is affirmed.
Carl E. F. Dally, Justice
Before Justices Jones, Kidd and Dally*
Affirmed
Filed: September 14, 2000
Do Not Publish
*
Before Carl E. F. Dally, Judge (retired), Court of Criminal Appeals, sitting by assignment.
See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 74.003(b) (West 1998).
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