Heather Kutyba v. Ashlee E. Watts, D.V.M. and Texas A&M University ( 2019 )

IN THE
TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-18-00168-CV
HEATHER KUTYBA,
Appellant
v.
ASHLEE E. WATTS, D.V.M.
AND TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY,
Appellees
From the 361st District Court
Brazos County, Texas
Trial Court No. 17-2110-CV-361
MEMORANDUM OPINION
In three issues, appellant, Heather Kutyba (hereinafter “Kutyba”), complains
about the trial court’s granting of a plea to the jurisdiction and a motion to dismiss in
favor of appellees, Ashlee E. Watts, D.V.M. (hereinafter “Dr. Watts”) and Texas A&M
University (hereinafter “University”). Because we overrule all of Kutyba’s issues on
appeal, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.
I. BACKGROUND
Kutyba asserted claims of veterinary malpractice against Dr. Watts and the
University, alleging that Dr. Watts’ improper treatment of Kutyba’s female horse, Dazzle,
at the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital resulted in Dazzle being
euthanized. Dr. Watts and the University responded by filing separate answers generally
denying Kutyba’s allegations and asserting numerous defenses, including immunity
pursuant to section 101.106(e) of the Texas Tort Claims Act (“TTCA”). See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. § 101.106(e) (West 2011). Thereafter, the University filed a motion to
dismiss Dr. Watts from the suit pursuant to section 101.106(e) and a plea to the
jurisdiction. After multiple hearings, the trial court granted the University’s motion to
dismiss and plea to the jurisdiction and entered a Final Judgment on June 6, 2018. Kutyba
filed a notice of appeal, and this appeal followed.
II. HORSES AND THE TTCA
In her first issue, Kutyba asserts that the trial court erred in granting the
University’s plea to the jurisdiction for claims arising out of the grave injury and death
of a horse when the TTCA waives sovereign immunity for personal injury and death
caused by the condition or use of tangible personal property. We disagree.
A. Plea to the Jurisdiction
A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea used to defeat a cause of action without
regard to whether the claims asserted have merit. Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d
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547, 554 (Tex. 2000). The plea challenges the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. Id.
Whether the trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction and whether the pleader has
alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction
are questions of law that we review de novo. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133
S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004).
The plaintiff has the burden to plead facts affirmatively showing that the trial court
has jurisdiction. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993).
We construe the pleadings liberally in favor of the pleader, look to the pleader’s intent,
and accept as true the factual allegations in the pleadings. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226,
228. If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we
consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the
jurisdictional issues raised, as the trial court is required to do, even if those facts implicate
the merits of the cause of action. Id. at 227.
A trial court’s review of a plea to the jurisdiction challenging the existence of
jurisdictional facts mirrors that of a traditional motion for summary judgment. Id. at 228;
see TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). The governmental unit is required to meet the summary-
judgment standard of proof for its assertion that the trial court lacks jurisdiction. Miranda,
133 S.W.3d at 228. Once the governmental unit meets its burden, the plaintiff is then
required to show that there is a disputed material fact regarding the jurisdictional issue.
Id. If the evidence creates a fact question regarding jurisdiction, the trial court must deny
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the plea to the jurisdiction and leave its resolution to the factfinder. Id. at 227-28. But, if
the evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the
trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law. Id. at 228. “In
considering this evidence, we ‘take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant’ and
‘indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.’”
City of Waco v. Kirwan, 298 S.W.3d 618, 622 (Tex. 2009) (quoting Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at
228).
B. Immunity
“Sovereign immunity and its counterpart, governmental immunity, exist to
protect the State and its political subdivisions from lawsuits and liability from money
damages.” Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 655 (Tex. 2008).
Under the common-law doctrine of sovereign immunity, the State cannot be sued
without its consent. City of Houston v. Williams, 353 S.W.3d 128, 134 (Tex. 2011) (citing
Tooke v. City of Mexia, 197 S.W.3d 325, 331 (Tex. 2006)). And like sovereign immunity,
governmental immunity affords similar protection to subdivisions of the State, including
counties, cities, school districts, and universities. Wichita Falls State Hosp. v. Taylor, 106
S.W.3d 692, 694 n.3 (Tex. 2003); see LTTS Charter Sch., Inc. v. Palasota, 362 S.W.3d 202, 208
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.).
Governmental immunity has two components: (1) immunity from liability, which
bars enforcement of a judgment against a governmental entity; and (2) immunity from
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suit, which bars suit against the entity altogether. Id. Immunity from suit deprives the
court of subject-matter jurisdiction and is properly raised in a plea to the jurisdiction,
whereas immunity from liability is asserted as an affirmative defense. See Miranda, 133
S.W.3d at 224; see also Palasota, 362 S.W.3d at 208. “Immunity from suit bars a suit against
the State unless the Legislature expressly consents to the suit.” Tex. Natural Res.
Conservation Comm’n v. IT-Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849, 853 (Tex. 2002). “If the Legislature has
not expressly waived immunity from suit, the State retains such immunity even if its
liability is not disputed.” Id. “Immunity from liability protects the State from money
judgments even if the Legislature has expressly given consent to sue.” Id. Furthermore,
there is a “‘heavy presumption in favor of immunity.’” Harris County Hosp. Dist. v.
Tomball Reg’l Hosp., 283 S.W.3d 838, 848 (Tex. 2009) (quoting Nueces County v. San Patricio
County, 246 S.W.3d 651, 653 (Tex. 2008)).
C. Discussion
Here, the asserted source of waiver is the TTCA. The Texas Supreme Court has
stated that the TTCA “provides a limited waiver of governmental immunity.” Alexander
v. Walker, 435 S.W.3d 789, 790 (Tex. 2014). In arguing that the University waived
governmental immunity, Kutyba relies on section 101.021 of the TTCA, which provides
the following:
A governmental unit in the state is liable for:
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(1) property damages, personal injury, and death proximately caused
by the wrongful act or omission or the negligence of an employee
acting within the scope of employment if:
(A) the property damage, personal injury, or death arises from the
operation or use of a motor-driven vehicle or motor-driven
equipment; and
(B) the employee would be personally liable to the claimant
according to Texas law; and
(2) personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of tangible
personal or real property if the governmental unit would, were it a
private person, be liable to the claimant according to Texas law.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021 (West 2011). Moreover, Kutyba did not
allege that she suffered personal injury or death; rather, she claimed that her property,
Dazzle, was destroyed.
The focus of Kutyba’s claim of waiver of immunity is section 101.021(2), which
waives immunity for “personal injury and death so caused by a condition or use of
tangible personal or real property.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2).
In construing statutes, we ascertain and give effect to the Legislature’s
intent as expressed by the statute’s language. City of Rockwall v. Hughes, 246
S.W.3d 621, 625 (Tex. 2008). Where text is clear, it is determinative of that
intent, Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009),
and we give meaning to the language consistent with other provisions in
the statute, Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. City of Sunset Valley, 146 S.W.3d 637, 642
(Tex. 2004). Our practice when construing a statute is to recognize that “the
words [the Legislature] chooses should be the surest guide to legislative
intent.” Entergy, 282 S.W.3d at 437 (quoting Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine
Fixation Sys., Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 866 (Tex. 1999)). We thus construe the
text according to its plain and common meaning unless a contrary intention
is apparent from the context or unless such a construction leads to absurd
results. City of Rockwall, 246 S.W.3d at 625-26. We also presume that the
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Legislature intended a just and reasonable result by enacting the statute. Id.
at 626 (citing TEX. GOV’T CODE § 311.021(3)).
Presidio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Scott, 309 S.W.3d 927, 930 (Tex. 2010).
On appeal, Kutyba appears to focus solely on the term “death” in section
101.021(2) to show a waiver of the University’s immunity; however, in making this
argument, Kutyba ignores the preceding three words in the statutory provision. The
plain language of the statute provides that immunity is waived for “personal injury and
death.” In other words, the absence of a comma between injury and death indicates that
the adjective “personal” refers to both “injury” and “death.” Furthermore, the plain and
common meaning of the term “personal” refers to a human being, not property. See
BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 932 (7th ed. 2000) (defining “personal” as “[o]f or affecting a
person ” and stating that a “person” is “[a] human being”).
Additionally, we note that, under Texas law, horses are considered property, not
persons. See TEX. PROP. CODE ANN. § 42.002(a)(10)(A) (West 2014); Strickland v. Medlen,
397 S.W.3d 184, 185-86 (Tex. 2013) (“Pets are property in the eyes of the law . . . . The term
‘property’ is not a pejorative but a legal descriptor, and its use should not be
misconstrued as discounting the emotional attachment that pet owners undeniably
feel.”); Archibald v. Act III Arabians, 755 S.W.2d 84, 86 (Tex. 1988) (“A horse is an existing
tangible good.”); City of Houston v. Davis, 294 S.W.3d 609, 613 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (concluding that a dog is property for the purposes of the TTCA); see
also Williams v. Williams, No. 2-08-033-CV, 2008 Tex. App. LEXIS 9238, at **13-16 (Tex.
Kutyba v. Watts, et al. Page 7
App.—Fort Worth Dec. 11, 2008, no pet.) (considering a horse, Plamenco, as property in
determining a property division in a divorce). Therefore, based on the plain language of
section 101.021(2), we are not persuaded by Kutyba’s contention that the “death” of her
property, Dazzle, as a result of a governmental unit’s “use of tangible personal or real
property” effectuated a waiver of the governmental unit’s immunity. See TEX. CIV. PRAC.
& REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2). Such a waiver under section 101.021(2) is only available
for personal injury or personal death “so caused by a condition or use of tangible personal
or real property if the governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the
claimant according to Texas law.” See id. As such, we cannot say that Kutyba established
a waiver of the University’s immunity under section 101.021(2) of the TTCA. See id.
In addition to the foregoing, we also recognize that Kutyba has not alleged a
waiver of immunity under section 101.021(1) of the TTCA. See id. § 101.021(1). Therefore,
because Kutyba failed to establish a waiver of immunity under section 101.021 of the
TTCA, we cannot say that the trial court erred in granting the University’s plea to the
jurisdiction. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226-28; see also Blue, 34 S.W.3d at 554. We overrule
Kutyba’s first issue.
III. MOTION TO DISMISS
In her second issue, Kutyba contends that the trial court erred in granting the
University’s motion to dismiss as to Dr. Watts because the trial court did not allow her to
conduct discovery into whether Dr. Watts is an employee of the University. In her third
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issue, Kutyba argues that the trial court abused its discretion in overruling her objections
to two conclusory affidavits submitted by the University in support of its motion to
dismiss Dr. Watts.
Generally, we review a trial court’s order on a motion to dismiss under an abuse-
of-discretion standard. See Am. Transitional Care Ctrs. of Tex., Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d
873, 878 (Tex. 2001). However, the proper standard of review is not necessarily
determined by the caption of the motion of the related order; rather, it is determined by
the substances of the issue to be reviewed. Singleton v. Casteel, 267 S.W.3d 547, 550 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied).
In this case, the University’s motion to dismiss raised the issue of immunity. See
id.; see also Franka v. Velasquez, 332 S.W.3d 367, 271 n.9 (Tex. 2011) (stating that section
101.106 confers immunity in some instances to employees of a governmental unit). If
immunity applies, the trial court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over the case. See Tex.
Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 224 (Tex. 2004). Subject-matter
jurisdiction is a question of law that we review de novo. Id. at 226. In addition, matters
of statutory construction are reviewed under a de-novo standard. City of San Antonio v.
City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 25 (Tex. 2003); see Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282
S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009).
Section 101.106(a) of the Texas Tort Claims Act (“TTCA”) provides that: “The
filing of a suit under this chapter against a governmental unit constitutes an irrevocable
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election by the plaintiff and immediately and forever bars any suit or recovery by the
plaintiff against any individual employees of the governmental unit regarding the same
subject matter.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.106(a). As such, “[i]f a suit is
filed under this chapter against both a governmental unit and any of its employees, the
employees shall immediately be dismissed on the filing of a motion by the governmental
unit.” Id. § 101.106(e). Here, it is undisputed that Kutyba’s claims fall within the ambit
of the TTCA and that she filed suit against both Dr. Watts and the University, a
governmental unit. See Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 253 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tex.
2008) (“Because the Tort Claims Act is the only, albeit limited, avenue for common-law
recovery against the government, all tort theories alleged against a governmental unit,
whether it is sued alone or together with its employees, are assumed to be under [the Tort
Claims Act] for purposes of section 101.106.” (internal quotation omitted)). Therefore,
the relevant inquiry in this issue is whether Dr. Watts was an employee of the University
at the time of the alleged misconduct.
In her first amended petition, Kutyba judicially admitted that Dr. Watts “works at
Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, located in Brazos County, Texas” and
that Dr. Watts treated and cared for Dazzle. And more importantly, Kutyba judicially
admitted that the University,
is vicariously liable for the negligence of its veterinarians, veterinary
technicians, and all other hospital staff. At all times material to the care and
treatment of Dazzle, the treating veterinarians and/or veterinary staff who
cared for Dazzle were employed by TAMU, the details of their work were
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controlled by TAMU, and these agents, servants, employees and/or vice
principals were acting in the course and scope of their employment with
TAMU.
See Holy Cross Church of God in Christ v. Wolf, 44 S.W.3d 562, 568 (Tex. 2001) (noting that
assertions of fact, not pleaded in the alternative, in the live pleadings of a party are
regarded as formal judicial admissions and that a judicial admission that is clear and
unequivocal has conclusive effect and bars the admitting party from later disputing the
admitted fact); see also Humphries v. Humphries, 349 S.W.3d 817, 824 (Tex. App.—Tyler
2011, pet, denied) (stating that a judicial admission relieves the other party’s burden of
proof).
By filing suit against the University, a governmental unit, Kutyba made an
“irrevocable election” that “immediately and forever bars any suit or recovery by the
plaintiff against any individual employee of the governmental unit regarding the same
subject matter.” See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.106(a). And in light of the
judicial admissions made by Kutyba in her first amended petition that Dr. Watts was an
employee of the University, we conclude that section 101.106(e) mandated the immediate
dismissal of Dr. Watts from this suit. See id. § 101.106(e); see also Univ. of Tex. Health Sci.
Ctr. v. Rios, 542 S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. 2017).
However, despite the foregoing, the record reflects that Kutyba attempted to
change the aforementioned judicial admission by filing a second amended petition. The
Texas Supreme Court has held that such an amendment does not impair an employee’s
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statutory right to dismissal when a plaintiff sues both the governmental-unit employer
and the employee. See Rios, 542 S.W.3d at 532. Specifically, the Rios Court noted that:
A public employee may be individually liable for his tortious conduct
outside the general scope of employment, but section 101.106 of the Texas
Tort Claims Act . . . “requir[es] a plaintiff to make an irrevocable election at
the time suit is filed between suing the governmental unit under the Tort
Claims Act or proceeding against the employee alone.” If the plaintiff
nevertheless sues both employer and employee, section 101.106(e) requires
that the employee “immediately be dismissed” on the employer’s motion.
We hold that this statutory right to dismissal accrues when the motion is filed and
is not impaired by later amendments to the pleadings or motion.
Id. (emphasis added). Therefore, once Kutyba decided to file suit against both the
University and its employee, Dr. Watts, an irrevocable election was made to pursue her
claims against only the University. See id. Accordingly, we cannot say that the trial court
erred in granting the University’s motion to dismiss Dr. Watts from this suit. 1 See id.; see
1 And given Kutyba’s judicial admission in her first amended petition that Dr. Watts was an
employee of the University, section 101.106(e)’s immediate, mandatory dismissal operates to preclude
additional discovery. See Villasan v. O’Rourke, 166 S.W.3d 752, 760 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2005, pet. denied)
(“The Legislature’s apparent goal of reducing cost is enhanced by the amended statutory provisions
because they narrow the issues for trial, thereby reducing the delay and expense otherwise associated with
discovery related to theories no longer relevant in light of the election made by claimants on their initial
filing of suit.”); see also Lenoir v. Marino, 469 S.W.3d 669, 674-75 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015), aff’d,
526 S.W.3d 403 (Tex. 2017) (“The election-of-remedies provision forces plaintiffs to decide at the outset
whether an employee acted independently and is thus solely liable, or acted within the general scope of his
or her employment such that the governmental unit is vicariously liable. If the plaintiff sues the
governmental unit, she is forever barred from suing the governmental unit’s employees. If the plaintiff
elects, instead, to sue the governmental employee and maintains that the employee acted independently
(which could lead to individual liability unlimited by the cap imposed by TCA section 101.023), the plaintiff
is forever barred from suing the governmental employers unless the governmental unit consents. Because
it is an irrevocable decision, a plaintiff must proceed cautiously before filing suit and carefully consider
whether to seek relief from the governmental unit or from the employee individually. This law strongly
favors dismissal of governmental employees.” (internal citations & quotations omitted)). As such, we are
not persuaded by Kutyba’s argument regarding the need for additional discovery into Dr. Watts’
employment status.
Kutyba v. Watts, et al. Page 12
also TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.106(e). We therefore overrule Kutyba’s
second issue.
IV. KUTYBA’S OBJECTIONS TO TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY’S EVIDENCE
In her third issue, Kutyba complains that the trial court abused its discretion by
overruling her objections to the conclusory affidavits of Dr. Watts and McMahon
proffered by the University with its motion to dismiss. At the outset, we note that
Kutyba’s judicial admission regarding Dr. Watts’ employment status with the University
relieved the University of its burden of proving, in its motion to dismiss, that Dr. Watts
was indeed an employee of the University at the time of the alleged misconduct. See Wolf,
44 S.W.3d at 569, see also Humphries, 349 S.W.3d at 824. Thus, Kutyba’s complaints about
the affidavits in support of the University’s motion to dismiss are arguably immaterial.
Nevertheless, even if Kutyba’s complaints in this issue are material, we cannot say
that they are meritorious. The admission and exclusion of evidence is committed to the
trial court’s sound discretion. See Gen. Tire, Inc. v. Kepple, 970 S.W.2d 520, 526 (Tex. 1998);
see also Cypress Creek EMS v. Dolcefino, 548 S.W.3d 673, 688 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2018, pet. denied). Trial court error is reversible, however, only when it is harmful—that
is, when the error probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. Diamond
Offshore Servs, Ltd. v. Williams, 542 S.W.3d 539, 541 (Tex. 2018). A successful challenge to
an evidentiary ruling usually requires the complaining party to show that the judgment
turned on the particular evidence excluded or admitted. See GT & MC, Inc. v. Tex. City
Kutyba v. Watts, et al. Page 13
Ref., Inc., 822 S.W.2d 252, 257 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1991, writ denied); see also
Sanchez v. Balderama, 546 S.W.3d 230, 234-35 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2017, no pet.). We
determine whether the case turns on the evidence admitted by reviewing the entire
record. Tex. Dep’t of Transp. v. Able, 35 S.W.3d 608, 617 (Tex. 2000). Furthermore, we will
not reverse a judgment for erroneous evidentiary rulings when the evidence in question
is merely cumulative and is not controlling on a material issue dispositive to the case. Id.
Here, the University attached the following in support of its motion to dismiss Dr.
Watts from the suit: (1) Kutyba’s amended petition; and (2) affidavits from Dr. Watts and
Dana McMahon, business administrator with the University’s College of Veterinary
Medicine & Biomedical Sciences in the Large and Small Animal Clinical Sciences
department. In her affidavit, Dr. Watts specifically stated that:
At all times material to Plaintiff’s lawsuit, I was in the paid service of Texas
A&M University as an Assistant Professor of Large Animal Surgery. At all
times material to Plaintiff’s lawsuit, I was in the course and scope of my
employment with Texas A&M University when I treated Dazzle at Texas
A&M Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital.
McMahon concurred in her affidavit by stating the following:
As the business administrator in Large and Small Animal Clinical Sciences,
I serve as the primary business representative for all employment records.
I have examined the Texas A&M University employment records and can
confirm that Ashlee E. Watts is currently employed in the Large Animal
Clinical Sciences department at Texas A&M University’s College of
Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences. I can state the following:
Ashlee E. Watts was and currently is in paid employment status with
Large Animal Clinical Sciences department at Texas A&M University’s
Kutyba v. Watts, et al. Page 14
College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences from March 19, 2012
to present, October 31, 2017.
Based on our review, we cannot say that either of the affidavits are conclusory, as
they are both clear, positive and direct, and free from contradictions and inconsistencies.
See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); see also Casso v. Brand, 776 S.W.2d 551, 558 (Tex. 1989) (stating
that a summary judgment may be granted on the basis of uncontroverted testimonial
evidence of an interested witness if that evidence “is clear, positive and direct, otherwise
credible and free from contradictions and inconsistencies, and could have been readily
controverted” (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c))). Moreover, neither affidavit simply parrots
the language of section 101.001(2) of the TTCA; rather, they both contain specific factual
bases for the statements made therein. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.001(2)
(West 2011) (stating that an employee is “a person, including an officer or agent, who is
in the paid service of a governmental unit by competent authority, but does not include
an independent contractor, an agent or employee of an independent contractor, or a
person who performs tasks the details of which the governmental unit does not have the
legal right to control”); see also Nichols v. Lightle, 153 S.W.3d 563, 570-71 (Tex. App.—
Amarillo 2004, pet. denied) (concluding that an affidavit that simply paraphrased the
statutory language—“we held out to others that we were husband and wife”—without
providing any specific facts for the statements was conclusory and did not raise a genuine
issue of material fact). Accordingly, even if Kutyba’s complaints in this issue were
material, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the
Kutyba v. Watts, et al. Page 15
affidavits of Dr. Watts and McMahon. See Gen. Tire, Inc., 970 S.W.2d at 526; see also Cypress
Creek EMS, 548 S.W.3d at 688. We overrule Kutyba’s third issue.
V. CONCLUSION
Having overruled all of Kutyba’s issues on appeal, we affirm the judgments of the
trial court.
JOHN E. NEILL
Justice
Before Chief Justice Gray,
Justice Davis, and
Justice Neill
(Chief Justice Gray concurring with a note)*
Affirmed
Opinion delivered and filed March 13, 2019
[CV06]
*(Chief Justice Gray concurs in the judgment of the Court. A separate opinion will not
issue.)
Kutyba v. Watts, et al. Page 16