Lewis, Jessie Don v. Texas, the State Of ( 1997 )

Affirmed and Opinion Filed August 21, 1997
In The
(£a\xrt of Appeals
JTtftlj Itsirtri at Qfrxas at Dallas
No. 05-95-00951-CR
JESSIE DON LEWIS, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the Criminal District Court No. 1
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. F95-73644-LH
OPINION
Before Justices Kinkeade, Ovard, and Chapman
Opinion By Justice Ovard
The trial court convicted Jessie Don Lewis of aggravated robbery and assessed a
sentence of thirty years imprisonment. In three points of error, Lewis asserts the evidence
is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's judgment and he was denied
effective assistance of counsel. We affirm the trial court's judgment.
BACKGROUND
Angela Jones, the complaining witness, reported that Lewis held a gun to her head
and took her jewelry. The incident occurred at the Crest A Apartments, a location noted
for drug-related crimes. Lewis denied robbing Jones. Instead, he speculated Jones falsely
accused him of aggravated robbery in retaliation for his selling her fake crack cocaine.
SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE
In his first point of error, Lewis contends the evidence is legally insufficient to prove
he committed aggravated robbery because the complaining witness's testimony was not
credible or reliable. The State responds that Lewis's challenge is directed at credibility
instead of sufficiency, and that credibility of a complainant is solely within the province of
the factfinder.
In his second point of error, Lewis asserts the evidence is factually insufficient to
support his conviction because credible and reliable testimony was presented that the
complaining witness purchased fake crack cocaine from him. The State replies that, because
credibility of witnesses is an issue for the factfinder to determine, the evidence is factually
sufficient to support Lewis's conviction.
1. Standard of Review
In reviewing a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979); Green v. State, 761 S.W.2d 824, 825 (Tex.
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App.-Dallas 1988, no pet.). The factfinder resolves conflicts in the testimony, weighs the
evidence, and draws reasonable inferences from basic to ultimate facts. Dumas v. State, 812
S.W.2d 611, 615 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1991, pet. ref'd). The factfinder is the exclusive judge
of the witnesses' credibility and the testimony's weight. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art.
38.04 (Vernon 1979); Bonham v. State, 680 S.W.2d 815, 819 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984), cert,
denied, 474 U.S. 865 (1985); Dumas, 812 S.W.2d at 615. The factfinder may accept or
reject any orall evidence. See Saxton v. State, 804 S.W.2d 910, 914 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).
That the appellant presents a different factual version does not render the evidence
insufficient. Anderson v. State, 701 S.W.2d 868, 872-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985),cert, denied,
479 U.S. 870 (1986).
When an appellant challenges the factual sufficiency of the evidence, we review all
the evidence without the prism of "in the light most favorable to the prosecution." Clewis
v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). In analyzing the factfinder's
determination of a vital fact, we do not decide the existence or nonexistence of a vital fact
nor do we decide the truth or falsity of proffered evidence nor do we judge the credibility
of witnesses. Scott v. State, 934 S.W.2d 396, 399 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1996, no pet.). Our
evaluation ofthe factual sufficiency ofthe evidence should not substantially intrude upon the
factfinder's role as the sole judge of the weight and credibility of witness testimony. See
Santellan v. State, 939 S.W.2d 155, 165 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). As a reviewing court, we
may not reweigh the evidence and set aside the factfinder's determination merely because
we feel that a different result is more reasonable. Clewis, 922 S.W.2d at 135. If we
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determine the factfinder's determination is against the great weight of the evidence
presented at trial so that it is clearly wrong and unjust, we must reverse and remand for a
new trial. Id. A verdict is "clearly wrong and unjust" if it shocks the conscience or clearly
demonstrates bias. Id.; Scott, 934 S.W.2d at 399.
2. Applicable Law
A person commits robbery if, in the course ofcommitting theft, with intent to obtain
or maintain control of the property, he intentionally or knowingly threatens or places
another in fear of imminent bodily injury or death. Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 29.02(a)(2)
(Vernon 1994). Robbery becomes aggravated if a person, in the course of committing a
robbery, uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the robbery commission. Tex. Penal Code
Ann. § 29.03(a)(2) (Vernon 1994). A handgun is a deadly weapon per se. Anderson v.
State, 813 S.W.2d 177, 179 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1991, no pet.).
In a challenge tothe sufficiency ofthe evidence, positive identification ofa defendant
as the perpetrator of a crime is sufficient to support a conviction. Everett v. State, 707
S.W.2d 638, 639 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986); Hester v. State, 909 S.W.2d 174, 178 (Tex.
App.-Dallas 1995, no pet.);/owes v. State, 687 S.W.2d 430, 432 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th
Dist.] 1985, no pet.).
3. Testimony
a. State Witnesses
The complaining witness, Angela Jones, testified that, on the day of the robbery, her
sister Ella Campbell paged her. Campbell asked Jones to pick her up at the Crest A
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Apartments, where she was visiting. When Jones arrived at the apartment complex, she
parked her car and waited for her sister. When Campbell did not come to the car, Jones
began to look for her.
A number of people were standing outside. Jones saw Lewis looking at her. He
asked her for a cigarette. She told him she did not have one. Suddenly, Lewis pulled a
small, black, .25 caliber automatic gun and stuck it in her face. He pulled back the clip, and
Jones heard it click. Then he demanded: "Bitch, give me your jewelry." Jones hesitated.
Lewis moved the gun to her temple and roughly pulled at a ring. Because she feared that
Lewis would shoot her, Jones removed her rings.
Next, Lewis began looking at and pulling on her black leather coat. She told him he
would have to fight her for her coat. Then, Lewis asked her ifshe had any money, and she
replied no. He took her rings and turned around to show the bystanders what he had
stolen. The bystanders reacted by laughing.
Meanwhile, Jones's sister arrived. Jones ran to a nearby telephone booth to call for
help. Lewis fled. While Jones talked to the 911 operator, bystanders told her the gunman's
name was "Red Devil". When the police arrived, Jones gave them Lewis's description.
Lewis's sister came out of her apartment and also talked with Jones and with the police.
Jones testified that Lewis' sister told her that, ifJones would return the next day, she would
try to get her jewelry back.
On cross examination, Jones testified that she does not buy, sell, or use drugs. She
denied frequenting the Crest AApartments and stated that, except for the day she was
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robbed, she had not been to that apartment complex in seven years. Jones denied ever
having purchased drugs, or phoney drugs, from Lewis. She also denied that she was angry
at Lewis for selling her "phoney dope."
Ella Campbell testified that she paged Jones for a ride. While waiting for her sister
outside the Crest A Apartments, Campbell noticed two men in front of the complex "kind
of fussing about something." She asked one of the men to notify her when her sister
arrived, and she returned to an apartment upstairs. A short time later, the man found her
and told her that her sister was being robbed.
When Campbell came down the stairs she observed Lewis, who she knew as "Red
Devil", standing in front of Jones. Jones appeared to be terrified and almost in tears.
Campbell asked what was wrong, and Jones said that Lewis had robbed her. Campbell
yelled at Lewis and asked him "What you doing . . . with my sister?" He laughed and held
a gun in the air. Lewis left when Jones phoned the police. Before the police arrived, the
bystanders told Campbell that Lewis "robbed [Jones]."
Approximately two weeks later, Campbell was walking down the street when Lewis
approached her in a car with his mother. Lewis got out of the car and told Campbell he
and his mother wanted to talk to Jones about dropping the charges. His mother was
wearing Jones's rings. Campbell refused to disclose her sister's address.
Charlie Law testified that, as a police officer with the Dallas Police Department, he
had patrolled the area around the Crest AApartments for approximately five years. The
Crest AApartments are located in a high crime area. On the day of the robbery, he was
driving through the Crest A complex when Jones flagged him down and told him a man had
just taken her jewelry. He parked his car and walked into the complex. People were
gathered outside near the laundry room. Law asked two bystanders what had happened,
and they told him they had seen a robbery. Through his investigation, Law determined
Lewis was the man who robbed Jones and that his street name is "Red Devil". Law also
testified Jones lived in his patrol area and that he knew her because of her involvement in
various disturbance calls he had worked over the years. He had never previously seen Jones
at the Crest A apartments, and he had also never seen her buy, sell, or use narcotics.
b. Defense Witnesses
Lewis testified that, although he sold Jones fake crack cocaine, he did not rob her.
He stated he had a previous conviction for selling drugs and that he stays with his sister at
the Crest AApartments, where he smokes crack cocaine. He knew Campbell tobe a "crack
head" from previous occasions ofsmoking crack cocaine with her. He had never met Jones
before. On the day of the robbery, Jones and Campbell approached him at the Crest A
Apartments. Campbell asked him, "Red Devil, would you show me where some good dope
is?" Lewis gave the sisters ten rocks of fake crack cocaine, and Jones paid him one hundred
dollars. The sisters left the complex.
Jones returned approximately five minutes later. From the window of a friend's
nearby house, Lewis observed Jones talking with police. He was afraid to come out and talk
to the officers because he believed they would arrest him for selling fake crack cocaine.
Lewis stated Jones falsely accused him of robbing her because he had "scammed" her by
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selling her fake cocaine. He denied carrying a gun, which would be a violation of a
condition of his parole.
Linda Brown, Lewis' cousin, testified she was visiting the Crest A Apartments on the
day of the robbery. She was aware that drugs were frequently bought, sold, and used there.
Brown observed Lewis, Jones and several other people standing outside the washateria.
Lewis and Jones were talking; Jones did not appear to be frightened. Lewiswas not holding
a gun. Brown saw Lewis hold out his closed fist and put something in Jones's hand in a
manner commonly used for passing rock cocaine. She did not see Jones give him anything
in return. Brown also testified that she had seen Lewis and Jones together before.
3. Application of Law to Facts
In reviewing a challenge to the legal sufficiency ofevidence, we view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the prosecution. Here, Jones positively identified Lewis as the
man who placed a handgun to her head and demanded her jewelry. She was afraid Lewis
would physically hurt or kill her if she did not comply. Lewis then took her five rings.
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier offact
could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that Lewis used a deadly weapon to place
Jones in fear of imminent bodily injury or death if she did not give him her jewelry. The
evidence is legally sufficient to sustain Lewis's conviction.
We overrule Lewis's first point of error.
In reviewing Lewis's challenge to the factual sufficiency of evidence, we will set aside
the fact finding only if it is so contrary to the overwhelming evidence as to be clearly wrong
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and unjust. Lewis testified that Jones falsely accused him of aggravated robbery in
retaliation for his selling her fake crack cocaine. For corroboration of this evidence, he
points to Brown's testimony that she observed Lewis and Jones engaged in a drug
transaction. Both Lewis and Brown testified he did not have a gun.
The testimony of Jones, Campbell, and Law contradicts the testimony of Lewis and
Brown. Jones testified she does not use drugs and that she has never bought drugs from
Lewis. She testified Lewis placed a gun to her head and forced her to give him five rings.
Campbell testified she found Jones as the robbery was ending. Jones appeared terrified.
When Campbell yelled at Lewis for robbing her sister, Lewis held a gun in the air. Officer
Law testified that he had never seen Jones buying, selling, or using narcotics.
Lewis's argument attacks Jones's credibility by placing at issue her purported use of
drugs. Although we are authorized to disagree with the factfinder's finding of a vital fact,
we are not authorized to judge the credibility of witnesses. Scott, 934 S.W.2d at 399. The
trial court, as factfinder, was free to find Jones's testimony that she did not use drugs more
credible than Lewis's testimony that Jones was a vindictive "crack head" who purchased fake
crack cocaine from him. We have reviewed all the evidence. Based on its great weight and
preponderance, we cannot conclude that the factfinder's determination that Lewis robbed
Jones is clearly wrong and unjust. The trial court's judgment does not shock the conscience
or demonstrate bias.
We overrule Lewis' second point oferror that the evidence was factually insufficient
to support his conviction.
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
In his third point of error, Lewis asserts he received ineffective assistance of counsel
when his trial attorney failed to object to hearsay testimony used by the State to prove he
robbed Jones. The State responds the complained-of testimony was properly admissible
under either the excited utterance or present sense impression exceptions to the hearsay
rule. The State also responds the record as a whole shows Lewis was afforded reasonably
effective assistance of counsel.
1. Standard of Review
We examine ineffective assistance of counsel by the standard enunciatedin Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and adopted by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
in Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). To prevail on an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim, appellant must first establish that his counsel's representation
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771
(Tex. Crim. App. 1994); Hernandez, 726 S.W.2d at 55. Appellant must then show a
reasonable probability exists that a different outcome would have resulted but for his trial
counsel's professional errors. Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771; Hernandez, 726 S.W.2d at 55.
Appellant must prove ineffective assistance of counsel by apreponderance of the evidence.
Moore v. State, 694 S.W.2d 528, 531 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985). The record must support a
claim ofineffective assistance. See Johnson v. State, 691 S.W.2d 619, 627 (Tex. Crim. App.
1984), cert, denied, 474 U.S. 865 (1985).
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We do not judge counsel's trial decisions in hindsight. SeeMiniel v. State, 831 S.W.2d
310, 323 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert, denied, 506 U.S. 885 (1992). We strongly presume
counsel's competence. Id.; Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771. Appellant can rebut this
presumption by showing his attorney's representation was unreasonable under prevailing
professional norms and that the challenged action was not sound trial strategy. Jackson, 877
S.W.2d at 771; see Miniel, 831 S.W.2d at 323.
We do not inquire into trial strategy unless no possible basis exists in strategy or
tactics for trial counsel's actions. Johnson v. State, 614 S.W.2d 148, 152 (Tex. Crim. App.
[Panel Op.] 1981). An appellant must establish that his trial counsel's acts or omissions
were outside the range of professional competence. Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at 771; Ross v.
State, 802 S.W.2d 308, 312 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1990, no pet.). That another attorney,
including appellant's appellate counsel, might have pursued a different course ofaction does
not necessarily indicate ineffective assistance. See Hawkins v. State, 660 S.W.2d 65, 75 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1983).
The fundamental focus of an effective assistance inquiry must be on the fundamental
fairness of the proceeding whose result is being challenged. Strickland, 466 S.W.2d 668.
Failure of either of the two prongs of the Strickland analysis results in failure of the claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel. See id.
2. Applicable Law
Evidence is hearsay if it is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the
matter asserted. Tex. R. Crim. Evid. 801(d). Hearsay is not admissible unless it meets an
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exception to the hearsay rule. Tex. R. Crim. Evid. 802; see Tex. R. Crim. Evid. 803 & 804.
However, most evidentiary and procedural rules are optional with each defendant. Marin
v. State, 851 S.W.2d 275, 278 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). A trial court need only exclude
hearsay on a party's request. Id. A party must make a timely and specific objection to
hearsay to preserve a complaint for appellate review. Tex. R. App. P. 52(a); Butler v. State,
872 S.W.2d 227, 237 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994), cert, denied, 513 U.S. 1157 (1995); Rezac v.
State, 782S.W.2d 869, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Inadmissible hearsay admitted without
objection is not denied probative value merely because it is hearsay. Tex. R. Crim. Evid.
802.
Under the present sense impression exception to the hearsay rule, a statement
describing or explaining an event or condition made while the declarant was perceiving the
event or condition, or immediately thereafter, is not excluded as hearsay. Tex. R. Crim
Evid. 803(1); Rabbani v. State, 847 S.W.2d 555, 560 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), cert, denied,
509 U.S. 926 (1993). The contemporaneous nature of the statement makes it reliable
because there is little time for the declarant to calculate misstatements or suffer memory
defects. Chambers v. State, 905 S.W.2d 328, 330 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1995, no pet.)
(citing Rabbani, 847 S.W.2d at 560 and Kubin v. State, 868 S.W.2d 394, 396-97 (Tex.
App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, pet. ref'd)). When adeclarant has had time to reflect upon
the event and the facts learned after the event, the reliability of his statement is diminished.
Chambers, 905 S.W.2d at 330.
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Failure to object to admissible evidence does not constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel. McFarland v. State, 845 S.W.2d 824, 846 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992), cert, denied, 508
U.S. 963 (1993). Failure to object to cumulative evidence is harmless and also will not
support a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Darby v. State, 922 S.W.2d 614, 624
(Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1996, pet. ref'd); Marlow v. State, 886 S.W.2d 314, 318 (Tex.
App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd).
4. Application of Law to Facts
At trial, the parties did not dispute that Lewis and Jones encountered one another
outside the laundry room of the Crest A Apartments. They disagree, however, about the
type of "event" that occurred. The State attempted to prove that Lewis used a gun to
deprive Jones of herjewelry. Lewis attempted to establish that, instead ofa robbery, a drug
transaction occurred. His trial attorney advanced the hypothesis that Jones falsely accused
Lewis of aggravated robbery in retaliation for Lewis selling her "bad dope." Although both
parties agree, and the record indicates, that Brown and several bystanders observed the
encounter between Lewis and Jones, Jones and Lewis were the only two witnesses who
testified about what they said to each other.
Because their testimony was contradictory, Jones's credibility was the major issue for
the factfinder to resolve at trial. Evidence that tended to make her story more probable
than not would assist the factfinder in weighing the evidence and drawing reasonable
inferences from basic to ultimate facts.
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On appeal, Lewis contends his attorney was negligent in allowing the State to
introduce into evidence hearsay testimony that corroborated Jones's version of the event.
Specifically, he argues his attorney should have objected the following testimony:
Testimony of Angela Jones:
State: Was the defendant anywhere in sight when the police showed up?
Jones: No. His -- well, some people ran and got his sister
after he robbed me. And his sister came out there and
talked to me and asked me if I come back the next day
she'll try to get my jewelry back.1
Testimony of Ella Campbell:
State: While you were waiting for her to come pick you up,
what happened?
Campbell: There were two dudes right there in front, kind of
fussing about something. So I went back upstairs. So
I told this dude to tell me when my sister drive up. So
he come and told me my sister drove up. But he told
me that the dude that pulled the gun on my sister, he
was robbing her.
State: But at this point, you didn't know who this dude was-
Campbell: No. I didn't know right then until I got there.
Testimony of Ella Campbell:
State: There were still people standing around there?
Unless otherwise noted, the italicized portions of the quoted testimony represent the author's added emphasis.
•14-
•,&^:.^?!&/iri"*&J#^pfa^W-
Campbell: Yeah. Even though people said that he -- said go call
the police. Everybody else started telling me after he
disappeared.
State: What did they start saying?
Campbell: Said that he robbed your sister and robbing ever body
else. I said I know it. I said because he messed with
the wrong person when he robbed my sister. He can
rob anybody else, but not my sister.
State: Were they using the name Jessie Lewis?
Campbell: No. They said "Red Devil."
Testimony of Charlie Law:
State: Did any of these people come up and talk to you
about what they saw or what happened?
Law: Yeah, two people did. And the rest, they just
continued to watch. And I approached them and I
asked them what had happened. And they had seen
it also.
State: They saw the actual robbery?
Law: Yes.
State: Were you able to apprehend the man who did the
robbery?
Law: No, we didn't.
State: Through your investigation, Officer Law, and in that
area, were you able to determine who this person was?
Law: Yes, I did.
•15-
State: And that was a man that you came to know as Jessie
Don Lewis?
Law: Yes.
All four statements are assertions of an out-of court declarant that the "event"
occurring between Lewis and Jones was a robbery. The State does not contest that they are
hearsay. Lewis argues the harm in not objecting to the statements is demonstrated by the
following excerpt from the State's argument:
State: You've got Ella Campbell's testimony about the way
her sister looked afterward. She knows this man. She
knows what he's capable of. You've got the testimony
of the complaining witness in this case. But also you
have unobjected to testimony from the officer from
people who stood there in the crowd who came
forward and told the officer they saw the robbery.
Defense: Your Honor, I am going to object. / should have
objected to hearsay at that time. It's not in the police
report. There are not eyewitnesses other than the sister.
State: Judge, that officer related to you that testimony. And
that is not hearsay. That's deemed fullprobative value.
Court: Overruled. Go ahead.
State: When those people came forward, they were as close in
time as the complaining witness was. And they
corroboroated [sic] that the robbery did, in fact,go down
there at the apartment complex.
To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Lewis must first establish
that his counsel's failure to object to the complained-of hearsay statements resulted in
representation below an objective standard of reasonableness. See Jackson, 877 S.W.2d at
•16-
tmrf s^V-"h^m^M.i"^i^;^
768. Because Lewis's attorney conceded during argument that he should have objected to
at least one of the four objectionable hearsay statements and because the State does not
argue on appeal that the attorney's failure to object was reasonable under prevailing
professional norms, we will assume, without deciding, that counsel's failure to object resulted
in representation below an objective standard of reasonableness. However, Lewis must still
show that a reasonable probability exists that a different outcome would have resulted if the
hearsay statements had been excluded. See id. at 771.
Failure to object to admissible evidence does not constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel. McFarland, 845 S.W.2d at 846. The four hearsay statements all assert the same
thing: a robbery occurred. If even one of these hearsay statements was properly admitted,
evidence corroboratingJones's testimony would have been before the factfinder. Therefore,
Lewis would not have been prejudiced by counsel's failure to object to the damaging
testimony to any substantial degree because the unobjected-to hearsay statements would
have been cumulative corroboration. See Darby, 922 S.W.2d at 624; Marlow, 886 S.W.2d
at 318.
We determine the following testimony of Ella Campbell qualifies as a present sense
impression exception to the hearsay rule: "So I told this dude to tell me when my sister
drive up. So he come and told me my sister drove up. But he told me that the dude that
pulled the gun on my sister, he was robbing her." See Rabbani, 847 S.W.2d at 560-61. This
is a contemporaneous description of an event made while the declarant was perceiving the
event, or immediately thereafter. Indeed, it is a description of a robbery in progress.
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V!Jj^si^.t*fw^S^;^'jcj(W9^)i!ja»^ &ji«W;.vj;m.;*: -,«,
Lewis's counsel was not ineffective in failing to object to hearsay which was properly
admissible under the present sense impression exception to the hearsay rule.
Because evidence corroborating Jones's testimony that Lewis robbed her was properly
before the factfinder, Lewis has not shown that a reasonable probability exists that a
different outcome would have resulted if his trial attorney had objected to the complained-of
hearsay statements. We overrule his third point of error.
We affirm the trial court's judgment.
I JOHN OVARD
v/ JUSTICE
Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 90
950951F.U05
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(Gxmri of Appeals
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JUDGMENT
JESSIE DON LEWIS, Appellant Appeal from the Criminal District Court
No. 1 of Dallas County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No.
No. 05-95-00951-CR V. F95-73644-LH).
Opinion delivered by Justice Ovard,
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee Justices Kinkeade and Chapman
participating.
Based on the Court's opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.
Judgment entered August 21, 1997.
/Idhn ovard
/ JUSTICE