Emmanuel Lilly, Individually and D/B/A Lilly's Bonding Service, and D/B/A J & M Pawn Shop v. Rodney Tolar ( 2002 )

In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-01-00163-CV ______________________________



EMMANUEL LILLY, INDIVIDUALLY AND D/B/A LILLY'S BONDING SERVICE, AND D/B/A J & M PAWN SHOP, Appellant

V.

RODNEY TOLAR, Appellee

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On Appeal from the County Court at Law Gregg County, Texas Trial Court No. 2000-1297-CC

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Before Morriss, C.J., Grant and Ross, JJ. Opinion by Justice Ross

O P I N I O N

Emmanuel Lilly, individually and d/b/a Lilly's Bonding Service, and d/b/a J & M Pawn Shop, appeals the trial court's post-answer default judgment in favor of Rodney Tolar's claims for breach of contract, conversion, and unfair debt collection practices stemming from Lilly's repossession of Tolar's 1992 truck, which had an attached welding unit. After separate hearings on liability and damages, the trial court awarded Tolar $19,000.00 for the fair market value of his truck and welding unit, $30,000.00 for loss of income, $25,000.00 for exemplary damages, and attorney's fees for trial and appeal.

Lilly brings thirty points of error, divided into three categories. The first category covers points one and two wherein Lilly contends the trial court erred in denying his motions for continuance. The second category of error covers points three and four by which Lilly contends the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial and his first amended motion for new trial. The final category covers the remaining twenty-six points of error in which Lilly contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's findings of: 1) conversion; 2) breach of contract; 3) unfair debt collection practice; 4) $19,000.00 as the fair market value of the truck and welding unit; 5) $30,000.00 in loss of income; 6) attorney's fees of $25,493.00 for trial, $10,000.00 for appeal to this Court, and $15,000.00 for appeal to the Texas Supreme Court; 7) malice, as defined in the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code; and 8) $25,000.00 in exemplary damages.

The original trial setting for this case was June 4, 2001. On that date, the parties appeared with counsel, selected a jury, and were directed to return to commence the presentation of evidence June 12. On or about June 12, Lilly suffered chest pains and was admitted to a hospital. After verification of Lilly's hospitalization, the trial court dismissed the jury and reset the trial for August 13.

Lilly filed a motion to continue this trial setting, but failed to support his motion with any affidavits. He did attach a letter from his doctor to the motion, stating Lilly should not attend trial due to emotional stress. The court denied the motion, but reset the trial for August 20. On the morning of August 20, Tolar and his counsel appeared, but Lilly and his counsel failed to appear. Tolar then waived a jury and presented evidence to the court on liability. The court entered an interlocutory post-answer default judgment in favor of Tolar and set the hearing on damages for August 23. On the afternoon of August 20, Lilly's counsel, John Lewis, appeared before the court and entered into the record a letter from Lilly terminating Lewis' services as of July 8, 2001.

On August 23, Lewis appeared before the court without Lilly and urged a second motion for continuance. He also requested the court to release him as counsel for Lilly pursuant to Lilly's termination letter. The court denied the motion for continuance, but granted Lewis' motion to withdraw as counsel. The court heard evidence on damages. Lilly was not present, in person or by counsel, at the hearing on damages.

In his first and second points of error, Lilly contends the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his motions for continuance. A motion for continuance may be granted for sufficient cause, supported by affidavit, or by consent of the parties or operation of law. Tex. R. Civ. P. 251. Each of Lilly's two motions requested a ninety-day continuance because of Lilly's health.

The granting or denial of a motion for continuance is within the trial court's sound discretion, and the trial court's ruling will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626 (Tex. 1986). The test for abuse of discretion is not whether, in the opinion of the reviewing court, the facts present an appropriate case for the trial court's action. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241 (Tex. 1985). Rather, it is a question of whether the court acted without reference to any guiding rules and principles. Id. at 241-42; Craddock v. Sunshine Bus Lines, Inc., 134 Tex. 388, 133 S.W.2d 124, 126 (1939). Another way of stating the test is whether the act was arbitrary or unreasonable. Smithson v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 665 S.W.2d 439, 443 (Tex. 1984); Landry v. Travelers Ins. Co., 458 S.W.2d 649, 651 (Tex. 1970). The mere fact that a trial judge may decide a discretionary matter in a different manner than an appellate judge in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred. Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Johnson, 389 S.W.2d 645, 648 (Tex. 1965); Jones v. Strayhorn, 159 Tex. 421, 321 S.W.2d 290, 295 (1959).

Lilly's first motion for continuance was file-marked August 13, 2001, but the hearing on the motion was held August 9. As noted above, this motion contained no supporting affidavits. In order for the trial court to grant a continuance for cause, the motion must be supported by an affidavit. Tex. R. Civ. P. 251. Because there was no affidavit accompanying the first motion for continuance, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion.

Lilly attached to his second motion for continuance an affidavit from his doctor. In this motion, Lilly maintained that he is a material witness in the case and that the proceedings should be continued because of his ill health.

A trial court is not required to grant a motion for continuance solely because a party is unable to be present at trial. See Hawthorne v. Guenther, 917 S.W.2d 924, 929 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1996, writ denied); Humphrey v. Ahlschlager, 778 S.W.2d 480, 483 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1989, no writ). When seeking a continuance because of want of testimony, the party applying for the continuance must make an affidavit that such testimony is material, showing such materiality, and stating the party has used due diligence to procure such testimony, showing such diligence, and stating the cause of failure, if known, and stating that such testimony cannot be procured from any other source. Tex. R. Civ. P. 252. Lilly failed to support his second motion for continuance with an affidavit stating the measures taken to secure his testimony. Although the doctor's affidavit states that Lilly's testimony under the effects of medication is problematic and "may provoke a cardiac event," there is no affidavit showing any attempt to depose Lilly in a nonstressful setting and when he would not be under the effects of medication, or stating why such an attempt had not been made. See Humphrey, 778 S.W.2d at 484; Connor v. Wright, 737 S.W.2d 42, 44 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1987, no writ). The second motion for continuance failed to meet all the requirements of Rule 252.

Further, the second motion appears to be moot on its face. It requests a continuance for the trial set August 20, but was not file-marked until August 23. Because neither motion for continuance complied with the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motions. We overrule Lilly's first and second points of error.

In his third and fourth points of error, Lilly contends the trial court erred in overruling his motion for new trial and his amended motion for new trial. Because Lilly filed an amended motion, his original motion was substituted and is no longer regarded. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 65. The only live motion for new trial before the court was the amended motion, which was overruled by operation of law.

Lilly timely filed a motion for new trial, but did not request a hearing on the motion until after the motion had been overruled by operation of law. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b. After the motion was overruled by operation of law, the trial court took the unusual action of holding a hearing on the motion. However, the court still made no express ruling on the motion. The trial court has plenary power to grant a new trial until thirty days after a timely-filed motion for new trial has been overruled, either by a written order or by operation of law, whichever occurs first. Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(e). Even though the trial court conducted a hearing on Lilly's motion after it had been overruled by operation of law, it made no further ruling on the motion.

In Shamrock Roofing Supply, Inc. v. Mercantile Nat'l Bank, 703 S.W.2d 356 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1985, no writ), the court of appeals discussed the duty of a movant to be present for the hearing on the motion for new trial. In that case, after the entry of a default judgment, Shamrock filed a motion for new trial, but did not request a hearing. Shamrock's motion was overruled by operation of law. Id. at 357; see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(c). The day after the motion was overruled by operation of law, Shamrock filed a motion for a hearing on the motion. Shamrock, 703 S.W.2d at 357. The Dallas Court of Appeals held that it is not an abuse of discretion for a trial court to allow a motion for new trial to be overruled by operation of law when a defaulting defendant fails to call the motion to the court's attention. Id. at 357-58.

This case has strikingly similar facts. Lilly never called his motion for new trial to the attention of the trial court until after the motion was overruled by operation of law. There is no abuse of discretion in the overruling of a motion for new trial by operation of law where the record fails to show any attempt to obtain a timely hearing. Id. at 358.

Even if Lilly properly brought the motion to the trial court's attention, the trial court did not err in allowing the motion to be overruled by operation of law. The trial court's decision on a motion for new trial after a post-answer default judgment is subject to review for abuse of discretion. Cliff v. Huggins, 724 S.W.2d 778, 778-79 (Tex. 1987). Generally, that discretion must be guided by a three-part test. To grant the motion for new trial, the court must determine that: 1) the defendant's failure to appear before judgment was not intentional or the result of conscious indifference, but was due to a mistake or accident; 2) the motion for new trial sets up a meritorious defense; and 3) the motion is filed at a time when its granting would not result in a delay or otherwise injure the plaintiff. Craddock, 133 S.W.2d at 126. To satisfy his right to set aside the default judgment, Lilly's motion and affidavit needed to only set forth facts that, if true, would negate intentional or consciously indifferent conduct. See Strackbein v. Prewitt, 671 S.W.2d 37, 38 (Tex. 1984); State & County Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Williams, 924 S.W.2d 746, 748 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1996, no writ); Greenspoint Palms, Ltd. v. Greenspoint Co., 795 S.W.2d 219, 220-21 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no writ).

Lilly's motion for new trial had affidavits from Lewis and Lilly attached. Lewis stated he missed the August 20 trial because he misunderstood the trial judge when he participated in the August 9 hearing via telephone. He stated he believed the trial would begin at 1:30 p.m. on August 20, not 9:00 a.m. Lewis arrived at the courthouse at 1:00 p.m. on August 20 and learned of the default judgment. He states his arrival at 1:00 p.m., not 9:00 a.m., was not the result of conscious indifference, but because of accident or mistake. Lilly stated in his affidavit that he understood how Lewis could be mistaken about the start of trial, because the trial judge had been talking about accommodating his health issues and having half-day sessions. These affidavits from Lilly and his attorney constitute the only evidence before the trial court on the motion for new trial, and there is no reasonable interpretation of those affidavits which would constitute evidence that Lilly's failure to appear at voir dire was the result of an intentional act or conscious indifference. Hence, Lilly's motion satisfied the first prong of the Craddock test.

We now look to see if Lilly's motion set up a meritorious defense. The specific language of Craddock that a new trial should be granted to a defaulting defendant if his motion "sets up a meritorious defense," Craddock, 133 S.W.2d at 126, does not mean the motion should be granted if it merely alleges the defendant "has a meritorious defense." Ivy v. Carrell, 407 S.W.2d 212, 214 (Tex. 1966). The motion must allege facts which in law would constitute a defense to the cause of action asserted by the plaintiff and must be supported by affidavits or other evidence proving prima facie that the defendant has such meritorious defense. Id.; City of Fort Worth v. Gause, 129 Tex. 25, 101 S.W.2d 221, 222 (1937); Holliday v. Holliday, 72 Tex. 581, 10 S.W. 690, 692 (1889); Dowell v. Winters, 20 Tex. 793 (1858); Foster v. Martin, 20 Tex. 118 (1857). This much is necessary to prevent the reopening of cases to present fictitious or unmeritorious defenses. But once these requirements are met, it is improper to try the defensive issues brought forth in the motion or the pleadings. Ivy, 407 S.W.2d at 214.

In his affidavit, Lilly states he and Tolar had an oral agreement whereby Tolar granted Lilly a security interest in Tolar's truck and welding machine in order to secure Tolar's son's performance on two bail bonds written to secure the release of Tolar's son from jail. Lilly states that the failure of Tolar's son to appear in court constituted a default of the security agreement. Lilly also included in his motion for new trial a letter written in response to a complaint about J & M Pawn by Tolar's sister sent to the office of the Consumer Credit Commissioner, a state agency. The letter from the agency stated, "From all indications, Mr. Emmanuel Lilly and Mr. Rodney Tolar agreed to secure the bond with the title to the 1992 Chevy Cheyenne truck." The Commissioner's office also concluded that it appeared a verbal agreement existed between Tolar and Lilly, as evidenced by the "CONTRACT TO INDEMNIFY," which makes Tolar the indemnitor on his son's bond, requiring payment by Tolar in the event of a bond forfeiture, and the "POWER OF ATTORNEY TO TRANSFER MOTOR VEHICLE," both dated March 20, 1999, the day the bonds were issued.

The letter from the Commissioner's office is not conclusive evidence that a valid security agreement existed between Tolar and Lilly. Lilly contends he had an oral security agreement with Tolar, giving him a security interest in Tolar's truck, made at the time they entered into the contract to indemnify. Under the Texas Business and Commerce Code, security interests are unenforceable against the debtor with respect to the collateral and do not attach unless the collateral is in the possession of the secured party pursuant to an agreement, or the debtor has signed a security agreement which contains a description of the collateral, value has been given, and the debtor has rights in the collateral. Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.203 (Vernon 1991). ⁽¹⁾ Oral security interests are unenforceable because they do not comply with the statute requiring a writing signed by the debtor. Id.; see Mosley v. Dallas Entertainment Co., 496 S.W.2d 237 (Tex. Civ. App.-Tyler 1973, writ dism'd).

Here, there are no documents attached to the motion for new trial which show that an enforceable security agreement was created. Although Tolar apparently signed a power of attorney, referencing his truck, on the date the bond issued, such does not grant a security interest in Tolar's truck or identify the debt secured. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.203. There is also a title to the truck in the record dated April 17, 1999, the date Tolar pawned his truck the second time, but this document is unsigned and does not create a security interest. Id.; see Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. § 9.202 (Vernon 1991). ⁽²⁾ Lilly failed to provide evidence of an enforceable security agreement.

Lilly's motion for new trial and affidavit further fail to provide any evidence the granting of a new trial will not cause a delay or injure Tolar. See Craddock, 133 S.W.2d at 126. Lilly's affidavit states the granting of a new trial will not cause significant delay or injury to Tolar, but these assertions are not supported by any evidence. Lilly asserted in his September 2001 motion for new trial that he would probably be able to participate in a trial in February 2002. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in implicitly finding that a six-month wait would constitute a "delay." Lilly's third and fourth points of error are overruled.

In his remaining points of error, Lilly contends the evidence is both legally and factually insufficient to support the judgment. In order to obtain a post-answer default judgment, a plaintiff must prove all aspects of the case, as in a case of a judgment following a trial. Stoner v. Thompson, 578 S.W.2d 679, 682 (Tex. 1979).

When deciding legal sufficiency, in determining whether there is no evidence of probative force to support a fact-finder's finding, we must consider all of the evidence in the record in the light most favorable to the party in whose favor the verdict has been rendered, and we must apply every reasonable inference that could be made from the evidence in that party's favor. Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997). In this review, we disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995); Best v. Ryan Auto Group, Inc., 786 S.W.2d 670, 671 (Tex. 1990). A no evidence point will be sustained when 1) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, 2) the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact, 3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla, or 4) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact. Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co. v. Martinez, 977 S.W.2d 328, 334 (Tex. 1998).

More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence supporting the finding, as a whole, rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions. Burroughs Wellcome Co., 907 S.W.2d at 499. If we find some probative evidence, we will test the factual sufficiency of that evidence by examining the entire record to determine whether the finding is clearly wrong and unjust.

In reviewing a point of error claiming the evidence is factually insufficient to support the fact-finder's answer to a question, we consider all of the evidence, including evidence contrary to the fact-finder's verdict. Plas-Tex, Inc. v. U.S. Steel Corp., 772 S.W.2d 442, 445 (Tex. 1989); Southwestern Elec. Power Co. v. Martin, 844 S.W.2d 229, 233 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1992, writ denied). We then determine "whether the verdict is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly wrong or unjust." C & D Robotics, Inc. v. Mann, 47 S.W.3d 194, 199 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2001, no pet.) (citing Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex. 1996), and Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986)). In reviewing all the evidence, we may not interfere with the fact-finder's resolution of conflicts in the evidence. C & D Robotics, Inc., 47 S.W.3d at 199.

In points of error five and six, Lilly contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding of conversion. In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, we look only to the evidence before the trial court at the time it rendered judgment. See Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 953 S.W.2d at 711-12. Conversion is the "wrongful exercise of dominion and control over another's property in denial of or inconsistent with his rights." Green Int'l, Inc. v. Solis, 951 S.W.2d 384, 391 (Tex. 1997); Bandy v. First State Bank, 835 S.W.2d 609, 622 (Tex. 1992).

In support of a claim of conversion, a plaintiff must prove: 1) the plaintiff owned, had legal possession of, or was entitled to possession of the property; 2) the defendant assumed and exercised dominion and control over the property in an unlawful and unauthorized manner, to the exclusion of and inconsistent with the plaintiff's rights; 3) the plaintiff made a demand for the property; and 4) the defendant refused to return the property. Ojeda v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 956 S.W.2d 704, 707 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 1997, pet. denied); Apple Imports, Inc. v. Koole, 945 S.W.2d 895, 899 (Tex. App.-Austin 1997, writ denied); Whitaker v. Bank of El Paso, 850 S.W.2d 757, 760 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1993, no writ). Although normally required, a demand for the return of the property and a refusal to do so are not necessary when the acts of the possessor manifest a clear repudiation of the plaintiff's rights. Edmunds v. Sanders, 2 S.W.3d 697, 703 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1999, pet. denied). Wrongful intent on the part of the possessor is not required in a conversion case. Winkle Chevy-Olds-Pontiac, Inc. v. Condon, 830 S.W.2d 740, 746 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1992, writ dism'd).

The evidence clearly shows Tolar pawned his truck to J & M Pawn Shop March 20 and reclaimed it April 6, 1999. Tolar again pawned his truck to J & M Pawn Shop April 17, 1999, and reclaimed it (via his sister) June 10, 1999. This evidence shows Tolar owned and was entitled to possession of the truck. Lilly clearly took control of the truck, as evidenced by his letters to Tolar stating, "I HAD YOUR TRUCK PICKED UP. YOU MUST PAY THE BALANCE WITHIN (10) DAYS OR YOUR TRUCK WILL BE SOLD." There is nothing in Lilly's statement or in the record to indicate the "balance" owed. Tolar demanded the return of his truck by a letter from his attorney. In May 2000, Lilly sold Tolar's truck. The evidence is legally sufficient to support the trial court's finding of conversion.

No controverting evidence was presented at trial, nor was a defense put forth. In his brief, Lilly relies on evidence attached to his affidavit on his motion for new trial. However, this evidence was not a part of the record when the trial court rendered judgment. The evidence before the trial court is factually sufficient to support the finding of conversion.

In Lilly's points seven and eight, he contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding of breach of contract. A breach of contract occurs when a party fails to perform an act that it expressly promised to do. Methodist Hosps. of Dallas v. Corporate Communicators, Inc., 806 S.W.2d 879, 882 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1991, writ denied). Lilly and Tolar entered into the "CONTRACT TO INDEMNIFY" March 20, 1999, for the issuance of two bonds for Tolar's son. The contract makes no reference to the truck. Rather, it provides that, in the event of a bond forfeiture, Tolar must pay $500.00 a month until the bond is repaid. The only agreements regarding the truck between Tolar and Lilly that were in evidence at the time of trial concerned the two times Tolar pawned his truck, each time for $400.00, to J & M Pawn Shop, once March 20, 1999, and again April 17, 1999. The evidence clearly shows that in each instance Tolar repaid the $400.00, plus interest, and reclaimed his truck. The only remaining contract between Tolar and Lilly was the bond agreement.

Tolar paid the fee for the bond in installments, and the receipts admitted into evidence show the balance was timely paid and there was a balance of zero April 5, 1999. The contract provided that, if a bond forfeiture occurred, Tolar was to pay $500.00 per month for the forfeiture. There is nothing in the "CONTRACT TO INDEMNIFY" mentioning the truck or using the truck as collateral for the contract. On June 15, 1999, the county court at law judge signed one order of bond forfeiture, but also signed an order of dismissal regarding that same bond forfeiture April 24, 2000. On July 21, 1999, the judge of the 188th Judicial District Court signed an order of bond forfeiture, but also signed an order setting aside that forfeiture February 16, 2000. A bond is forfeited when the trial court signs the judgment nisi. Dees v. State, 865 S.W.2d 461, 463 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). Because the trial courts signed what amounted to judgments nisi, Tolar's son forfeited the two bonds he had filed in the respective courts.

The contract between Lilly and Tolar provided that, in the event of a bond forfeiture, Tolar was to pay Lilly $500.00 per month beginning the fifth day after forfeiture. There is no evidence Lilly ever had to pay on the bond forfeiture. There is also no evidence that Lilly demanded the payment of the $500.00 per month or that Tolar failed to properly pay under the contract. However, Lilly's communications with Tolar indicate he took the truck because of the bond forfeitures. The contract clearly sets out payment of the $500.00 per month as Lilly's only remedy in the event of bond forfeiture. The evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's finding that Lilly breached the contract. Lilly breached the contract by utilizing a remedy-taking possession of Tolar's truck-not authorized in that agreement. There was no evidence of any remedy available to Lilly, other than to collect $500.00 per month, in the event of a bond forfeiture.

In points nine and ten, Lilly contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court's finding of unfair debt collection practices. Tolar sued Lilly for violations of Texas debt collections practices under Chapter 392 of the Texas Finance Code. Tolar complained Lilly violated Section 392.301 by threatening seizure, repossession, or sale of Tolar's truck without proper court proceedings and threatening to take actions prohibited by law. Tolar also alleged that Lilly violated Section 392.304 by failing to disclose clearly in any communication that Lilly was attempting to collect a consumer debt and that Lilly misrepresented the character, extent, or amount of the consumer debt. See Tex. Fin. Code Ann. §§ 392.301, 392.304 (Vernon 1998).

We first determine whether Lilly was a debt collector under the Finance Code. A debt collector is a "person who directly or indirectly engages in debt collection . . . ." Tex. Fin. Code Ann. § 392.001(6) (Vernon Supp. 2002). The evidence presented at trial proved Lilly believed Tolar owed him a debt and was attempting to collect that debt. The Code also applies to entities attempting to collect their own debts. Monroe v. Frank, 936 S.W.2d 654, 660 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1996, writ dism'd). The evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's implicit finding that Lilly was a debt collector.

Was Tolar a consumer under the Code? The Code defines consumer debt as "an obligation, or an alleged obligation, primarily for personal, family, or household purposes and arising from a transaction or alleged transaction." Tex. Fin. Code Ann. § 392.001(2) (Vernon Supp. 2002). The contract created a debt which Tolar owed Lilly, provided certain conditions were met. The evidence showed Lilly obtained the bail bond (debt) to help get a family member, his son, out of jail. A reasonable fact-finder could find that Tolar derived benefit for himself from the transaction. See Monroe, 936 S.W.2d at 660. Thus, there was legally and factually sufficient evidence to support a finding that Tolar incurred the debt for personal purposes.

It is a violation of the Code for a debt collector to fail to disclose clearly in any communication with the debtor that the debt collector is attempting to collect a consumer debt. Tex. Fin. Code Ann. § 392.304(a)(5). The correspondence in the record regarding the collection of the debt fails to reflect the amount of the debt owed and fails to reflect that Lilly was attempting to collect a consumer debt. The evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's finding that Lilly violated the Texas Finance Code.

In his eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth points of error, Lilly contends the evidence is both legally and factually insufficient to support the award of $19,000.00 as the fair market value of Tolar's truck and welding unit. In an action for conversion, a successful plaintiff is entitled to money damages equivalent to the fair market value of the property converted. Cash Am. Int'l Inc. v. Bennett, 35 S.W.3d 12, 21 (Tex. 2000); Imperial Sugar Co. v. Torrans, 604 S.W.2d 73, 74 (Tex. 1980).

Lilly concedes that the evidence presented at the hearing on damages supports the trial court's award of $19,000.00 for fair market value. However, he urges us to look at the evidence he presented in his motion for new trial. As stated above, in considering whether the evidence is legally or factually sufficient to support the judgment, we look to the evidence in the record at the time the judgment was rendered.

Tolar testified that he believed the market value of the truck was between $12,000.00 and $15,000.00 and that the welder, according to Oilfield Welders Supply, was worth $6,800.00. Also entered into evidence was the "Kelley Blue Book" value of $8,015.00 for a 1992 Chevrolet truck. The evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the award of $19,000.00 for the fair market value of the truck and attached welding unit.

In his fourteenth through sixteenth points of error, Lilly contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the award of $30,000.00 for loss of income for Tolar, who was a self-employed welder. Lilly took Tolar's truck in October 1999, and the trial was held in August 2001.

Damages for conversion may include losses or expenses necessary to compensate the plaintiff for all actual losses or injuries sustained, not merely the reasonable market value of the property, as a natural and proximate result of the defendant's wrongdoing. Soto v. Sea-Road Int'l, Inc., 942 S.W.2d 67, 75 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1997, writ denied); Multi-Moto Corp. v. ITT Commercial Fin. Corp., 806 S.W.2d 560, 566 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1990, writ denied); First Nat'l Bank v. Gittelman, 788 S.W.2d 165, 168-69 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, writ denied); Virgil T. Walker Constr. Co. v. Flores, 710 S.W.2d 159, 161 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1986, no writ); Groves v. Hanks, 546 S.W.2d 638, 647 (Tex. Civ. App.-Corpus Christi 1976, writ ref'd n.r.e.). Loss of earnings is recoverable for conversion. See Higgins v. Intraworld Dev. Corp., 498 S.W.2d 234, 235-36 (Tex. Civ. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1973, no writ). Evidence of the plaintiff's actual earnings before the injury is required, as is evidence of actual or possible earnings following injury. City of Rosenberg v. Renken, 616 S.W.2d 292, 293-94 (Tex. Civ. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1981, no writ).

Lilly contends the evidence of past earnings is so lacking it amounts to no evidence. Tolar presented evidence via oral testimony and invoices that, in a six-month period, he usually made $17,390.00 as a welder. He testified that in 1997 he earned between $35,000.00 and $40,000.00 and that he made about the same in 1998. In 2000, he worked odd jobs and, at the time of trial, worked for Warren Fabrication making $16.00 an hour. He testified his current income would double if he had the use of his welding machine. The evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the award of $30,000.00 for loss of income.

Lilly also complains Tolar did not properly mitigate his damages. Mitigation is a defensive issue on which Lilly bore the burden of proof at trial. See Gulf Consol. Int'l, Inc. v. Murphy, 658 S.W.2d 565, 566 (Tex. 1983); Gorges Foodservice, Inc. v. Huerta, 964 S.W.2d 656, 669 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1997, no pet.). Because Tolar presented more than a scintilla of evidence regarding his future income, the burden shifted to Lilly to show Tolar failed to mitigate his damages. Although Tolar had the burden to prove his damages, the burden rested on Lilly to show Tolar's failure to properly mitigate the damages. Because Lilly did not, at trial, attack Tolar's failure to mitigate his damages, this point is overruled.

In points of error seventeen through twenty-five, Lilly contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the award of attorney's fees of $25,493.00 for trial, $10,000.00 for appeal to this Court, and $15,000.00 if appealed to the Texas Supreme Court. Lilly also contends Tolar did not properly present his demand for attorney's fees and is therefore not entitled to them.

Reasonable attorney's fees are recoverable in a suit for breach of contract. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.001(8) (Vernon 1997). We review the trial court's granting of attorney's fees for breach of contract under an abuse of discretion standard of review. AU Pharm., Inc. v. Boston, 986 S.W.2d 331, 337 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 1999, no pet.). The test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court's decision is arbitrary or unreasonable. Id.

Awards of attorney's fees in connection with breach of contract claims are governed by Chapter 38 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. To recover attorney's fees under Section 38.001, the claimant must: 1) be represented by an attorney; 2) present the claim to the opposing party or to a duly authorized agent of the opposing party; and 3) payment for the just amount owed must not have been tendered before the expiration of the thirtieth day after the claim is presented. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.002 (Vernon 1997). Lilly contends it is the second prong that has not been met-that Tolar failed to present the claim to Lilly.

An award of attorney's fees to a plaintiff recovering on a valid claim founded on a written or oral contract, preceded by proper presentment, is mandatory. Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Aiello, 911 S.W.2d 463, 473-74 (Tex. App.-El Paso 1995), aff'd in part & rev'd in part on other grounds, 941 S.W.2d 68 (Tex. 1997); Arguelles v. Kaplan, 736 S.W.2d 782, 786 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Caldwell & Hurst v. Myers, 714 S.W.2d 63, 65 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1986, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Gerdes v. Mustang Exploration Co., 666 S.W.2d 640, 645 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1984, no writ). It is well established that no particular form of presentment is required. Jones v. Kelley, 614 S.W.2d 95, 100 (Tex. 1981); Adams v. Petrade Int'l, Inc., 754 S.W.2d 696, 719 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, writ denied). Nor is there a requirement the presentment include any mention of a sum or amount owing. See Arch Constr., Inc. v. Tyburec, 730 S.W.2d 47, 50 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Stuckey v. White, 647 S.W.2d 35, 38 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1982, no writ). Further, recovery is allowable even if the award is entirely offset by the opposing party's claim. McKinley v. Drozd, 685 S.W.2d 7, 10 (Tex. 1985).

On March 29, 2000, Tolar, through his attorney, sent a letter to Steve Kattner, counsel for Lilly, informing him of a potential cause of action by Tolar against Lilly and Lilly's Bonding Service, and demanding the return of Tolar's truck. In the letter, Tolar specifically stated:

However, at the time Mr. Tolar paid the $1,225.00 for the bond, Lilly's Bonding Service had him execute a Contract To Indemnify. This contract sets forth the relationship between Rodney Tolar and Lilly's Bonding Service with regard to the bond. This contract also sets forth your client's remedies in the event of a bond forfeiture, none of which include repossession of Mr. Tolar's truck and welding machine. Moreover, nowhere in the agreement does Mr. Tolar agree to place his truck and welding machine up for security in the event of a bond forfeiture. This was never the agreement.

. . . . We demand immediate return of the truck and welding machine and will seek compensation for any damages to those items occurring while in your client's possession. My client will also seek compensation for lost earnings for these months as well as damages for loss of use of the truck and any other damages the law allows.

Lilly did not return Tolar's truck and welding unit or pay any form of compensation in the thirty days following receipt of the letter. Tolar properly made his presentment under Section 38.002. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.002.

Lilly further contends the evidence is insufficient to show that the work by Tolar's attorney was both reasonable and necessary. Tolar's counsel testified regarding reasonable attorney's fees in Longview, stating that $185.00 an hour is a reasonable fee for Longview. He further testified regarding his experience and entered into evidence his "Statement of Attorney's Fees," and testified it accurately represents the hours he spent on the case. This evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to show the reasonableness of the fees. Lilly also complains because there is no evidence of the necessity of the fees. The attorney's fees awarded in this case were awarded pursuant to Chapter 38 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code, which contains no requirement that attorney's fees be necessary, apart from the requirement that such fees be reasonable. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 38.001 (Vernon 1997) (a person may recover reasonable attorney's fees); Murrco Agency, Inc. v. Ryan, 800 S.W.2d 600, 606 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1990, no writ). Apart from providing evidence of the reasonableness of attorney's fees, Tolar was not required, under Section 38.001, to present evidence as to the necessity of such fees.

Lilly also contends the trial court erred in granting attorney's fees because Tolar failed to segregate his fees for the breach of contract claim, which allows for the recovery of attorney's fees, from his other claims in which attorney's fees are not recoverable. When a plaintiff seeks to recover attorney's fees in a case in which he asserts multiple claims, at least one of which supports an award of attorney's fees and at least one of which does not, there must be evidence segregating attorney's fees among the various claims. Lesikar v. Rappeport, 33 S.W.3d 282, 317 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2000, pet. denied). An exception to this duty to segregate arises when the attorney's fees are in connection with claims arising out of the same transaction and are so interrelated that their award or denial depends essentially on the same facts. In that circumstance, segregation is not required. Id.; Flint & Assocs. v. Intercontinental Pipe & Steel, Inc., 739 S.W.2d 622, 624-25 (Tex. App.-Dallas 1987, writ denied). Thus, a plaintiff must either segregate the fees among the different claims or establish that the claims are sufficiently interrelated.

Where no objection is made to the failure to segregate attorney's fees, the error is waived. Green Int'l, Inc., 951 S.W.2d at 389; Hruska v. First State Bank, 747 S.W.2d 783, 785 (Tex. 1988); see Stewart Title Guar. Co. v. Sterling, 822 S.W.2d 1, 11 (Tex. 1991) (stating remand appropriate "[i]f a party refuses, over objection, to offer evidence segregating attorney's fees among various claims or parties, and an appellate court determines that segregation was required" (emphasis added), and providing that an objection to failure of trial court to allocate or segregate fees in jury charge is sufficient to preserve error); see also Tex. R. Civ. P. 274. By failing to object at trial that the attorney's fees were not properly segregated, Lilly has waived this point of error.

Even if he had preserved this point for review, the record clearly shows Tolar's counsel testified that, to the extent possible, he segregated the fees attributable to the work done purely for the conversion claim. However, he further testified that, because the facts were so intertwined and the claims arose out of the same transaction, it was impossible to completely segregate the fees.

Tolar introduced into evidence his counsel's bill for his services for trial and preparation for trial, which totaled $25,030.50 (excluding the damages hearing), and Tolar's counsel testified as to the reasonableness of these charges. We hold the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support the award of $25,493.00 in attorney's fees for trial. Tolar's counsel testified that $10,000.00 and $15,000.00 were reasonable fees for appeals to this Court and the Texas Supreme Court, respectively. The evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support these awards.

In points of error twenty-six through thirty, Lilly contends there is not clear and convincing evidence of malice, and insufficient evidence to support the award of $25,000.00 in exemplary damages. To recover exemplary damages for conversion, the plaintiff must prove the defendant acted with malice. Green Int'l, Inc., 951 S.W.2d at 391. Punitive (or exemplary) damages are levied against a defendant to punish that defendant for outrageous, malicious, or otherwise morally culpable conduct. Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 16 (Tex. 1994); see Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.001(5) (Vernon 1997) (defining "exemplary damages" as "damages awarded as a penalty or by way of punishment").

"Malice" is defined as:

(A) a specific intent by the defendant to cause substantial injury to the claimant; or

(B) an act or omission:

(i) which when viewed objectively from the standpoint of the actor at the time of its occurrence involves an extreme degree of risk, considering the probability and magnitude of the potential harm to others; and

(ii) of which the actor has actual, subjective awareness of the risk involved, but nevertheless proceeds with conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or welfare of others.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.001(7) (Vernon 1997). Malice may be implied from the knowing conversion of another's property when the defendant knew or should have known it had no legal right to the property. Transfer Prods., Inc. v. Texpar Energy, Inc., 788 S.W.2d 713, 715 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1990, no writ); First Nat'l Bank v. Brown, 644 S.W.2d 808, 810 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

There is nothing in the record to indicate Lilly had any right to the truck after Tolar reclaimed it from having pawned it. Tolar pawned the truck twice and reclaimed it each time, having paid his debt in full. The only other contact between Tolar and Lilly was the bond agreement. Nothing in the record at the time the trial court rendered judgment reflected any agreement regarding the truck and the bond issuance. Lilly contends in his motion for new trial he believed he had a lawful right to the truck because of a letter from the Texas Consumer Credit Commissioner stating he may have a security interest in the truck. However, this evidence was not before the trial court when it made its findings. In determining the sufficiency of the evidence, we look only to the evidence before the trial court at the time it rendered judgment. See Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc., 953 S.W.2d at 711-12. We hold the evidence was both legally and factually sufficient to support the trial court's finding of malice and award of punitive damages.

We affirm the judgment.

Donald R. Ross

Justice

Date Submitted: August 6, 2002

Date Decided: August 22, 2002

Do Not Publish

1. Amended by Act of May 17, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 414, § 1.01, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 2639, 2660-62.

2. Amended by Act of May 17, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 414, § 1.01, 1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 2639, 2660.