James Edwin Griffin v. State ( 2003 )

In The Court of Appeals Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

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No. 06-03-00071-CR ______________________________



JAMES EDWIN GRIFFIN, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

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On Appeal from the 179th Judicial District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court No. 934870

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Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ. Memorandum Opinion by Justice Ross

MEMORANDUM OPINION

James Edwin Griffin appeals from his conviction on his plea of guilty pursuant to a plea agreement. He was convicted of burglary of a habitation with intent to commit theft. The court set punishment at ten years' imprisonment, in accordance with the terms of the plea agreement. Griffin filed a notice of appeal pro se.

Effective January 1, 2003, the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure were amended. Griffin's notice of appeal invoking appellate jurisdiction was filed after the effective date of the amended rules. The amended rules therefore apply to this appeal. Rule 25.2(a) was amended to read, in pertinent part:

(2) . . . A defendant in a criminal case has the right of appeal under Code of Criminal Procedure article 44.02 and these rules. The trial court shall enter a certification of the defendant's right of appeal in every case in which it enters a judgment of guilt or other appealable order. In a plea bargain case-that is, a case in which a defendant's plea is guilty or nolo contendere and the punishment did not exceed the punishment recommended by the prosecutor and agreed to by the defendant-a defendant may appeal only:

(A) those matters that were raised by written motion filed and ruled on before trial, or

(B) after getting the trial court's permission to appeal.

Tex. R. App. P. 25.2(a).

The trial court filed a certification of Griffin's right of appeal in accordance with Rule 25.2(a)(2). It states that this "is a plea-bargain case, and the defendant has NO right of appeal."

We have jurisdiction to determine whether we have jurisdiction. Olivo v. State, 918 S.W.2d 519, 523 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). Griffin pled guilty, and when adjudged guilty of that crime, he entered into a plea agreement as to punishment that the trial court did not exceed at sentencing. Under amended Rule 25.2(a)(2), Griffin was entitled to appeal only "those matters that were raised by written motion filed and ruled on before trial," or "after getting the trial court's permission to appeal." The trial court certified that neither of these circumstances apply by stating there is no right of appeal. See Comb v. State, No. 01-03-00037-CR, 2003 Tex. App. LEXIS 2241 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Mar. 13, 2003, no pet. h.). ⁽¹⁾

We lack jurisdiction over this appeal. We dismiss the appeal for want of jurisdiction.

Donald R. Ross

Justice

Date Submitted: April 16, 2003

Date Decided: April 17, 2003

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1. A plea agreement by its nature incorporates a voluntary and understanding plea of guilty, and thus its process can only be triggered when the plea agreement and guilty plea are voluntarily and understandably made; however, in Cooper, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals determined that an involuntary plea may be raised by a motion for new trial and habeas corpus, but not on appeal. Cooper v. State, 45 S.W.3d 77 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

60; Gregg County, Texas

Trial Court No. 32553-B

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Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ.

Opinion by Justice Ross

O P I N I O N

          Larry Ray Townsend pled guilty before the trial court, without a plea agreement, to driving while intoxicated, after having twice before been convicted of that offense. At the same plea hearing, Townsend also pled guilty in two other cases, without plea agreements, to delivery of a controlled substance. The court first adjudged Townsend guilty in the DWI case and then adjudged him guilty in the drug cases. All three cases were reset for sentencing at a later date. At sentencing, the trial court first assessed punishment in the drug cases—twenty years' imprisonment in one case and thirty years' imprisonment in the other—and then assessed punishment in the DWI case at ten years' imprisonment. The court then sentenced Townsend accordingly, but "because [the DWI offense] occurred months after the two [drug offenses]," the court ordered the punishment for the DWI conviction be served consecutive to the thirty years assessed in one of the drug cases. Townsend appeals, contending the trial court abused its discretion by cumulating a prior conviction onto a subsequent conviction in violation of the plain language of Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.08(a), providing that a sentence can only be cumulated onto a "second and subsequent" conviction. We affirm.

          A trial court's decision to cumulate sentences is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Hurley v. State, 130 S.W.3d 501, 503 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). An improper cumulation order is a void sentence and error may be raised at any time. Id.

          Article 42.08(a) provides, in relevant part, as follows:

When the same defendant has been convicted in two or more cases, judgment and sentence shall be pronounced in each case in the same manner as if there had been but one conviction . . . . [I]n the discretion of the court, the judgment in the second and subsequent convictions may either be that the sentence imposed or suspended shall begin when the judgment and the sentence imposed or suspended in the preceding conviction has ceased to operate, or that the sentence imposed or suspended shall run concurrently with the other case or cases. . . .

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 42.08(a) (Vernon Supp. 2005).

          Relying on tools of statutory construction, Townsend contends that, because he was convicted in the DWI case first, the drug cases are "second and subsequent" offenses pursuant to Article 42.08(a) and the sentence in the DWI case cannot be cumulated with the sentences in the drug cases. However, applying those same tools, we hold that, in the context of multiple convictions in a single proceeding, as in the instant case, such a literal reading of the statute would lead to an absurd result.

          In construing Article 42.08(a), the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that the trial court should be given flexibility when it comes to cumulating sentences. See Barela v.  State,  No.  PD-1946-04,  2005  Tex.  Crim.  App.  LEXIS  2043,  at  *5  (Tex.  Crim. App. Dec. 7, 2005); Pettigrew v. State, 48 S.W.3d 769, 773 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). These two cases appear inconsistent. Pettigrew suggests it is the order of sentencing that should be considered in cumulating sentences. 48 S.W.3d at 771. Barela, on the other hand, expressly holds that "[i]t is the order of conviction, rather than the order of sentencing, that is important when contemplating the propriety of a cumulation order." 2005 Tex. Crim. App. LEXIS 2043, at *10. Neither case, however, dealt with multiple convictions in a single proceeding. Pettigrew dealt with a conviction in which community supervision was granted but later revoked when the appellant was convicted for another offense. Barela dealt with convictions in another state, for which no sentences had been pronounced, and later convictions in Texas. Here, we rely on these cases for the proposition stated above that is common to both: that, in cumulating sentences pursuant to Article 42.08(a), the trial court has flexibility.

          Cases with facts more nearly those of the instant case are Nicholas v. State, 56 S.W.3d 760 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd), and Hughes v. State, 673 S.W.2d 654 (Tex. App.— Austin 1984, pet. ref'd).

          In Hughes, the appellant was convicted by a jury for five offenses tried together. At sentencing, the trial court cumulated all the sentences. Hughes argued on appeal that the trial court had no basis on which it could determine the exact order in which the jury decided the verdicts. The court, therefore, had no basis on which to determine the second and subsequent offenses in order to cumulate the sentences properly under Article 42.08(a). Hughes, 673 S.W.2d at 658. Hughes appears to have also argued that the trial court failed to follow Article 42.08(a) by cumulating the sentences in an order different from the order in which the jury physically handed its verdicts to the bailiff. Id. The Austin Court of Appeals rejected these arguments and held the cumulation order was within the discretion of the trial court.

          In Nicholas, the appellant pled guilty to six indictments in one proceeding. The trial court sentenced him to life in prison on each and ordered five to run consecutively. Nicholas argued on appeal that there was no subsequent conviction within the meaning of Article 42.08(a) because he was "convicted and sentenced on his guilty pleas in a single consolidated proceeding before the same judge at the same time . . . ." Rejecting his argument, the Houston court cited Hughes and wrote:

Hughes stands for the proposition that, where a defendant is found guilty in a consolidated proceeding, there need not be an exact order of the presentment of the verdicts in order to fulfill the requirements of [article] 42.08(a). We see no reason to distinguish the holding by the Austin Court of Appeals merely because Hughes was found guilty by a jury, whereas here appellant pled guilty to a judge.

Nicholas, 56 S.W.3d at 766 (citing Hughes, 673 S.W.2d at 658).

          Likewise, we see no reason to distinguish these cases from the instant case where, with multiple convictions in a single proceeding, the trial court happened to recite that it found Townsend guilty of the DWI charge first. At sentencing, the court had a logical reason for cumulating the DWI sentence onto one of the drug sentences: "because [the DWI offense] occurred months after the two [drug offenses]." Under Pettigrew and Barela, the court had that flexibility. Any other construction of Article 42.08(a), in this context, would produce an absurd result. We hold the trial court did not abuse its discretion in its cumulation order. Townsend's sole point of error is overruled.

          We affirm the judgment.

                                                                Donald R. Ross

                                                                Justice

Date Submitted:      January 19, 2006

Date Decided:         January 20, 2006

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