in Re: Kim Wayne Burden ( 2004 )

6-96-028-CV Long Trusts v. Dowd

In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

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No. 06-03-00170-CV

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IN RE: KIM WAYNE BURDEN

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Original Mandamus Proceeding

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Before Morriss, C.J., Ross and Carter, JJ.

Opinion by Justice Carter

O P I N I O N

            Kim Wayne Burden has filed a petition for writ of mandamus in which he asks this Court to order the Honorable William Porter, 276th Judicial District Judge of Camp County, Texas, to order the negotiated plea agreement entered before that court to be honored by the State. Burden states he pled guilty to robbery, without a deadly weapon finding, and it appears the judgment reflected that agreement. Burden argues, however, he has now been informed by a social worker at the Texas Department of Criminal Justice–Institutional Division that, because his files implied a weapon had been involved in the robbery, his case would nevertheless be so treated.

            Mandamus issues only when the mandamus record establishes (1) a clear abuse of discretion or the violation of a duty imposed by law, and (2) the absence of a clear and adequate remedy at law. Cantu v. Longoria, 878 S.W.2d 131 (Tex. 1994); Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839-40 (Tex. 1992). Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy that will issue only to correct a clear abuse of discretion or, in the absence of another statutory remedy, when the trial court fails to observe a mandatory statutory provision conferring a right or forbidding a particular action. Abor v. Black, 695 S.W.2d 564, 567 (Tex. 1985).

            In this case, the information provided by Burden shows the trial court acted in accordance with the agreement and did not enter a deadly weapon finding in the conviction or sentence. No mandatory duty of the trial court was violated. Insofar as Burden may be complaining about the actions of jail administrators or the Texas Pardons and Parole Board in improperly considering matters that should not be considered because of the trial court's failure to make a deadly weapon finding, this constitutes a post-conviction collateral attack that would lie, under Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 11.07 (Vernon Supp. 2004), with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. See Ex parte Shook, 59 S.W.3d 174 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

            We deny the petition for writ of mandamus.

 

                                                                        Jack Carter

                                                                        Justice

Date Submitted:          January 6, 2004

Date Decided:             January 7, 2004

was a signatory to the original rental agreement. Id. There was also evidence she paid half the utility bills for that location. Id. Based on this evidence, and in the absence of any evidence that this woman had somehow relinquished her common authority over the residence, the court concluded the trial court had not erred by overruling the defendant's motion to suppress, as the woman had authority to consent to the search. Id.

(b) The Search-Viability Evidence

In the case now on appeal, Dallas police officer John Davidson testified at the suppression hearing that, on March 30, 2004, he and several uniformed officers went to an apartment building located at 2805 Reagan Street in Dallas. The officers went to apartment 205 and were looking for Roberts because they had learned he might be there with his girlfriend, Ashley Mack. Roberts and Ashley were not there, but Kingree, Ashley's mother, was home. Kingree informed the officers that Roberts was probably in apartment 105, which was located one floor below. Davidson testified that Kingree also told him that she was a signatory to the lease for apartment 105 and that she paid the rent for that unit. Kingree later gave the officers verbal and written consent to enter and "conduct a  complete  search"  of  apartment  105.  After  obtaining  this  consent,  the  officers  searched apartment 105. Therein, the officers located four shoe boxes during the search, one of which contained two live 7.62x39 mm bullets manufactured by Wolf Bullets.

Kingree also testified at the suppression hearing. She told the trial court that she had willingly given permission to the officers to search apartment 105; that she, not her daughter Ashley, signed the lease to that apartment and was renting the apartment on behalf of Ashley and Ashley's roommates--not Roberts--and that, though she respected her daughter's privacy, she believed she had the right to come and go inside that apartment at any time. And, as the State's brief on appeal correctly notes, Kingree did not testify that she had, at any point before consenting to the search, somehow relinquished her common authority over apartment 105.

Whitney Mack, Ashley's sister, testified Roberts had been Ashley's overnight guest on the evening before he was arrested at the apartment. ⁽⁵⁾ But Whitney also testified that Roberts did not live there, a statement Kingree also made during her testimony. And Kingree testified Roberts did not help pay the rent or bills associated with apartment 105; these bills were apparently split between another person and Kingree.

(c) Conclusion on Suppression Issue

The trial court concluded the police could have reasonably believed that Kingree, as someone who said she signed the rental agreement, as someone who paid rent, and as someone who claimed unfettered access to the apartment, had both actual and apparent authority to consent to the search. The trial court also concluded Kingree had both actual and apparent authority to provide the officers with consent to search. The trial court's ruling--that the search was authorized by the properly obtained consent of an appropriate party--is clearly supported by the evidence in the record before us. No abuse of discretion has been shown. We overrule this point of error.

(2) The Evidence Is Legally and Factually Sufficient to Support the Verdict

Roberts also challenges generally the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. He contends nothing in the way of DNA or other scientific evidence links him to the commission of the murders. He also asserts that none of the witnesses at trial identified him as being present when the victims were killed. He asks us to reverse his conviction and either remand the case for a new trial or render a judgment of acquittal.

(a) Standards of Review

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, the reviewing court employs the standards set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). This calls on the court to examine the relevant evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See Tello v. State, 180 S.W.3d 150, 150 n.1 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (citing Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319).

When reviewing a challenge to the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the conviction, the reviewing court must determine whether, considering all the evidence in a neutral light, the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury's verdict. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). If the evidence is factually insufficient, then the appellate court must reverse the trial court's judgment and remand the case for a new trial. Id. at 405 & 417; Clewis v. State, 922 S.W.2d 126, 135 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

(b) The Indictment and the State's Evidence

The indictment in this case alleged Roberts did

intentionally and knowingly cause the death of . . . Virginia Ramirez, by shooting Virginia Ramirez with a firearm, a deadly weapon, and during the same criminal transaction said defendant did then and there intentionally and knowingly cause the death of another individual, to wit: an unborn child of Virginia Ramirez, by shooting Virginia  Ramirez  while  said  unborn  child  was  in  gestation  of  said  Virginia Ramirez . . . .

The jury charge authorized Roberts' conviction as either a principal or as a party to the offense. Under our law, a person is criminally culpable as a party if, with intent to promote or assist the commission of the offense, the person solicits, encourages, aids, directs, or attempts to aid, another person in commission of the offense. Tex. Penal Code Ann. §Â 7.02(a)(2) (Vernon 2003). The evidence is sufficient to sustain a conviction under the law of parties if that evidence shows the defendant was physically present during the commission of the offense and further shows the defendant encouraged or aided the crime's commission by either words, agreement, or other affirmative and supportive conduct. King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 564 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Ransom v. State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 301 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).

We now turn to a review of the relevant evidence.

(1) Jonie McClain

Jonie McClain, the deputy chief medical examiner for Dallas County, testified that Ramirez died as a result of being shot three times, that Thompson died as a result of being shot five times, and that Laury died as a result of being shot twelve separate times. ⁽⁶⁾ What was unique about Laury's injuries was that most of the wounds were caused by shots fired to Laury's face--specifically, to his jaw and cheekbone. McClain also testified that Ramirez was eight or nine weeks pregnant, that her unborn child had been alive when Ramirez was shot, and that killing Ramirez directly caused her unborn child's death. On cross-examination, McClain admitted that it was impossible for someone to look at Ramirez's outward appearance at the time of her death and be able to tell she was then pregnant. McClain confirmed, however, that Ramirez was pregnant at the time of her death, that the unborn child was alive until the mother died, and that the unborn child also died in utero as a result of Ramirez's death.

(2) Robert Nero

Robert Nero testified that, in the evening hours of December 18, 2003, Roberts was visiting with Nero at the latter's house when they received a visit from Timothy Green. The three men visited for a few minutes, after which Roberts and Green left. Roberts informed Nero that he would return later.

When Roberts returned after midnight, he was accompanied by Green. Green and Roberts had with them a rifle wrapped inside a "red, white, and blue" jacket with a "professional logo" on it. Nero recognized the rifle, which he described as being an "SK with a clip on it." Nero had seen Roberts carrying the gun on a previous occasion. Roberts handed the rifle to Green, but kept the jacket in which the gun had been wrapped. Green then left Nero's house in a light-colored four-door car, inside of which Nero saw Jackie Tubbs, Shaw, and possibly two more people.

Later that morning, Roberts admitted to Nero that Shaw had "got[ten] a little bit of blood on [Roberts'] coat." Nero testified that Roberts further admitted to having gone with Green and others to some apartments, and "that they went inside the apartments and shot a couple of people that was [sic] in the apartment." Nero told the jury that Roberts had identified the victims as "some males and a female." According to Nero, Roberts knew that one of the males had been shot in the "face area." But Nero also testified that Roberts had said he himself had not shot anyone. Additionally, Nero told the jury that Roberts said someone had been able to make it out of the apartment alive. Nero then said he saw Roberts take the jacket into the backyard, after which the jacket was burned in a barrel.

On cross-examination, Nero admitted that he himself had recently "caught" a murder charge. Roberts' cross-examination of Nero also made clear that, by testifying against Roberts in this case, Nero hoped to get a plea offer of community supervision--even though Nero was adamant that he was "not guilty" of the murder charge. Nero also admitted that his only source of income came from the sale of illegal narcotics and that he was serving a probated sentence for a different felony crime. (3) Semaj Jackson

At the time of Roberts' trial in this case, Semaj Jackson himself faced a murder charge, along with codefendants Nero and Roberts. Jackson testified that, on December 19, 2003, he went to an area in northern Dallas to pick up Roberts. After the two returned to Nero's house, Roberts admitted to both Jackson and Nero that he had been with Shaw and Green on the preceding evening. Roberts reportedly admitted that he, Shaw, and Green had broken into Laury's apartment; Shaw then shot Laury in the face with an "SK" assault rifle. According to Jackson, Roberts never admitted to having gone all the way inside the apartment; instead, Jackson testified that Roberts said he had just waited at the front door of the apartment.

Later that day, Jackson took Roberts to the house of the latter's grandmother, where Roberts then retrieved a coat described as bearing an "Atlanta Braves baseball team logo." ⁽⁷⁾ It was the same jacket that Jackson had seen Roberts wearing the previous night. When Jackson and Roberts returned home, Roberts reportedly went to the backyard, "lit a barrel on fire, and they threw the coat in [the barrel]." Jackson had seen blood spatters on that same jacket earlier that day.

Finally, Jackson told the jury that he had previously seen Roberts in possession of an assault rifle similar to an "AK" or an "SK," but had not seen him in possession of such a weapon since Roberts was charged with these murders.

(4) Tacueescie Gassaway

At the time she testified at Roberts' trial, Tacueescie Gassaway was confined by the Dallas County Sheriff. Gassaway told the jury that Roberts and Shaw were close friends. Gassaway admitted she had heard rumors that Shaw and some others had murdered Laury, Thompson, and Ramirez. Gassaway had also previously given police a statement in which she had heard that Shaw had admitted being the person who killed Laury and that Laury was killed in retaliation for an earlier shooting with which Laury was believed to have been involved.

(5) Rick Berry

Rick Berry was one of the first Dallas police officers to arrive at the murder scene on the morning of December 19, 2003. Berry described the murder scene as located in a high crime area of Dallas. Berry talked to one eyewitness, Curlie Arnick, who had seen several people fleeing Laury's apartment immediately following the shootings. Berry said he was told by Arnick that one of those people fleeing was dressed in a "red and blue" sports jacket similar in appearance to a Philadelphia 76ers basketball team jacket. ⁽⁸⁾ Through his investigation, Berry came to suspect that Laury, Thompson, and Ramirez were killed in retaliation for a shooting that had occurred earlier that night at the same apartment complex.

Berry followed several leads concerning various suspects. Eventually, Berry was able to exclude several suspects, including DeMarcus Day and Kevin Kyle. The officer was, however, unable to find any evidence to either inculpate or exonerate several suspects, including Jackie Tubbs, Gary Shaw, Jerome Walker, Timothy Green, Semaj Jackson, and Willie Reed.

But Berry did collect evidence linking Roberts to the murders in this case. When Berry interviewed both Nero and Jackson, they told him of Roberts' presence at the apartment when the killings took place.

(6) David Spence, Ismael Parra, and Kenneth Balagot

David Spence supervises the trace evidence section at the Southwestern Institute for Forensic Sciences (SWIFS). His position requires him to analyze, as well as supervise the analysis of, different types of physical evidence, including gunshot residue, hair samples, unknown fibers, glass fragments, paint samples, and debris from fires. Spence conducted several tests on evidence submitted in connection with this case. Spence did not testify that any of his scientific tests caused him to identify Roberts as either the killer of, or as a party to the killings of, the victims in this case.

The testimony of Ismael Parra, another SWIFS worker, similarly failed to provide any suggestion of Roberts' culpability.

Kenneth Balagot, a forensic biologist at SWIFS, tested a cigarette butt that was found at the crime scene. Through DNA testing, Balagot was able to exclude Roberts as a match to the DNA found on the cigarette. However, there was other evidence found at the crime scene with DNA material, and Balagot was unable to exclude Roberts from the list of potential contributors of the DNA found on those other items.

(7) Curlie Arnick

Curlie Arnick lived in an apartment near the crime scene at the time of the murders. Shortly after the shooting occurred, Arnick saw several people running out of Laury's apartment; all those fleeing were wearing "hoodie" sweatshirts, except for one person. That person was wearing a distinctive "red" jacket that appeared to also have a hood. Arnick noticed that the "red" jacket had a logo on it, but he could not identify the logo or sports team pictured on the jacket.

Earlier in the evening, before the shootings occurred, a man dressed in a "red" jacket had come to Arnick's apartment. Arnick no longer remembers what that earlier visitor looked like. He does, however, believe that the earlier visitor's "red" jacket bore at least a strong resemblance to the "red" jacket Arnick later saw being worn by one of the people seen fleeing the murder scene.

(8) James Vineyard

James Vineyard recently retired from the Dallas Police Department after twenty-seven years of service. Vineyard arrived at the murder scene December 19, 2003. Vineyard located several victims inside the apartment. He found inside the apartment evidence of the discharge of both a shotgun and an automatic weapon such as a Russian-made AK-47 or a Chinese-made SKS. Vineyard located evidence that two other types of guns had been used during the murders: a .40 caliber gun and a .45 caliber gun. Vineyard also collected fingerprint evidence at the crime scene. None of the fingerprints Vineyard was able to collect were later determined to match Roberts' fingerprints.

(9) Tim Taylor

Tim Taylor, an intensive care and charge nurse at Dallas Methodist Medical Center, testified that he had tended to a patient named Archie "Fifty" Shaw on the evening of December 18, 2003. Archie Shaw had been shot in his jaw with a gun. While Taylor attempted to treat Archie Shaw, several visitors became agitated and started causing a disruption. When Taylor heard one of the visitors say, "That they were going to take care of things," Taylor became so alarmed that he instituted a "lock down" of the intensive care unit and began removing all visitors and nonessential personnel out of concern for patient and employee safety.

(10) Royale Bolden

Royale Bolden had been inside the same apartment as the victims when they were shot; Bolden, however, escaped harm by hiding inside a closet and remaining quiet until all the shooting had stopped and the shooters had left. Bolden did not see anything of the shooters, nor could he identify any of their voices.

(11) Corey Smith

Like Bolden, Corey Smith was also inside Laury's apartment when the victims were shot, and Smith escaped harm by hiding inside a closet once the shooting began. Smith, too, was unable to identify any of the voices he heard during the shooting. And, in court, Smith could not identify Roberts as someone he had ever seen before.

(12) Bradlee Bowie

Bradlee Bowie had also been inside Laury's apartment just before the shooting began. However, when Bowie heard someone kick in the front door, he ran into Virginia Ramirez's bedroom and jumped out the window. As Bowie made his escape, he heard a voice he recognized as belonging to Roberts' codefendant, Shaw. Bowie did not testify that he had seen Roberts during the murders, nor did Bowie tell the jury he recognized Roberts' voice among the assailants.

(13) Whitney Mack

Whitney Mack is the sister of Roberts' girlfriend, Ashley. Roberts sometimes stayed as an overnight guest at Ashley's apartment. Whitney testified that she had never seen Roberts with a gun or any bullets, nor had she ever seen Roberts hanging out with Shaw.

When the police arrested Roberts, they did so at Ashley's apartment. When they later searched the apartment, the police found a shoe box containing several unspent AK-47 bullets (specifically, 7.62x39 mm Wolf Bullets). Whitney testified that the bullets belonged to neither her nor Roberts.

(c) Analysis of Sufficiency Challenges

Using the proper standards of review and after considering all the evidence--especially (1) Gassaway's testimony that Shaw had admitted killing Laury, (2) Nero's testimony that Roberts had admitted going with the others to Laury's apartment and participating in the murders, (3) Nero's testimony that Roberts had one of the possible murder weapons immediately following the time the crime was committed, (4) Nero's testimony that he had seen Roberts with a bloody jacket just a few hours after the murders, (5) Jackson's testimony that he saw Roberts with a professional sports team jacket that had blood stains on it, (6) Jackson's testimony that he saw Roberts burn that jacket in a barrel shortly after the murders occurred, (7) Jackson's testimony that Roberts admitted at least a limited involvement in the initial burglary that led to the murders, and (8) the fact that Roberts was arrested at a location where the police also found bullets that were of the same type and make as some of those used in the murders--we cannot say that the evidence in this case is either legally or factually insufficient to support the jury's verdict. There was evidence to show, at a minimum, that Roberts was with the ones who did the shooting, that Roberts helped the shooters break into Laury's apartment, and that Roberts helped conceal and destroy evidence after the fact. We conclude there were enough pieces of direct and circumstantial evidence which the jury could use to link Roberts as a party to the commission of these murders. We, therefore, overrule Roberts' general challenges to the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence. ⁽⁹⁾

(3) The Charge Did Not Contain a Material Variance or Lack a Required Culpable Mental State

Roberts also contends there is a material variance between the grand jury's indictment and the proof offered at trial. Finally, Roberts contends the jury's charge is fatally flawed in that it did not require the jury to find that Roberts had the requisite culpable mental state with respect to one of the victims, Ramirez's unborn child.

"A 'variance' occurs when there is a discrepancy between the allegations in the charging instrument and the proof at trial." Hart v. State, 173 S.W.3d 131, 144 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2005, no pet.) (quoting Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)). "The widely accepted rule, regardless of whether viewing variance as a sufficiency of the evidence problem or as a notice-related problem, is a variance that is not prejudicial to a defendant's 'substantial rights' is immaterial." Id. (quoting Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 257-58; referencing Rojas v. State, 986 S.W.2d 241, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)).

To determine whether a defendant's "substantial rights" have been prejudiced, we must consider two questions: whether the indictment, as written, informed the defendant of the charge against her or him sufficiently to allow such defendant to prepare an adequate defense at trial, and whether prosecution under the deficiently drafted indictment would subject the defendant to the risk of being prosecuted later for the same crime.

Id. (citing Gollihar, 46 S.W.3d at 248; Brown v. State, 159 S.W.3d 703, 709 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2004, pet. ref'd)).

The indictment in this case alleged Roberts, by shooting Ramirez with a firearm, also "intentionally and knowingly cause[d] the death of another individual, to wit: an unborn child of Virginia Ramirez, by shooting Virginia Ramirez while said unborn child was in gestation . . . ." The trial court's jury instructions defined the applicable culpable mental states and further informed the jury that "[a] person is nevertheless criminally responsible for causing a result if the only difference between what actually occurred and what he desired, contemplated or risked is that a different person was injured, harmed, or otherwise affected." The trial court's charge then authorized the jury to convict Roberts of capital murder if the jury found that Roberts (acting as a principal or as a party) "intentionally or knowingly caused the death of Virginia Ramirez . . . and during the same criminal transaction, while desiring or contemplating the death of Virginia Ramirez, did cause the death of Virginia Ramirez's unborn child, an individual, while said unborn child was in gestation of said Ramirez . . . ."

Roberts correctly points out that there is no evidence anywhere in the voluminous trial record that Roberts or anyone else knew Ramirez was pregnant at the time of her death. The State, in furtherance of its duty of candor to this Court, agrees there is no such evidence in the record. See Tex.  Disciplinary  R.  Prof'l  Conduct  3.09(d),  reprinted  in  Tex.  Gov't  Code  Ann.,  tit.  2, subtit. G app. A (Vernon 2005) (Tex. State Bar R. art. X, § 9). However, the State also correctly points out that such evidence was not required given the allegation contained in the indictment and the evidence offered at trial.

"A person is nevertheless criminally responsible for causing a result if the only difference between what actually occurred and what he desired, contemplated, or risked is that . . . a different person or property was injured, harmed, or otherwise affected." Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 6.04(b)(2) (Vernon 2003). This concept is typically referred to as the doctrine of "transferred intent." The issue of transferred intent "is raised when there is evidence that a defendant, with the required culpable mental state, intends to injure or harm a specific person but injures or harms a different person or both." Trevino v. State, No. 13-02-353-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 4938, at *16-17 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi June 8, 2006, pet. ref'd) (citing Manrique v. State, 994 S.W.2d 640, 647 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (McCormick, P.J., concurring)); see Dowden v. State, 758 S.W.2d 264, 272-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (transferred intent supported conviction where defendant initiated shoot out in police station that resulted in friendly fire death of different officer); Pettigrew v. State, 999 S.W.2d 810, 812-13 (Tex. App.--Tyler 1999, no pet.) (by shooting into group of people, defendant intentionally engaged in act dangerous to life that caused death of nearby innocent bystander; murder conviction upheld).

In Trevino, the defendant had been convicted of murder and aggravated assault. The Thirteenth Court of Appeals held the evidence was factually and legally sufficient to support the convictions. That court theorized that the jury could have found that Trevino could have formed separate intents to kill the murder victim and to wound the assault victim. The court opined that, alternatively, Trevino merely intended to kill or harm one of the victims, but in so doing had unintentionally killed the other victim and the doctrine of transferred intent authorized the jury to convict Trevino without requiring proof that Trevino intended the harm specifically toward both victims. Trevino, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 4938, at *6.

In this case, while none of the shooters may have known of Ramirez's pregnancy or may have formed the intent to specifically kill Ramirez's unborn child, there is ample evidence that these assailants did intend to kill Ramirez. Therefore, Roberts may be held criminally responsible under the doctrine of transferred intent, as codified by our law, for all direct consequences of those actions--including the death of Ramirez's unborn child. Accordingly, we overrule Roberts' final points of error.

For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's judgment.

Josh R. Morriss, III

Chief Justice

Date Submitted: February 13, 2007

Date Decided: June 14, 2007

Do Not Publish

1. Brandon Shaw will be called Shaw in this opinion. Other individuals with the same last name will be referenced by their full names.

2. Emmanuel Dornail Rogers was also tried and convicted for the murders. See Rogers v. State, No. 05-05-00283-CR, 2006 Tex. App. LEXIS 1609 (Tex. App.--Dallas Mar. 1, 2006, no pet.) (not designated for publication).

3. Roberts' companion appeal to this Court concerns the murders of Laury and Thompson. Rogers v. State, cause number 06-05-00164-CR.

4. There was also evidence Kingree actually paid the rent for apartment 105.

5. Whitney lived in the apartment with Ashley and a third person, Lakeitha Leftridge.

6. McClain conducted Thompson's autopsy. Dr. Christopher Young and Dr. Brad Butler, respectively, performed the autopsies of Ramirez and Laury. The doctors' autopsy reports collectively conclude the victims in this case died as a result of sustaining multiple gunshot wounds.

7. We note that red, white, and blue are the general team colors associated with the Atlanta Braves professional baseball team. See Tex. R. Evid. 201(b), (f).

8. We note that the Philadelphia 76ers commonly use red, white, and blue as their team colors. See Tex. R. Evid. 201(b), (f).

9. Where Roberts' brief summarizes his argument concerning sufficiency of the evidence, it could be read as raising the issue that accomplice testimony must be corroborated by nonaccomplice testimony to connect him with the crime, failing which the evidence is insufficient. If he intended to raise an issue concerning corroboration of accomplice-witness testimony, Roberts has not provided any substantive analysis of corroboration issues in his brief. An appellant's brief "must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to the record." Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h). Because Roberts' brief contains no analysis of the sufficiency of the State's evidence to corroborate accomplice-witness testimony, any such issues would have been inadequately briefed and would be properly overruled. Cf. Ingram v. State, 213 S.W.3d 515, 520 n.8 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2007, no pet.).