WaiWai, LLC and 1717 Investments, LLC v. Jose Alvarado and Isabel M. Alvarado ( 2014 )

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-13-00540-CV
WaiWai, LLC and 1717 Investments, LLC, Appellants
v.
Jose Alvarado and Isabel M. Alvarado, Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, 368TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 12-1086-C368, HONORABLE PHILLIP O. VICK, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
WaiWai, LLC and 1717 Investments, LLC (collectively WaiWai) appeal the trial
court’s judgment granting declaratory judgment in favor of Jose and Isabel M. Alvarado and
awarding the Alvarados attorney’s fees and court costs. We will reverse the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of the Alvarados, render judgment in favor of WaiWai in part, and
remand in part.
BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The Alvarados owned residential property in Hutto that was subject to a homeowners
association (HOA). The Alvarados failed to pay their HOA assessments, and the HOA sold the
property at a foreclosure sale on December 6, 2011. WaiWai purchased the property at the
foreclosure sale for $6,500.
At the time of the foreclosure sale, the Alvarados lived in California and had a
tenant occupying their property in Hutto. The tenant vacated the premises upon receipt of an eviction
notice from WaiWai. The Alvarados received a copy of the notice to vacate, which they contend was
the first notice of any kind they received of the foreclosure and the resulting sale to WaiWai.
The Alvarados filed suit seeking a declaratory judgment under chapter 37 of the
Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code on the basis that WaiWai failed to comply with section
209.011(a) of the Texas Property Code and that, as a result, the Alvarados’ time for redemption of
the property should be extended beyond the 180-day period allowed by statute. After discovery,
WaiWai filed a motion for summary judgment asserting that (1) a plain reading of section 209.011
of the Property Code demonstrates that the 180-day period for redemption cannot be extended based
on an allegedly deficient notice to vacate and (2) WaiWai’s notice to vacate was not deficient.
The Alvarados filed a competing motion for summary judgment.
The trial court denied WaiWai’s motion for summary judgment, granted the
Alvarados’ cross-motion for summary judgment, and later signed a final judgment after a trial on
attorney’s fees. The trial court’s judgment allows the Alvarados an additional 90 days from the date
of the trial court’s judgment to redeem the property, with this extended redemption period tolled
during the pendency of any appeal. The trial court also awarded the Alvarados attorney’s fees and
court costs. This appeal followed. In two issues, WaiWai contends that (1) the trial court erred in
extending the 180-day redemption period provided by statute and (2) this Court should remand to
the trial court for reconsideration of its award of attorney’s fees and court costs to the Alvarados.
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STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgment is proper if the movant establishes that there are no genuine
issues of material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ.
P. 166a(c). We review a trial court’s ruling on motions for summary judgment de novo. Valance
Operating Co. v. Dorsett, 164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). When, as in this case, the parties filed
competing motions for summary judgment on overlapping issues and the trial court granted one
party’s motion and denied the other, we consider all of the summary-judgment evidence and issues
presented and, if the trial court erred, render the judgment the trial court should have rendered. Id.
Our analysis of this case turns on the application of statutory language to the
undisputed facts. We review questions of statutory construction de novo. State v. Shumake, 199
S.W.3d 279, 284 (Tex. 2006). When construing a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and
give effect to the legislature’s intent. See First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Combs, 258 S.W.3d 627, 631–32
(Tex. 2008). In determining legislative intent, we look “first and foremost” to the statutory text.
Lexington Ins. Co. v. Strayhorn, 209 S.W.3d 83, 85 (Tex. 2006); see also General Motors Corp. v.
Bray, 243 S.W.3d 678, 685 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, no pet.). When statutory text is clear, it is
determinative of legislative intent, unless enforcing the plain meaning of the statute’s words would
produce an absurd result. Entergy Gulf States, Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 437 (Tex. 2009).
The words of the statute cannot be examined in isolation, but must be construed based on the context
in which they are used. TGS-NOPEC Geophysical Co. v. Combs, 340 S.W.3d 432, 441 (Tex. 2011).
Only when the statutory text is ambiguous will we resort to rules of construction or extrinsic aids.
Entergy Gulf States, 282 S.W.3d at 437.
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ANALYSIS
The overarching issue in this appeal is whether a foreclosure purchaser’s alleged
failure to follow section 209.011(a)’s requirements when evicting the property’s occupant can serve
as the basis for an extension of the 180-day redemption period given to property owners under
section 209.011(b) of the Property Code. Courts construe redemption statutes liberally in favor of
the right of redemption; however, the property owner bears the burden to prove that all requirements
of redemption have been met within the 180-day redemption period. Khyber Holdings, LLC v.
HSBC Bank USA, Nat’l Ass’n, No. 05-12-01212-CV, 2014 WL 1018195, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas
Mar. 5, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.).
Chapter 209 of the Property Code, entitled the “Property Owners Protection Act,”
defines a property owner’s rights when an HOA seeks to foreclose on residential property. Section
209.010 outlines the steps an HOA must take after the foreclosure sale. After it forecloses on
property, the HOA must send the owner written notice by certified mail of the foreclosure sale
within 30 days after the sale, informing the owner of the sale and the owner’s right to redeem the
property under section 209.011. Tex. Prop. Code § 209.010(a), (b).1 The HOA must then record an
affidavit in the real property records of the county where the property is located, verifying how and
when the notice was sent, as well as a legal description of the property. Id. § 209.010(c). Any
person is entitled to rely conclusively on the information recorded in the affidavit, including the fact
that notice was sent as stated. Id.
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It is notable that section 209.010 does not require any form of notice to the owner by the
purchaser of the property at the foreclosure sale.
4
The notice provisions of section 209.010 trigger the owner’s redemption rights
under section 209.011(b). Specifically, an “owner of property . . . may redeem the property from
any purchaser at a sale foreclosing a property owners’ association’s assessment lien not later than
the 180th day after the date the association mails written notice of the sale to the owner under
Section 209.010.” Id. § 209.011(b). The foreclosure purchaser may not transfer ownership of the
property during the redemption period. Id. § 209.011(c). The remainder of section 209.011—with
the exception of subsection (a)—spells out the steps the owner must take to redeem the property
should the owner invoke the right of redemption.
It is undisputed that the 180-day deadline for the Alvarados to redeem the property
under section 209.011(b) was August 25, 2012. It is also undisputed that the Alvarados did not
redeem the property before the August 25 deadline.
In the face of this missed deadline, the Alvarados argued in the trial court that their
redemption deadline should be extended on the basis of WaiWai’s alleged failure to follow the
dictates of section 209.011(a) of the Property Code. Section 209.011(a) provides that a person who
purchases occupied property at a foreclosure sale resulting from failure to pay an HOA lien “must
commence and prosecute a forcible entry and detainer action under Chapter 24 to recover possession
of the property.” It is undisputed that at the time of WaiWai’s purchase of the property at the
foreclosure sale, the residence was occupied by the Alvarados’ tenant. It is also undisputed that
when WaiWai sent the tenant a notice to vacate, the tenant promptly vacated the premises.
Therefore, WaiWai did not file a formal eviction action.
The Alvarados argue that WaiWai, nevertheless, had a duty to “commence and
prosecute” an eviction action even though the property was no longer occupied. The Alvarados
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contend that section 209.011(a) was put in place by the legislature to provide one last chance for a
property owner to receive notice and invoke its right to redeem the property. They support this view
by citing the legislative history surrounding the original enactment of section 209.011. Given their
view of the statute’s legislative history, the Alvarados reason that because WaiWai failed to
commence and prosecute a forcible entry and detainer action against their tenant, the Alvarados did
not receive the amount of notice to which they were otherwise entitled. WaiWai, on the other hand,
argues that requiring it to file an eviction action for an unoccupied property would lead to an absurd
result that the legislature could not have contemplated and, furthermore, there is no requirement that
the purchaser of property, like WaiWai, provide the former owner notice under section 209.011(a).
Here, neither party contends that the language of section 209.011 is ambiguous. And,
indeed, there is no ambiguity in the text of subsections (a) and (b). As a result, we need not look
beyond the plain language of the statute in determining the legislature’s intent. To the extent the
Alvarados ask us to look to bill analyses and other indicia of legislative intent beyond the statute’s
language, we decline to do so because these extraneous sources cannot justify departure from the
text of the statute itself. See Entergy Gulf States, 282 S.W.3d at 437.
There are only two provisions within section 209.011 that directly address the
time period in which a property owner must invoke its right to redeem property sold at
foreclosure—subsections (b) and (m). We have discussed subsection (b), which provides a 180-day
window in which a property owner may redeem the property after an HOA sends notice of sale to
the owner. Tex. Prop. Code § 209.011(b). Subsection (m) provides the only statutory grounds for
an extension of the redemption period; the redemption period is extended if the owner mails notice
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by certified mail before the last day of the 180-day window of its wish to redeem the property. Id.
§ 209.011(m). In that situation, the redemption period runs an additional 10 days from the date the
HOA or foreclosure purchaser provides the owner with notice of the amounts that must be paid to
redeem the property. Id. The parties agree that subsection (m) does not apply in this appeal. The
existence of subsection (m), however, demonstrates that the legislature knew how to extend the
redemption period if it so desired, yet did not do so elsewhere in the statute. See Stockton v.
Offenbach, 336 S.W.3d 610, 615–16 (Tex. 2011) (noting that statutory provision which extends
filing deadline for specific purpose evidences legislative intent to limit trial court’s authority to
otherwise extend deadline).
The Alvarados, nevertheless, contend that because WaiWai allegedly failed to follow
the requirements of section 209.011(a) with regard to evicting the Alvardos’ tenant, the Alvarados’
redemption period should be extended. We disagree. Section 209.011(a) does not provide for any
sort of notice from the foreclosure purchaser to the original owner and makes no provision for an
extension of the redemption period. There is no requirement under section 209.011(a) that the
foreclosure purchaser institute an eviction action before the redemption period expires. And, in
fact, that is what happened here; WaiWai did not send the Alvarados’ tenant a notice to vacate the
property until after the 180-day redemption period had lapsed. Section 209.011(a) contains no
requirement that the property owner receive notice of an eviction during the 180-day redemption
period. Given this legislative omission, it is difficult to envision how the legislature could have
intended for the purpose of this provision to be that owners receive notice and one last opportunity
for redemption of the property, as the Alvarados suggest. If anything, section 209.011(a) appears
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to be the legislature’s effort to make clear to foreclosure purchasers that possession of the property
is not self-executing and must be accomplished through normal eviction procedures. Therefore,
we see no statutory support for an extension of the 180-day redemption period provided in
subsection (b) based on an alleged failure to comply with subsection (a).
In short, whether WaiWai was under a mandatory duty to “commence and prosecute”
a forcible detainer action and what those words mean in the context of section 209.011(a) is
ultimately of no import in this case.2 There was no basis for the trial court to conclude that if WaiWai
failed to comply with section 209.011(a), then the Alvarados were entitled to additional time to
redeem the property. The two concepts simply have no logical correlation. Instead, the Alvarados
are left with the fact that they had 180 days to redeem the property after the HOA sent them notice
of the sale, and they did not do so.3 There is no provision in the statute for extending this 180-day
period, with the exception of subsection (m), which does not apply here.
The trial court, therefore, erred in extending the Alvarados’ time for redemption in
a manner not authorized by the statute.4 We sustain WaiWai’s first issue on appeal, reverse the trial
2
We express no opinion on whether WaiWai was required to file a formal eviction action
after the tenant vacated the property, as the Alvarados suggest, because the resolution of this issue
is not necessary to the disposition of this appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (requiring courts of
appeals to hand down opinion that is as brief as practicable while addressing every issue necessary
for final disposition).
3
The Alvarados contend they never received notice of the foreclosure sale from the HOA.
However, whether the HOA properly sent notice to the Alvarados is not at issue in this appeal.
4
The Alvarados also assert that the 180-day deadline should be extended based on general
principles of equity. The Alvarados did not include this argument in their motion for summary
judgment and, therefore, it cannot be a basis for affirming the trial court’s grant of summary
judgment in their favor. See G & H Towing Co. v. Magee, 347 S.W.3d 293, 297 (Tex. 2011) (noting
that generally, trial court reversibly errs if it grants summary judgment on basis not alleged in
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court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the Alvarados, and render partial summary judgment
in favor of WaiWai.
In its second appellate issue, WaiWai contends that since the Alvarados were not
entitled to judgment against them, the case should be remanded so that the trial court can reconsider
its award of attorney’s fees and costs to the Alvarados under the Declaratory Judgments Act,
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 37.009. We agree. Section 37.009 provides: “In any proceeding
under this chapter, the court may award costs and reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees as are
equitable and just.” Id. Thus, the trial court may award either side attorney’s fees at the conclusion
of an action seeking declaratory relief.
When a declaratory judgment is reversed on appeal, however, the trial court’s original
award of attorney’s fees and costs may no longer be equitable and just. See Harbor Ventures, Inc.
v. Dalton, No. 03-10-00690-CV, 2012 WL 1810205, at *13 (Tex. App.—Austin May 18, 2012, pet.
denied) (mem. op.); Sava Gumarska In Kemijska Industria D.D. v. Advanced Polymer Scis., Inc.,
128 S.W.3d 304, 324 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.). Although we are not required to do so,
when we reverse a declaratory judgment that includes an award of attorney’s fees and costs, we
may remand to the trial court to reconsider its award of attorney’s fees and costs. Harbor Ventures,
2012 WL 1810205, at *13. We reverse the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees and court costs to
the Alvarados. We remand the issue of whether to award attorney’s fees and court costs, to whom
summary-judgment motion). In any event, there is no statutory basis for extending the 180-day
deadline based on equity and, therefore, the statutory deadline would control. See Herrera v. Seton
Nw. Hosp., 212 S.W.3d 452, 460 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.) (noting that statutory deadline
for filing expert report did not provide for equitable extension based on party’s good-faith attempt
to timely serve report).
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such fees may be awarded, and the reasonable and necessary amount of any such attorney’s fees, if
awarded at all, to the trial court for further proceedings. See Barshop v. Medina Cnty. Underground
Water Conservation Dist., 925 S.W.2d 618, 637 (Tex. 1996).
CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment in favor of WaiWai on the
Alvardos’ claims, with the exception of the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees, which we remand
to the trial court for reconsideration.
__________________________________________
Scott K. Field, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Field
Reversed and Rendered in Part; Reversed and Remanded in Part
Filed: November 26, 2014
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