Claylon J. Cooper, Jr. v. State ( 2009 )

NO. 07-07-0334-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL A
FEBRUARY 2, 2009
______________________________
CLAYLON J. COOPER, JR., APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. ONE OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;
NO. 2006-499,733; HONORABLE LARRY B. “RUSTY” LADD, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant, Claylon J. Cooper, Jr., was convicted by a jury of driving while intoxicated.
The court sentenced Appellant to a term of confinement of ninety days in the Lubbock
County Jail and a fine of $500, with the period of confinement being suspended in favor
of eighteen months of community supervision. By one issue, Appellant maintains the trial
court erred by charging the jury on the synergistic effect1 of combining drugs and alcohol
because there was no evidence of a synergistic relationship between the medication being
taken by Appellant and alcohol. We affirm.
Background
On May 11, 2006, Appellant was arrested for the offense of driving while intoxicated
after he was discovered “slumped” over in the driver’s seat of his vehicle, while his vehicle
sat at a controlled intersection in Lubbock, Texas. In June 2007, his case was tried to a
jury and in his opening statement, Appellant’s counsel asserted Appellant was asleep at
the wheel of his vehicle due to a let down following a dose of Adderall, a prescription drug
used to treat Appellant’s condition of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
John Barber, an officer for the Lubbock Police Department, testified that, on May
23, 2006, he observed Appellant’s pickup truck sitting in an intersection at 3:00 a.m. After
the truck remained stationary through a green traffic light, Barber drove by the truck and
observed Appellant slumped behind the steering wheel. The engine was running,
headlights were on, and the brake lights were flashing intermittently. Barber walked up to
the truck, opened the door on the driver’s side, and turned the ignition off. As he did,
Appellant stirred and started to waken. The music coming from within the cab was very
loud. After Appellant took his foot off the brake, the truck started to roll into the
1
A synergistic effect is the capacity of two or m ore discrete agencies, e.g., drugs and alcohol, to
interact in such a way that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects.
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intersection. Barber reached in the truck and put the transmission in “park.” Barber asked
Appellant why he was passed out behind the wheel and Appellant responded that he could
not explain it. He asked Appellant if he had been drinking, and Appellant responded
affirmatively.
As Barber asked Appellant for his license and proof of insurance, Sergeant Hyatt
arrived to assist. Barber told Appellant that he could smell an odor of alcoholic beverage
coming from his breath and the cab interior. He asked Appellant for an explanation and
received none. Barber performed several field sobriety tests. After administering the
Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus, Barber concluded there was a strong probability that
Appellant was intoxicated because he exhibited six indicators. Barber next administered
the walk and turn and leg stand tests. Both tests resulted in strong indicators to Barber
that Appellant was intoxicated. Barber arrested Appellant and asked whether Appellant
would submit to a breath test. Appellant declined. When Appellant’s vehicle was
inventoried, Sergeant Hyatt found an unopened twelve ounce can of beer underneath the
front seat. He also found a driver’s license belonging to someone else in Appellant’s
wallet.
Daretia Cooper, Appellant’s mother, testified that, in the tenth grade in high school,
Appellant was diagnosed with ADHD and was prescribed a daily dosage of Adderall XL.
She also testified that his medication could cause him to be “either bouncing off the walls
or he’s asleep.” She testified that, on at least two prior occasions, when her son’s Adderall
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dosage was wearing off he would suddenly fall asleep without warning. In her opinion,
after watching the police video of his arrest, she believed he appeared to be asleep rather
than intoxicated.
Based upon the testimony of Appellant’s mother, the State requested that the trial
court issue a synergism charge. Appellant’s counsel objected asserting that the State had
failed to offer any evidence that alcohol would interact with Adderall to produce intoxication.
The State responded that his mother had testified that coming off the drug caused her son
to suddenly fall asleep and that the consumption of alcohol could compound this effect.
The court overruled Appellant’s objection and issued a synergism charge.2 Thereafter, the
jury issued a guilty verdict, the court assessed punishment, and this appeal followed.
Discussion
I. Standard of Review
We review charge error using a two-step process. Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d
726, 731 (Tex.Crim.App.1994). First, we determine whether error occurred; and if so, we
evaluate that error to determine whether sufficient harm resulted therefrom to require
2
The trial court included the following “synergistic effect” instruction in its charge to the jury:
You are further instructed that if a person by the use of m edications or drugs renders him self
m ore susceptible to the influence of intoxicating liquor than he otherwise would have been
and by reason thereof becam e intoxicated from the recent use of intoxicating liquor, he would
be in the sam e position as though his intoxication was produced by the use of intoxicating
liquor alone.
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reversal. Id. at 731-32. The degree of harm required for reversal depends on whether the
appellant preserved that error by objection. Id. A properly preserved error will call for
reversal as long as the error is not harmless. Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171
(Tex.Crim.App.1985)(op. on reh'g), reaffirmed, Middleton v. State, 125 S.W.3d 450, 453
(Tex.Crim.App. 2003). In other words, error in the charge that is properly preserved by a
timely objection requires reversal if the error is “calculated to injure the rights of [the]
defendant,” meaning that there must be some harm to the accused from the error. Tex.
Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (Vernon 2006); see Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 732;
Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 174.
II. Charge Error
In presenting its charge to the jury, it is incumbent upon a trial court to distinctly
instruct the jury on the law applicable to every issue raised by the evidence, Cantu v. State,
170 Tex. Crim. 375, 341 S.W.2d 451, 452-53 (1960); Mullins v. State, 173 S.W.3d 167, 178
(Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2005, no pet.), regardless of whether the evidence favors the State
or the accused. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 36.14 (Vernon 2007); Givens v.
State, 749 S.W.2d 954, 959 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 1988, pet. ref’d). Appellant contends
the trial court should not have given the synergistic effect instruction because there was
a lack of evidence supporting a synergistic relationship between alcohol and the
medication Appellant was taking. Appellant argues that because there was no evidence
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supporting any inference that his use of Adderall rendered him more susceptible to the
influence of alcohol the instruction was not part of the law applicable to the case.
In Gray v. State, 152 S.W.3d 125 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004), the Court of Criminal
Appeals did authorize the use of a synergistic effect instruction in a driving while
intoxicated prosecution where there was some evidence presented at trial that the
accused’s use of a prescription drug rendered him more susceptible to the loss of use of
his mental and/or physical faculties due to his consumption of alcohol. 152 S.W.3d at 127,
131. While the defendant in Gray was charged with DWI by reason of the introduction of
alcohol into his system, it was shown at trial that, at the time of arrest, the defendant was
also taking antidepressant medications and that those medications made the defendant
more susceptible to the influence of alcohol. The court gave the jury a synergistic effect
charge similar to the one given in this case, id. at 126-27, and the Court of Criminal
Appeals found no error. Id. at 133-34.
It is, however, significant that the defendant in Gray was charged with being
intoxicated solely by reason of the introduction of alcohol into his body. Under those
circumstances, the Court found that the inclusion of the instruction was necessary to
instruct the jury of the law applicable to an issue raised by the evidence, that it did not
improperly expand the allegations set forth in the charging instrument, nor did it constitute
a comment on the weight of the evidence because an “additional susceptibility” theory had
been placed before the jury.
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Here, Appellant was charged with having lost the normal use of his mental or
physical faculties “by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug,
a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other
substance.” The jury heard testimony that Appellant had consumed alcohol on the day in
question, that he regularly consumed a daily dosage of Adderall and, according to his
mother’s testimony, coming off his Adderall caused him to suddenly fall asleep.3 His
mother opined that, as depicted in the police video made at the time of his arrest, her son
appeared to be asleep rather than intoxicated. Officer Barber, on the other hand,
concluded that Appellant was intoxicated based upon the totality of circumstances, i.e., his
observations and the results of the field sobriety tests. In addition, there was no direct
evidence that Appellant had taken his prescribed daily dosage of Adderall prior to his
arrest.
Evidence of Appellant’s use or non-use of Adderall was relevant solely to explain
his then present use of his mental or physical faculties, not his susceptibility to the
influence of alcohol. Under those circumstances, the trial court’s inclusion of the
synergistic instruction in its charge to the jury was not necessary to instruct the jury on the
law applicable to the case. Because inclusion of the instruction was not necessary, its
inclusion was error because it constituted an impermissible comment on the weight of the
3
Although his m other was not qualified as a m edical expert, she had observed the effects of Adderall
on her son since he was first diagnosed with ADHD in the tenth grade of high school and his physician
prescribed Adderall.
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evidence. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. articles 36.14, 38.04, and 38.05 (Vernon
2007).
III. Harm Analysis
Because Appellant timely objected to the inclusion of the synergistic effect
instruction, we must now determine whether that error was “calculated to injure the rights
of Appellant,” or whether Appellant “has not had a fair and impartial trial.” Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. Ann. art. 36.19 (Vernon 2006). This means that there must be no more than some
harm to the accused from the error. In other words, an error which has been properly
preserved by objection will call for reversal as long as the error is not harmless. Almanza,
686 S.W.2d at 171. “[T]he actual degree of harm must be assayed in light of the entire jury
charge, the state of the evidence, including the contested issues and weight of probative
evidence, the argument of counsel and any other relevant information revealed by the
record of the trial as a whole.” Id. In analyzing harm under Almanza, neither the State nor
the defense has a burden to show harm. Warner v. State, 245 S.W.3d 458, 464
(Tex.Crim.App. 2008).
In a single paragraph addressing harm, Appellant argues the State relied upon a
theory that the effect of taking Adderall, “when combined with the introduction of alcohol
into his system, produced intoxication.” We disagree.
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Viewing the entire jury charge, we find the application paragraph properly focused
the jury upon the issue of whether the Appellant had lost the normal use of his mental or
physical faculties. The evidence introduced at trial clearly supports the conclusion that the
Appellant consumed alcohol immediately prior to his arrest and that he had, in fact, lost the
normal use of his mental and physical faculties. Furthermore, evidence pertaining to
Adderall and its effect upon Appellant centered primarily around trying to explain his sleepy
condition, as opposed to trying to establish or refute any synergistic effect.
The State’s theory, as alleged in the information, was that the Appellant was
intoxicated “by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a
dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other
substance.” The State’s theory did not rely upon a synergistic effect between alcohol and
Adderall. Because the issue was whether or not Appellant had lost the normal use of his
mental or physical faculties, it did not matter whether the alcohol or the drug, or a
combination of the two, caused that loss of use. Accordingly, any error in the submission
of the synergistic effect instruction was harmless, and Appellant’s sole issue is overruled.
Conclusion
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Patrick A. Pirtle
Justice
Do not publish.
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