Michael Edward Wysack v. State ( 2015 )

Opinion issued July 16, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-13-00683-CR
———————————
MICHAEL EDWARD WYSACK, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 23rd District Court
Brazoria County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 68910
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found appellant, Michael Edward Wysack, guilty of five counts of
aggravated sexual assault of a child1 and assessed his punishment for each offense
1
See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i) (Vernon Supp. 2014).
at confinement for ninety-nine years and a fine of $10,000. The trial court ordered
that the sentences run concurrently. In his sole issue, appellant contends that his
trial counsel provided him with ineffective assistance.
We affirm.
Background
The complainant testified that in 2005, when she was five years old,
appellant, who is her uncle, exposed his penis to her and said that “an animal bit
him on the top of his penis.” He “pulled his penis out of his pants” and showed her
a scar, which she described as a “straight line.” Later that same day, appellant “put
his finger inside” of the complainant while she was in the shower.
During the summers of 2010 and 2011, when the complainant was ten and
eleven years old, appellant, who was then living with the complainant’s family,
“put his fingers in” her “about 5 times.” In each instance, the complainant was
lying on an upstairs couch, on which appellant routinely slept, and appellant began
by massaging her legs. The complainant explained that it was common for
appellant to give her massages. He would “either go from [her] feet to [her] legs to
. . . get under [her] shorts or pants,” or “sometimes he would go from [her] shirt to
[her] breasts or from [her] stomach to down there,” referring to her vagina. And on
June 20, 2011, appellant “put his mouth down there on [her] vagina.” Later, he
“tried to take [her] hand and put it over his pants around his penis.” After the trial
2
court admitted into evidence a photograph of appellant’s penis, the complainant
testified that the photograph showed the scar that she saw in 2005.
The complainant’s mother, Eva Abundo, testified that in 2010 and 2011,
Linda Vinttonet, who is her mother, and appellant, who is her step-brother, lived in
her home. Abundo explained that her bedroom was downstairs and there were
three bedrooms upstairs. The complainant shared an upstairs bedroom with her
older sister, Abundo’s son slept in the second bedroom, Vinttonet slept in the third
bedroom, and appellant slept on an upstairs sofa. While Abundo went to work
each day, Vinttonet and appellant were at home, and one or both of them cared for
the children, kept the house, and cooked. In September 2011, Abundo, after
learning that Vinttonet had started a “relationship” with appellant, asked him to
leave. The next day, Vinttonet and appellant moved to Kingsville.
Abundo further testified that in April 2012, she, on assurances that appellant
would not be present, traveled with her children to Vinttonet’s Kingsville home to
visit her. While Abundo was visiting a friend, one of the children telephoned and
informed her that appellant had appeared at Vinttonet’s home. Abundo then
returned to the house, gathered her children, and drove home.
The next day, after the complainant had arrived home from school, Abundo
asked her whether appellant had ever done “anything” to her or “touch[ed] her
inappropriately.” The complainant then told her that appellant had “touched her
3
breast,” “went down and put his mouth on [her] cookie,” referring to her vagina,
and “put his fingers . . . inside [her] cookie.” Abundo telephoned the Pearland
Police Department (“PPD”) to report the sexual assaults, and the officer directed
her to file a complaint in Kingsville. The next morning, Abundo drove the
complainant to Kingsville, where they met with Kingsville Police Department
(“KPD”) Detective S. Ochoa.
Detective Ochoa testified that Abundo came into the police department in
Kingsville “wanting to report a sexual assault,” and she placed Abundo and the
complainant into separate interview rooms. After she spoke with Abundo, who
explained the circumstances to her, she determined that “the incident” had not
occurred in Kingsville. Ochoa then told Abundo that appellant “would have to be
prosecuted in the location of the incident” and directed her to return to Pearland.
Ochoa explained that Abundo was “upset” and felt that she was “getting the run
around.” As they were “exiting the interview,” Abundo asked Ochoa to talk with
the complainant because she had been depressed and was “cutting herself.” Ochoa
agreed to talk with her, but noted that she could not speak with the complainant
about the case. Ochoa talked with the complainant for about twenty minutes and
told her that she “could not talk to her about what had happened to her,” but she
“just wanted her to know that it wasn’t her fault and there was nothing to do to stop
it.”
4
PPD Officer R. Ziegelmeyer testified that when Abundo and her daughters
first came into the police department in Pearland, he interviewed them together and
then forwarded a report to PPD Detective M. Jaso. Jaso testified that after
discussing the allegations with Detective Ochoa, she spoke with Abundo and set up
interviews at the Children’s Assessment Center (“CAC”), which she watched and
heard via a monitor.
The complainant’s sister testified that appellant had lived with her family
sporadically throughout her life. She noted that during the family visit to her
grandmother Vinttonet’s Kingsville home in April 2012, appellant came in, said
hello, and then left. Although she did not see any of the alleged conduct take
place, she explained that on the way home from Kingsville, the complainant
“wasn’t herself” and began “cutting herself.”
Vinttonet testified that she and appellant had lived with the Abundo family
in 2010 and 2011; she and appellant began a relationship in February 2011; and
Abundo made appellant move out in August 2011. Vinttonet noted that the
complainant and her sister had “begged [appellant] not to leave” and “cried when
he left.” She asserted that her daughter, Abundo, “is capable of a lot of things”; “is
a real con-artist”; and “coached the girls to lie about what happened” because she
was “jealous” of Vinttonet’s relationship with appellant. Vinttonet explained that
while the children were visiting her in April 2012, the complainant’s father called
5
the complainant and told her that he “wanted to commit suicide because his
girlfriend was charging him with rape.” And, in 2010, the complainant told her that
“her father had molested her,” asserting that he had come into her room, “put his
hands under the blanket,” and touched her. Vinttonet also noted that the
complainant had once written a “very ugly letter to her dad and there were words
that not even she would think of.” Although she initially denied it, the
complainant later admitted that her mother had written the letter and she had
copied it. And the complainant explained to Vinttonet that “you don’t say no to
mom.”
Stephanie Wysack, appellant’s niece, testified that she has known the
complainant “since she was born” and spent the summer of 2010 with the
complainant’s family. She explained that the complainant shared a room with her
sister and, on occasion, the sister’s boyfriends would sleep overnight in their
bedroom. She asserted that the complainant frequently lied and would “get mad
and storm off” whenever the “attention was not focused on her.”
Mary Wysac, appellant’s mother, testified that on one occasion, Abundo,
after learning that her husband had been having an affair, told her that she was
going to “call the police” and tell them that her husband had molested her children,
and, “just like that,” she would “have him put in jail.” Abundo told her that she
had “[d]one it before,” and would “do it again.” And the complainant told her,
6
“All I’m going to do is tell the police that my dad came into the bedroom, . . . put
his hands underneath the blanket and my pajamas and rubbed my breasts.”
In rebuttal, K. Belloumini, a CAC senior forensic interviewer, testified that,
during her interview, the complainant “described an injury on [appellant’s] penis.”
Standard of Review
To prove a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must show
that (1) his trial counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 2068
(1984); Lopez v. State, 343 S.W.3d 137, 142 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). “A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. In reviewing counsel’s
performance, we look to the totality of the representation to determine the
effectiveness of counsel, indulging a strong presumption that counsel’s
performance falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance or
trial strategy. See Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 482–83 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006). Appellant has the burden to establish both prongs by a preponderance of
the evidence. Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 956 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998). “An
appellant’s failure to satisfy one prong of the Strickland test negates a court’s need
7
to consider the other prong.” Williams v. State, 301 S.W.3d 675, 687 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2009).
We note that, generally, a silent record that provides no explanation for
counsel’s actions will not overcome the strong presumption of reasonable
assistance. Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). In
the rare case in which trial counsel’s ineffectiveness is apparent from the record, an
appellate court may address and dispose of the claim on direct appeal. Lopez, 343
S.W.3d at 143. However, the record must demonstrate that counsel’s performance
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness as a matter of law and no
reasonable trial strategy could justify trial counsel’s acts or omissions, regardless
of counsel’s subjective reasoning. Id.
Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
In his sole issue, appellant argues that his trial counsel’s performance was
deficient during the guilt phase of trial because counsel (1) failed to ensure that
voir dire was recorded; (2) opened the door to an extraneous act during opening
argument; (3) failed to make certain objections; and (4) misstated the record during
his argument. Appellant further asserts that his trial counsel’s performance was
deficient during the punishment phase of trial because counsel failed to object to
information contained in a penitentiary packet.
8
Record of Voir Dire
In regard to appellant’s assertion that his trial counsel failed to ensure that
voir dire was recorded, we note that a failure to request that a court reporter record
trial court proceedings does not per se constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.
Young v. State, 425 S.W.3d 469, 473 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, pet.
ref’d). When counsel does not request that proceedings be recorded, we will not
speculate as to what actually transpired. See id. Thus, an appellant must raise an
injury resulting from counsel’s failure to request transcription. Wills v. State, 867
S.W.2d 852, 857 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1993, pet. ref’d). Here,
appellant has not raised a specific injury.
Failure to Object
Appellant next argues that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient
because counsel failed to object to hearsay testimony, victim impact testimony, and
opinion testimony regarding his guilt and the complainant’s truthfulness.
To establish ineffective assistance of counsel based on a failure to object,
appellant must demonstrate that the trial court would have committed harmful error
in overruling the objection had trial counsel objected. See Vaughn v. State, 931
S.W.2d 564, 566–67 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); DeLeon v. State, 322 S.W.3d 375,
381 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d).
9
Hearsay
Appellant complains that his trial counsel failed to object to Detective
Ochoa’s testimony that Abundo told her that she felt like nothing was being done
to help her child, no one was listening to her story, and she was “getting the run
around.” He noted that Ochoa also testified that Abundo had asked her to talk with
the complainant because she had been depressed and was cutting herself.
Appellant also complains that Officer Ziegelmeyer testified that Abundo was
animated and upset when they spoke because she had just learned of the abuse
through her daughter’s friend and wanted something to be done immediately. He
also complains that his trial counsel failed to object to Belloumini’s testimony that
the complainant had disclosed sexual abuse to her and described the injury to
appellant’s penis. And appellant notes that the State emphasized this “inadmissible
hearsay testimony” in its closing argument, as follows: “You can compare that
testimony with State’s Exhibit No. 2 and you can think about the most important
testimony that [Belloumini] had. She said that [the complainant] indicated what it
looked like on [appellant’s] penis.”
“Hearsay” is an out-of-court statement that is offered in evidence to prove
the truth of the matter asserted in the statement. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). Hearsay is
inadmissible except where allowed by statute or rule. TEX. R. EVID. 802. Evidence
that meets the definition of hearsay but is nevertheless admissible includes
10
statements regarding a declarant’s then existing state of mind, emotion, sensation,
or physical condition. TEX. R. EVID. 803(3).
The record shows that the State asked Ziegelmeyer to “describe” Abundo’s
demeanor, and he responded, “She was rather animated and upset. She was
seemed [sic], she just found out about the abuse. Her daughters had told her. In
my opinion she was upset and a little bit—she just wanted something done
immediately.” Ziegelmeyer’s own statements of opinion regarding Abundo’s
demeanor did not constitute hearsay because they did not concern statements
Abundo made to prove the truth of the matter asserted. See TEX. R. EVID. 801(d)
(statement by out-of-court declarant “offered in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted in the statement” constitutes hearsay); Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d
330, 347 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (“An extra-judicial statement or writing which is
offered for the purpose of showing what was said rather than for the truth of the
matter stated therein does not constitute hearsay.”) Similarly, Ochoa’s testimony
that Abundo had asked her to talk with the complainant, because she was
depressed and had been cutting herself, and Ziegelmeyer’s testimony that Abundo
had told him that she had heard about the abuse from “her other daughter’s friend”
were not admitted to prove the truth of the matters asserted in the statements. See
TEX. R. EVID. 801(d); Dinkins, 894 S.W.2d at 347.
11
Further, Abundo’s statements that she “felt like” nothing was being done,
nobody was listening to her, and she was “getting the run around” concerned her
then existing state of mind and emotion; thus, they were admissible as exceptions
to the hearsay rule. See TEX. R. EVID. 803(3); Martinez v. State, 17 S.W.3d 677,
688 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). Not objecting to admissible evidence does not
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Ex parte Jimenez, 364 S.W.3d 866,
887 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).
The record further shows that Belloumini testified that the complainant had
disclosed sexual abuse and had described an injury on appellant’s penis, as
follows:
[State]: And did she, again without anything [sic], did she
or did she not disclose about some sexual abuse?
[Belloumini]: Yes, she did.
....
[State]: Now, when you’re talking to [the complainant],
did she have a point in time to describe a certain
injury on the accused’s penis.
[Belloumini]: Yes.
[State]: And without saying what she say? [sic] Did she
describe the injury with her hands or anything,
draw anything? What did she, without anything
she said? [sic] Did she make any physical gestures
related to that injury?
[Belloumini]: Yes.
12
[State]: Would you please tell us what you observed her to
do.
[Belloumini]: Can I show th[at] it was parallel and a little round
was the motion.
[State]: Just for the record when you are motioning, it’s to
the ground below you?
[Belloumini]: To the ground below me.
Belloumini was not asked, and she did not offer, any details about the abuse.
Rather, she simply testified that the complainant had told her the details. Even if
we were to conclude that Belloumini’s testimony and hand gesture relating what
she “observed” the complainant to describe about appellant’s injury constitutes
hearsay, appellant has not shown a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s
failure to object to the testimony and gesture, the result of the proceeding would
have been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. The
complainant’s testimony, which did not constitute hearsay, was in far greater detail
regarding the abuse and appellant’s injury, and the complainant drew a picture of
the scar for the jury. See Kucel v. State, 907 S.W.2d 890, 895 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d); see e.g., Smith v. State, No. 04-03-00544-CR,
2005 WL 1230632, at *5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio May 25, 2005, no pet.) (mem.
op., not designated for publication) (holding no reasonable probability result of
proceeding would have been different where counselor testified complainant had
13
told her details of assault and complainant testified in specific detail); Curtis v.
State, No. 01-03-00687-CR, 2004 WL 2118487, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] Sept. 23, 2004, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication)
(holding no reasonable probability outcome of trial would have been different had
counsel objected to hearsay testimony by law enforcement officer regarding sexual
assault of child where complainant later testified in “far more detail[]”).
In support of his assertion that the outcome of the proceeding would have
been different had his trial counsel objected to Belloumini’s testimony, appellant
relies on Alvarado v. State, 775 S.W.2d 851 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1989, pet.
ref’d). In Alvarado, the San Antonio Court of Appeals reversed a defendant’s
conviction for aggravated sexual assault of a child on the ground that he had
received ineffective assistance of counsel at trial. Id. at 857. There, the
defendant’s trial counsel had failed to object to the inadmissible testimony of (1) a
counselor, regarding the complainant’s statements made to her and the assertions
of the complainant’s brother that the defendant had also sexually abused him; (2)
the complainant’s mother, regarding the complainant’s statements made to the
counselor and the mother’s own statements made to the defendant’s mother and
sister; and (3) a doctor, regarding the complainant’s statements made to him. Id. at
853–55. The court noted that the evidence that the jury was improperly allowed to
consider might “easily” be described as “overwhelming.” Id. at 857. And when
14
the inadmissible evidence was disregarded, the remaining evidence consisted
primarily of the testimony of the complainant and her younger brother, which
constituted a “very small part” of the record. Id. at 855.
Here, unlike in Alvarado, Belloumini simply testified that the complainant
had disclosed abuse to her, and she did not testify in specific detail about the abuse.
Although Belloumini testified, in words and gestures, about what she had
“observed” the complainant describe about appellant’s injury, the jury was not
subjected to a barrage of inadmissible testimony. See id. at 857. And the
complainant herself testified at length and in specific detail about the assault and
the scar, and she drew a picture of the scar for the jury.
We hold that appellant has not shown that his trial counsel’s performance, in
not objecting to the testimony of Ochoa and Ziegelmeyer, was deficient. See
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. We further hold that appellant has
not shown that but for counsel having not objected to Belloumini’s testimony, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. See id.
Victim Impact Testimony
Appellant next complains that his trial counsel failed to object to the
following testimony of Abundo during the guilt phase of trial:
[State]: Did you take any actions related to [the complainant] to
help her in any way with this matter, any kind of
counseling services?
15
[Abundo]: Yes, I took her [to] therapy.
[State]: Did you notice at this point anything about your
daughter, anything that she was doing to herself that
caused you concern?
[Abundo]: She . . . started cutting herself.
....
[State]: . . . [W]hen we talk about people cutting themselves, they
are intending to do—what did you think it meant that
your daughter was doing?
[Abundo]: That she was trying to commit suicide.
....
[State]: And what outlet has your daughter found?
[Abundo]: My daughter now, in order for her to not kill herself or
attempt to because the thought goes, she’s now saving
the lives of other kids. She talks to other kids. She keeps
other kids from cutting themselves she’s part of what you
call it’s Rachel’s challenge. . . .
The complainant’s sister also testified that the complainant had engaged in cutting
herself. Appellant argues that because this testimony relates to the psychological
impact that the sexual assaults have had on the complainant, it constitutes victim-
impact testimony, which was not relevant during the guilt phase of trial.
Outside of the context of homicide cases, victim-impact evidence is
generally defined as evidence regarding “the physical or psychological effect of the
crime on the victims themselves.” Lane v. State, 822 S.W.2d 35, 41 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1991). Victim-impact testimony is generally irrelevant at the guilt phase of
trial because it does not tend to make more or less probable the existence of any
16
fact of consequence at that stage. Longoria v. State, 148 S.W.3d 657, 659 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d). However, victim-impact testimony
can be admissible as a “circumstance of the offense.” Id. It may be admissible if
the testimony “would have a tendency to make more or less probable a fact of
consequence at the guilt stage; that is, whether appellant committed the crimes at
all.” Id. at 660.
Here, the evidence of the impact on the complainant and her mother did
have a tendency to make more or less probable a fact of consequence at the guilt
stage; that is, whether appellant committed the offenses. See id. Because the
complained-of testimony was admissible to show that the assaults had in fact
occurred and rebutted appellant’s defensive theory that the complainant fabricated
the allegations, the failure of appellant’s trial counsel to object to the testimony did
not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. See id. (holding counsel’s
failure to object to victim-impact testimony did not fall below objective standard of
reasonableness because testimony regarding complainants’ behavior had tendency
to make more or less probable a fact of consequence at guilt phase of trial); see
also Cueva v. State, 339 S.W.3d 839, 881 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2011, pet.
ref’d) (holding because victim impact testimony had “a tendency to make more or
less probable a fact of consequence at the guilt stage” and would have been
admissible, trial counsel’s failure to object did not fall below objective standard).
17
Accordingly, we hold that appellant has not shown that his trial counsel’s
performance was deficient on this ground.
Opinion Testimony
Appellant next argues that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient
because counsel failed to object to opinion testimony regarding appellant’s guilt
and the complainant’s truthfulness.
It is generally improper for a witness to offer a direct opinion as to the
truthfulness of another witness. See Schutz v. State, 957 S.W.2d 52, 59 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997). This type of testimony is inadmissible “because it does more
than ‘assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in
issue;’ it decides an issue for the jury.” Yount v. State, 872 S.W.2d 706, 709 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1993). “It logically follows that a lay witness is not permitted to offer
an opinion that another witness is truthful.” Fisher v. State, 121 S.W.3d 38, 41
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2003, pet. ref’d).
Appellant complains of three instances in which he asserts that the trial court
admitted improper opinion testimony without objection from his trial counsel. He
first complains that Detective Ochoa testified that she told the complainant that she
“could not talk to her about what happened to her,” but she “wanted her to know
that it wasn’t her fault and there was nothing she could do to stop it.” Appellant
asserts that this testimony “clearly left the jury with the impression that Ochoa
18
believed the allegations of sexual assault.” He further complains that Detective
Jaso testified as follows:
[State]: Did you ever get any indication in your investigation,
ma’am, that [Abundo] and her daughter [the complainant]
spent 8 months making up some story? Anything indicating
that?
[Jaso]: No.
....
[State]: Based on your training and your total number of years is it
unusual for a child victim to be triggered again by seeing the
accused again triggered into giving an outcry?
[Jaso]: It’s not.
Appellant asserts that Jaso’s testimony also constitutes an improper comment on
the complainant’s truthfulness.
We first note that Detective Jaso’s testimony that it is not unusual for a child
complainant to be prompted to make an outcry when she sees her assailant was
relevant to assist the jury in understanding the complainant’s delayed outcry.
Appellant does not explain how this testimony about child-complainants in general
constitutes an improper comment on the complainant’s truthfulness in this case.
However, Jaso’s testimony that did not have any indication during her
investigation, having watched and heard the CAC interview of the complainant,
that Abundo and her daughters had “spent 8 months making up some story” was
inadmissible. See Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 291–92 (Tex. App.—Austin
2013, no pet.); see, e.g., Lewis v. State, No. 02–11–00112–CR, 2012 WL 858601,
19
at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 15, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated
for publication) (holding inadmissible CPS investigator’s testimony that she did
not “see any signs that [child] was being deceptive in any way,” after watching
forensic interview conducted at CAC). And Detective Ochoa’s testimony that she
told the complainant that “it wasn’t her fault and there was nothing she could do to
stop it” was also inadmissible. See Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 291–92. Both Jaso
and Ochoa essentially expressed their opinions that the complainant was not
fabricating her allegations.
Here, the sole issue at trial was the credibility of the complainant, and the
above complained-of testimony constituted inadmissible opinions as to her
truthfulness. See Schultz, 957 S.W.2d at 59; Yount, 872 S.W.2d at 711. However,
there is nothing in the record explaining trial counsel’s strategy for allowing the
improper opinion testimony into evidence. See Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 144 (holding
silent record as to counsel’s reasons for not objecting to inadmissible direct
opinion testimony about truthfulness of child complainant does not satisfy
Strickland). Accordingly, we hold that appellant has not shown that his trial
counsel’s performance was deficient on this ground. See id.
Extraneous Act
Appellant next asserts that his trial counsel opened the door to an extraneous
act of indecent exposure in his opening statement, as follows:
20
Now, [the complainant] said that [appellant] showed her his penis.
That it has a scar on it from a hamster bite, but you will see from the
evidence, there are no such scars on [appellant’s] penis.
And, during cross examination, counsel asked Detective Jaso whether she had
asked appellant whether he had a scar on his penis. After Jaso testified that
appellant had denied having any such scar, counsel asked Jaso whether she had any
reason to believe that appellant was not telling the truth. She responded, “No, not
at that point.” The complainant later testified, without objection, that when she
was five years old, appellant exposed his penis to her and told her that an animal
had bitten him on the top of his penis. She saw a scar, which she described as a
“straight line.” After the trial court admitted into evidence a photograph of
appellant’s penis, the complainant testified that it showed the scar that she saw in
2005. And the State emphasized the photograph and the complainant’s testimony
in its closing argument.
Appellant argues that “there can be no sound strategy” in opening the door
and claiming that “there is no mark when there clearly is a mark on [appellant’s]
penis as shown in State’s Exhibit 2” because “[h]oping that the jury does not look
at the photo is not a sound strategy.” The State concedes that “the visual state of
[appellant’s] penis (specifically, a bite mark from a hamster—or the lack thereof)
was the focus of significant dispute during trial.” It agrees that defense counsel’s
“effort to show that no such mark exists” allowed “for the testimony from [the
21
complainant] regarding an extraneous incident during which [appellant] exposed
himself to her when she was five years old.” The State asserts, however, that the
complained-of evidence was admissible to show the relationship of the parties. It
argues that appellant “does not . . . explain what strategy trial counsel could have
adopted that would have led to the exclusion of this evidence or nullified it because
such extraneous material would have been properly admitted—even over defense
counsel’s objection.” And the clerk’s record shows that the State, prior to trial,
gave notice of its intent to offer evidence that in October 2005, appellant
committed the offense of indecency with a child by exposing his genitals to the
complainant.
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or bad acts is inadmissible if it is offered
to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.
TEX. R. EVID. 404(b). Such evidence may be admissible for another purpose,
however, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident, and rebuttal of a
defensive theory. See id.; Bass v. State, 270 S.W.3d 557, 563 n.7 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008) (noting defense opening statement may “open the door” to admission of
extraneous-offense evidence in State’s case-in-chief to rebut defensive theories
presented in opening statement); Dennis v. State, 178 S.W.3d 172, 177 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d).
22
Notwithstanding rule 404, however, “evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts committed by [a] defendant against [a] child who is the victim of the alleged
offense shall be admitted for its bearing on relevant matters, including: (1) the state
of mind of the defendant and the child; and (2) the previous and subsequent
relationship between the defendant and the child.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 38.37, § 1(b) (Vernon Supp. 2014). And evidence that a defendant has
committed a separate offense of indecency with a child “may be admitted . . . for
any bearing the evidence has on relevant matters, including the character of the
defendant and acts performed in conformity with the character of the defendant.”
Id. art. 38.37, § 2(b) (enumerating types of separate offenses deemed admissible).
Thus, the complained-of evidence is admissible under article 38.37; however, such
evidence must be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice. See TEX. R. EVID. 403; Martin v. State, 176 S.W.3d
887, 895 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.).
Appellant complains that his trial counsel failed to raise a rule 403 objection.
The relevant factors in determining whether the prejudice of an extraneous offense
substantially outweighs its probative value include: (1) the strength of the evidence
in making a fact of consequence more or less probable, (2) the potential of the
extraneous-offense evidence to impress the jury in some irrational but indelible
way, (3) the amount of time the proponent needed to develop the evidence, and (4)
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the force of the proponent’s need for this evidence to prove a fact of consequence.
Mozon v. State, 991 S.W.2d 841, 847 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
Here, the first factor weighs in favor of admissibility because the evidence
that appellant had exposed his penis to the complainant prior to the assault was
probative of his state of mind and relationship with the complainant and made
more probable that he had the intent and motive to sexually assault her. See
Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 381 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (holding
evidence defendant had frequently exposed himself to complainants on prior
occasions probative of his “manner” with them and not unfairly prejudicial); Burke
v. State, 371 S.W.3d 252, 257–58 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet.
dism’d) (holding evidence of prior sexual assaults probative of relationship and not
unfairly prejudicial).
The second and third factors also weigh in favor of admissibility. As the
State noted, “the visual state of [appellant’s] penis . . . was the focus of significant
dispute during trial.” Although the State spent some time developing this
evidence, the jury could not have been distracted from the charged offense because
the complained-of evidence relates to the charged offense. See State v. Mechler,
153 S.W.3d 435, 441 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Also, although the contested
evidence was prejudicial to appellant, it was not unfairly prejudicial because of the
fact that it relates to the charged offense. See id. at 440–41. Rule 403 does not
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require exclusion of evidence simply because it creates prejudice; rather, the
prejudice must be “unfair.” Id. at 440. “Unfair prejudice” refers only to the
tendency of relevant evidence to “tempt the jury into finding guilt on grounds apart
from proof of the offense charged.” Id. Because the complained-of evidence
relates to the charged offense, it did not have great potential to impress the jury in
an irrational way. See id. at 441.
Finally, the State’s need for the contested evidence was significant. The
complainant did not make an outcry until April 2012, over a year after the sexual
assaults occurred, there is no physical evidence, no other witnesses supported her
testimony, and the State had a strong need to counter appellant’s theory that the
complainant had fabricated the allegations.
In sum, the rule 403 factors weigh in favor of admissibility, and the trial
court would not have committed error in overruling a rule 403 objection to the
extraneous-offense evidence. See Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d 46, 53 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004); Burke, 371 S.W.3d at 258. Accordingly, we hold that appellant has
not shown that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient on this ground.
Closing Argument
Appellant next argues that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient
because counsel “failed to object to the State’s misstatement of the facts during
closing argument” and counsel “repeated the error” in his own closing argument.
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During closing argument, the State asserted to the jury that the complainant
“told you [appellant] put his fingers in her more than 15 times.” The record shows
that the complainant actually testified that appellant did this “about 5 times.”
Defense counsel, during his closing, then repeated the error, stating, “Now, [the
complainant] testified that the touching occurred 15 times throughout her life.”
Appellant asserts that there “could be no legitimate trial strategy in failing to object
to the prosecutor’s misstatement alleging 10 additional acts of misconduct that
were not contained in the record and then repeating the same misstatement.” The
State asserts that the complainant testified that appellant “inserted his fingers into
her ‘about 5 times’ in 2005” and “put his fingers in her vagina several years later
beginning in 2010 through 2011.” And thus, “even if both the prosecution and the
defense meant to say 5 instead of 15, there is evidence in the record that this sexual
conduct occurred multiple times over several years.”
In support of his position, appellant relies on Aldrich v. State, 296 S.W.3d
225 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. ref’d). In Aldrich, the court concluded that
the record reflected “numerous inaccurate statements” by defense counsel. Id. at
254. For instance, counsel mistakenly recited that the defendant’s blood-alcohol
concentration was 0.17, rather than 0.07, and he stated in a hypothetical that the
retest of the defendant’s blood sample revealed a blood-alcohol concentration of
0.40, rather than .04. Id. Counsel also referred to the defendant, the prosecutor,
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and witnesses by incorrect names, and he misidentified the officer who had
administered field sobriety tests to the defendant. Id. The court noted that “[t]hese
examples [were] not exhaustive but merely a sampling of the inaccurate factual
statements made by defense counsel on the record.” Id. And the court held that
defense counsel’s misstatements of fact during trial fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness, “could not be part of any trial strategy,” and satisfied
the first prong of Strickland. Id.
Here, there was no legitimate trial strategy for allowing the State to allege
ten additional acts of sexual assault that were not supported by the record and the
repeating of the same misstatement. Unlike in Aldrich, however, the record before
us does not reflect “numerous inaccurate statements” by defense counsel. See id.
Generally, isolated instances, as here, reflecting errors of commission or omission
do not constitute ineffective assistance. Ex parte Welborn, 785 S.W.2d 391, 393
(Tex. Crim. App. 1990). Accordingly, we hold that appellant has not shown that
his trial counsel’s performance was deficient on this ground. See Thompson v.
State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (“An appellate court should be
especially hesitant to declare counsel ineffective based upon a single alleged
miscalculation during what amounts to otherwise satisfactory representation,
especially when the record provides no discernible explanation of the motivation
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behind counsel’s actions—whether those actions were of strategic design or the
result of negligent conduct.”).
Punishment Phase
Finally, appellant argues that his trial counsel’s performance was deficient
during the punishment phase of trial because counsel did not object to State’s
exhibits 4 through 7, which are appellant’s penitentiary packets and records of
prior convictions for three prior offenses of theft and the offense of possession of a
controlled substance. Appellant asserts that a Pre-Sentence Investigation report in
State’s exhibit 7 contains a list of ten offenses for which there was no disposition,
four offenses that were “rejected,” and three offenses that were “dismissed.” And
these offenses constitute “17 prior criminal allegations that the jury should not
have been able to consider during their punishment deliberations.”
Effective September 1, 1993, the legislature amended the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure to allow the admission of unadjudicated, extraneous offenses
at the punishment phase of noncapital cases:
Regardless of the plea and whether the punishment be assessed by the
judge or the jury, evidence may be offered by the state and the
defendant as to any matter the court deems relevant to sentencing,
including but not limited to the prior criminal record of the defendant,
his general reputation, his character, an opinion regarding his
character, the circumstances of the offense for which he is being tried,
and, notwithstanding Rules 404 and 405, Texas Rules of Evidence,
any other evidence of an extraneous crime or bad act that is shown
beyond a reasonable doubt by evidence to have been committed by
the defendant or for which he could be held criminally responsible,
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regardless of whether he has previously been charged with or finally
convicted of the crime or act.
TEX. CRIM. PROC. CODE ANN. art. 37.07(a)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2014). Section
3(a)(1) “does not prohibit” a sentencing entity from “considering extraneous
misconduct evidence in assessing punishment just because the extraneous
misconduct has not been shown to have been committed by the defendant beyond a
reasonable doubt, if that extraneous misconduct is contained in a PSI.” Smith v.
State, 227 S.W.3d 753, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Here, the record shows that the complained-of exhibits were admitted under
a stipulation between the State and appellant as follows:
[State]: Your Honor, we have made an agreement
with defense counsel. We have pen packets
for Exhibits Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 and we’ve
discussed with defense counsel and I believe
we have an agreement to cut down on some
court time and witnesses we have a
stipulation that those are in fact defendant’s
pen packets that we will only discuss those
matters related to the extraneous we
previously filed excluding the personal
events with the girls. We won’t offer any
other criminal acts.
[Appellant’s Counsel]: We are [in] agreement.
Again, we note that the record is silent as to trial counsel’s reasons or strategy
concerning the evidence at issue and the stipulation that he reached with the State.
Accordingly, we hold that appellant has not overcome the strong presumption that
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the decisions of trial counsel fell within the wide range of reasonable professional
assistance. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88, 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2064, 2068;
Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833, 836–37 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
Considering the totality of trial counsel’s representation to determine his
effectiveness, we hold that appellant has not successfully defeated the strong
presumption that the decisions of trial counsel fell within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687–88, 694, 104
S. Ct. at 2064, 2068; Lopez, 343 S.W.3d at 144. Accordingly, we overrule
appellant’s sole issue.
Conclusion
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Terry Jennings
Justice
Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Jennings and Massengale.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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