Julian Cardona v. State ( 2009 )

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS
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JULIAN CARDONA, No. 08-07-00161-CR
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Appellant, Appeal from
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v. 41st District Court
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THE STATE OF TEXAS, of El Paso County, Texas
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Appellee. (TC # 20060D04272)
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OPINION
Julian Cardona appeals his convictions of intoxication manslaughter (Count I) and
intoxication assault (Count II). Appellant entered a plea of guilty to each count before the jury and
the trial court conducted a unitary proceeding to determine both guilt and punishment.
TEX .CODE CRIM .PROC .ANN . art. 26.14 (Vernon 2009); see Frame v. State, 615 S.W.2d 766, 767
(Tex.Crim.App. 1981). The jury found Appellant guilty of each count and assessed his punishment
at imprisonment for a term of ten years with respect to Count I and imprisonment for a term of two
years with respect to Count II. We affirm.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
On the evening of November 6, 2005, Appellant, Fernando Torres, Roger Cruz, and Teresa
Herrera went to a party at a friend’s house. Appellant drove them in his truck and they arrived at
around 10 p.m. or 11 p.m. All four of them drank alcoholic beverages and then left around 1 a.m.
with Appellant driving. Torres sat in the front passenger seat while Herrera and Cruz sat in the rear
seat. They planned to drop off Herrera first. Appellant was driving fast on a two-lane road which
had a 30-mile per hour speed limit. Torres told Appellant to slow down as they approached a curve
because he felt Appellant might lose control. Appellant did lose control of the truck and it flipped
over twice, landing in the front yard of a residence. Investigation conducted after the accident
revealed that the vehicle was traveling at a minimum of 51-miles per hour.
Although Appellant and Torres were wearing seat belts, Cruz and Herrera were not and they
were ejected from the vehicle. Torres climbed out and observed Appellant administering CPR to
Herrera, who was not breathing. One of Cruz’s leg was pinned under the truck and he was
screaming for help. Erika Avila and her husband heard the accident and called for an ambulance
before going outside to help. A man trapped under the truck was in pain and screaming. Torres got
a shovel and began digging to free Cruz from the truck. Avila heard the man underneath the truck
tell Appellant that the accident was his fault and ask him, “Why didn’t you give [me] the truck? See
what happened now?” When Appellant told Cruz that Herrera was dead, Cruz said, “See, you’re
stubborn, stubborn. Well, see you didn’t give us the truck.”
Deputy sheriffs arrived at the scene and one of them determined that Herrera was not
breathing and did not have a pulse. The deputy sheriffs and fire department helped extricate Cruz
from beneath the truck and he was taken by ambulance to the hospital and surgery was performed
on his left leg. Cruz remained in the hospital for a week.
The medical examiner, Dr. Juan Contin, performed an autopsy on Herrera and determined
that she had multiple injuries including a collapsed chest due to broken ribs, pulmonary contusions,
and significant injuries to the spleen, liver, and small and large bowel mesentery. Dr. Contin
concluded that Herrera would not have been able to breathe as a result of the massive chest injuries
and she died of respiratory failure before she could bleed to death from the injuries to her internal
organs. As a result of these injuries, Herrera was beyond medical help.
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Appellant was taken into custody at the scene and he voluntarily submitted to an intoxilyzer
breath test. The first test was performed at 2:51 a.m. and the second at 2:54 a.m., approximately two
hours after the accident. The test results were .170 and .172, respectively. Appellant testified at
trial and admitted that he had been drinking prior to the accident.
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE
In six issues, Appellant contends he was denied the effective assistance of counsel at trial
because his attorney failed to object during voir dire and final argument to statements made by the
prosecutor. The standard for determining claims of ineffective assistance under the Sixth
Amendment is the two-step analysis adopted by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). See Hernandez v. State, 988
S.W.2d 770, 771-72 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). Under the first prong, the defendant must show that
counsel’s performance was deficient to the extent that counsel failed to function as the “counsel”
guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment. Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994).
Under the second prong, the defendant must establish that counsel’s deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S.Ct. at 2064, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693; Jackson,
877 S.W.2d at 771. Prejudice is established by a showing that there is a reasonable probability that
but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
Strickland, 466 U .S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068, 80 L.Ed.2d at 698; Jackson, 877 S .W.2d at 771.
This two-pronged test is used to judge whether counsel’s conduct so compromised the proper
functioning of the adversarial process that the trial produced unreliable results. Mallett v. State, 65
S.W.3d 59, 63 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001).
Appellate review of defense counsel’s performance is highly deferential and presumes that
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counsel’s actions fell within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Mallett, 65 S.W.3d
at 63; Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). The burden to overcome that
presumption falls on the appellant. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. at 2065. Any
allegation of ineffectiveness must be “firmly founded” in the record. Salinas v. State, 163 S.W.3d
734, 740 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). To defeat the presumption of reasonable professional assistance,
the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d
808, 814 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). In the majority of instances, the record on direct appeal is
undeveloped and will not sufficiently show that counsel’s representation was so deficient and so
lacking in tactical or strategic decision making as to overcome the presumption that counsel’s
conduct was reasonable and professional. Bone v. State, 77 S.W.3d 828, 833 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002).
We cannot speculate that no plausible professional reason exists for a specific act or omission. Id.
at 836. If the record is silent as to the facts, circumstances, and rationale behind an attorney’s
particular course of action, we are compelled to find that the defendant did not rebut the presumption
that it was a reasonable one. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 814. Although Appellant filed a motion
for new trial, he did not raise the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel.
Improper Commitment Question
In Issue One, Appellant alleges that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor
asked the jury panel an improper commitment question. The prosecutor asked the jury panel a two-
part question. First, he asked the venire members to rate the seriousness of intoxication
manslaughter on a scale of one to ten with one being “it’s not important” and ten being “it’s real
important.” Second, the prosecutor asked the venire members whether they thought they were there
for punishment, deterrence, or rehabilitation.
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During voir dire, a question is proper if it seeks to discover a juror’s views on an issue
applicable to the case. Barajas v. State, 93 S.W.3d 36, 38 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). An otherwise
proper question is impermissible, however, if it attempts to commit the juror to a particular verdict
based on particular facts. Barajas, 93 S.W.3d at 38; Standefer v. State, 59 S.W.3d 177, 181
(Tex.Crim.App. 2001). Commitment questions are those that commit a prospective juror to resolve,
or to refrain from resolving, an issue a certain way after learning a particular fact. Barajas, 93
S.W.3d at 38. Such questions often ask for a “yes” or “no” answer, in which one or both of the
possible answers commits the jury to resolving an issue a certain way. Id. In Standefer, the Court
of Criminal Appeals articulated a two-step test for determining when a voir dire question calls for
an improper commitment: (1) Is the question a commitment question, and (2) Does the question
include only those facts that lead to a valid challenge for cause? Standefer, 59 S.W.3d at 182. If the
answer to the first question is “yes” and the answer to the second question is “no,” then the question
is improper. Id. at 182-83.
By asking the potential jurors to rate how seriously they viewed the offense of intoxication
manslaughter, the prosecutor was attempting to determine their views and to expose any biases. The
prosecutor did not attempt to bind the venire members to resolve, or refrain from resolving, an issue
a certain way after learning a particular fact. The remainder of the question was designed to
determine how each venire member viewed the purpose of punishment. This is a legitimate area of
inquiry and does not bind the jury to return a particular verdict based on a particular sets of facts.
Because the prosecutor’s voir dire was proper, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to object.
See Ex parte Morrow, 952 S.W.2d 530, 536 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997)(counsel is not required to object
if an objection would be futile). We overrule Issue One.
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Improper Statement of Law
In Issue Two, Appellant contends that trial court should have objected when the prosecutor
informed the venire members that they only had to be able to consider the full range of punishment
during voir dire and before the presentation of evidence. He argues this had the effect of duping the
jury into believe that it was not required to consider the full range of punishment when assessing
punishment. Appellant’s brief does not contain any citations to the record where this statement was
made. Rule 38.1(i) provides that: “The brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX .R.APP .P. 38.1(i).
As an appellate court, it is not our task to comb the record in an effort to verify an appellant’s claims.
See Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 210 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995). Because Appellant’s brief does
not direct our attention to where the alleged error occurred, we conclude this issue has been waived
because it is inadequately briefed. See Ledbetter v. State, 208 S.W.3d 723, 735 (Tex.App.--
Texarkana 2006, no pet.)(failure to provide record references resulted in issue being waived). Issue
Two is overruled.
Final Argument
In Issues Three and Four, Appellant takes issue with trial counsel’s failure to object to two
portions of the prosecutor’s final argument. In his third issue, Appellant argues the prosecutor made
an improper argument when he pointed to the victim’s mother and urged the jury to not give
Appellant probation because it placed a low value on the life of the victim. In Issue Four, Appellant
contends that trial counsel should have objected when the prosecutor referred to headlines in the
newspaper because the argument urged the jury to assess punishment based on community
expectations. We set forth the challenged arguments in the context of the prosecutor’s final
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argument:
Now, my co-counsel, he told you give probation. What type of value are you
assigning to the young woman who was in this case? You’re not assigning a whole
lot of value to her life. And there’s her mother right there. She’s right there.
[Emphasis added]. Now, does that mean you should give the defendant 20 years in
prison? No, but you’ve got to assign a value to her daughter’s life.
Now, what do we have here? The full range of punishment is probation all
the way up to 20 years in prison. And when we were in voir dire, I -- we spoke about
this. How serious is this crime? Everybody here said this was an eight or a nine or
a 10 on a 10 point scale. This is serious. This is as serious as a heart beat or heart
attack. It doesn’t get anymore serious. You know why? Because somebody is dead.
Somebody is dead. Somebody is gone.
Now -- so it’s a serious case, the most serious case in this range. So in my
opinion, that means you start at the high end of 20 years. Twenty years in prison and
-- and work down if you have to. Why shouldn’t you give 20 years in prison? He’s
young. Okay. He’s remorseful. Okay. Those are reasons not to give 20 years, but
you need to start there and work your way down. Okay?
Now, I think in a case like this, prison is the message that you need to be
sending. Now, I can’t -- the Judge told you what the lawyers say is not evidence. It’s
just argument. My opinion doesn’t matter. Your opinion is what matters. If you’re
okay with the headlines in the paper on any case, man kills one, hurts another, jury
gives probation. Well, there’s nothing I can say to that. I disagree. I think you need
to send a stronger message. [Emphasis added].
Proper jury argument includes four areas: (1) summation of the evidence presented at trial,
(2) reasonable deduction drawn from that evidence, (3) answer to the opposing counsel’s argument,
or (4) a plea for law enforcement. Jackson v. State, 17 S.W.3d 664, 673 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). To
determine whether the prosecutor made an improper argument, we must consider the entire
argument, not merely isolated sentences. Rodriguez v. State, 90 S.W.3d 340, 364 (Tex.App.--El
Paso 2001, pet. ref’d). The prosecutor may express an opinion on the serious nature of the offense
by contrasting it with other cases or crimes in general, as long as the prosecutor does not delve into
the details of the other cases or crimes. Id. The prosecutor may also make a plea for law
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enforcement. Borjan v. State, 787 S.W.2d 53, 55-56 (Tex.Crim.App. 1990); Rodriguez, 90 S.W.3d
at 364. A plea for law enforcement may take many forms, one of which is to argue the relationship
between the jury’s verdict and the deterrence of specific crimes or crime in general. Borjan, 787
S.W.2d at 55. The State may also remind the jury of the effect that its verdict may have on specific
segments of the community or the community in general. Id. at 56. Thus, the State may ask the jury
to represent the community or to send a message to the community. Robbins v. State, 145 S.W.3d
306, 315 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2004, pet. ref’d). But the State may not argue that the community or
a specific segment of the community expects or demands a particular verdict or a particular
punishment. Borjan, 787 S.W.2d at 56; Rodriguez, 90 S.W.3d at 365.
The prosecutor’s argument that the jury should not give probation because it placed a low
value on the victim’s life is a proper plea for law enforcement. The argument reminded the jury of
the seriousness of the offense and the value of human life. The prosecutor did not make an improper
argument by referring to the potential headlines if the jury granted Appellant probation or by asking
the jury to send a stronger message. The prosecutor did not argue that the community expected or
demanded a particular sentence. This is a permissible argument. An attorney is not ineffective for
failing to object to permissible arguments. See Richards v. State, 912 S.W.2d 374, 379 (Tex.App.--
Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d). We overrule Issues Three and Four.
In his fifth issue, Appellant alleges trial court was ineffective because he failed to object to
the prosecutor’s final argument that Appellant was “falling down drunk” at the time of the accident.
Appellant’s brief does not contain any citation to the record showing where the prosecutor made this
statement. Rule 38.1(i) provides that: “The brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the
contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and to the record.” TEX .R.APP .P. 38.1(i).
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Because Appellant’s brief does not direct our attention to where the alleged error occurred, we
conclude this issue has been waived because it is inadequately briefed. See Ledbetter, 208 S.W.3d
at 735 (failure to provide record references resulted in issue being waived). Issue Five is overruled.
In his sixth and final issue, Appellant argues that the combined effect of all of the instances
of ineffective assistance set forth in the first five issues warrants giving Appellant a new trial. We
have found no merit in any of the arguments raised in the first five issues. There is some authority
that a number of errors may be found harmful in their cumulative effect, but there is no authority
holding that non-errors may in their cumulative effect cause error. See Chamberlain v. State, 998
S.W.2d 230, 238 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999); Ozuna v. State, 199 S.W.3d 601, 613 n.7 (Tex.App.--
Corpus Christi 2006, no pet.)(finding there was no cumulative error in context of ineffective
assistance of counsel claim). We therefore overrule Issue Six and affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
September 30, 2009
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Justice
Before Chew, C.J., McClure, and Carr, JJ.
Carr, J., not participating
(Do Not Publish)
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