James Thomas Weldon v. State of Texas ( 2003 )

NO. 12-01-00157-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

JAMES THOMAS WELDON,

§ APPEAL FROM THE 188TH

APPELLANT

V.

§ JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

APPELLEE

§ GREGG COUNTY, TEXAS MEMORANDUM OPINION

James Thomas Weldon ("Appellant") was convicted by a jury for the offense of murder and sentenced to twenty-five years of imprisonment. Appellant raises four issues on appeal. We affirm.

Background  

Appellant attended a party at the home of his friend, Carrie, in west Longview, and drank tequila. Carrie left the party to go to the home of the decedent, Holder, to get drugs. When she did not return after about forty-five minutes, Appellant called her on her mobile phone, spoke to Holder, and then heard Carrie scream. Appellant got his pistol, left the house saying he was going to kill Holder, and went to rescue her. When he got to Holder's house, Carrie and Holder were talking near her car. Holder ran up to Appellant's car, broke the driver's side window, and began to grab for Appellant in what Appellant believed was an attempt to assault him. Appellant fired three shots. Holder later died from a gunshot wound to the neck. Appellant fled the scene, throwing away the gun, but was quickly stopped and arrested for shooting Holder. After being interrogated a short while, Appellant gave a written statement. At trial, Appellant requested the court to suppress his confession, which was denied. Appellant's self-defense argument was rejected by the jury.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law  

In Appellant's first issue, he contends the trial court erred in failing to file written findings of fact and conclusions of law following the trial court's denial of his motion to suppress his statement. On July 10, 2002, this court abated and remanded this cause to the trial court with instructions that the trial court make and file written findings of fact in accordance with Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, article 38.22, section 6. The findings of fact and conclusions of law were filed with this court on August 1, 2002. Weldon v. State, No. 12-01-00157-CR (Tex. App.-Tyler July 10, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication), 2002 WL 1540622. Therefore, Appellant's first issue is now moot and is overruled.

Motion to Suppress

In his second issue, Appellant contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his statement to officers after his arrest. Appellant claims that, after his arrest as he drove from the scene of the shooting, the arresting officer gave him his Miranda ⁽¹⁾ warnings and, when asked about the location of the weapon he had used, he declined to speak with the officers about the gun.

At the hearing on the motion to suppress Appellant's statement, the officers testified that Appellant did not request an attorney. Appellant testified that he told the officers when he was arrested that he did not want to say anything and that he requested an attorney at that time. On cross-examination, Appellant admitted that when Officer Taylor spoke to him at the police station, he did not ask for an attorney because Taylor told him that his statement would benefit him. Appellant admitted he understood, signed the written Miranda warnings and voluntarily gave his statement to Taylor.

The trial court, in its "Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on Defendant's Motion to Suppress," specifically found that the officers' testimony was more credible than Appellant's testimony. The trial court also found that Appellant did not invoke his right to counsel prior to giving his written statement. The trial court further found that, although Appellant did express his desire to remain silent at the time of arrest, consistent with Maestas v. State, 987 S.W.2d 59, 62 (Tex. Crim. App.), cert. denied, 582 U.S. 834, 120 S. Ct. 93, 145 L. Ed. 2d 79 (1999), the police waited a sufficient amount of time, three hours, before resuming questioning. Id.

Standard of Review

A trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress is reviewed by an abuse of discretion standard. Jackson v. State, 33 S.W.3d 828, 838 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000); Oles v. State, 993 S.W.2d 103, 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); Maddox v. State, 682 S.W.2d 563, 564 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The trial court is "the sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence, and the trial court's finding will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion." Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d 642, 646 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). The abuse of discretion standard means that a reviewing court will uphold a trial court's decision if that decision is within "the zone of reasonable disagreement." Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 153 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

In a hearing on a motion to suppress a defendant's statement, the trial court . . . is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Accordingly, the judge may believe or disbelieve all or any part of the witness's testimony, even if that testimony is not controverted. This is so because it is the trial court that observes first hand the demeanor and appearance of a witness, as opposed to an appellate court which can only read an impersonal record.  

State v. Ross, 32 S.W.2d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

In viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling, we note that the trial court found that (1) Appellant did not request an attorney, (2) Appellant was Mirandized both at the time of his initial stop and prior to giving his statement, and (3) Appellant signed and initialed the waiver of rights form. The trial court also found that, after Appellant gave his statement, he signed the statement and initialed each paragraph. The trial court further found the officers waited a sufficient time, three hours, between the initial stop when Appellant indicated he did not want to talk and when Appellant was subsequently questioned at the police station. The trial court also found that the police "scrupulously honored" Appellant's right to remain silent prior to resuming questioning of Appellant, pursuant to the five criteria enunciated in Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 103, 96 S. Ct. 321, 326, 46 L. Ed. 2d 313 (1975); see also Maestas, 987 S.W.2d at 62.

Applicable Law    

In Maestas, the defendant was arrested, advised of her Miranda rights, and stated she did not want to talk to the police. The next day, after additional investigation, the police again Mirandized her, and asked her additional questions. Maestas, 987 S.W.2d at 62. At that time, Maestas agreed to talk to the police, and, subsequently, gave her statement admitting her crime. Maestas never requested an attorney. The court of criminal appeals based its opinion on the United States Supreme Court's decision in Mosley, which held that a defendant's claim of his right not to give a statement does not constitute a "blanket prohibition against the taking of voluntary statements or a permanent immunity from further interrogation . . . ." Mosley, 423 U.S. at 103, 96 S. Ct. at 326. The Supreme Court focused on whether the defendant was notified of "his right of silence and assuring that the exercise of the right will be scrupulously honored." Id. (quoting Miranda, 384 U.S. at 479, 86 S. Ct. at 1632). The Supreme Court noted that

[t]he critical safeguard identified in the passage at issue is a person's "right to cut off questioning." Id. at 474, 86 S. Ct. at 1627. Through the exercise of his option to terminate questioning he can control the time at which questioning occurs, the subjects discussed, and the duration of the interrogation. The requirement that law enforcement authorities must respect a person's exercise of that option counteracts the coercive pressures of the custodial setting. We therefore conclude that the admissibility of statements obtained after the person in custody has decided to remain silent depends under Miranda on whether his "right to cut off questioning" was "scrupulously honored."

Mosley, 423 U.S. at 103-04, 96 S. Ct. at 326.

The court of criminal appeals noted five factors from Mosley which are to be considered in assessing whether a defendant's assertion of his right to silence was "scrupulously honored":

(1) whether the suspect was informed of his right to remain silent prior to the initial questioning; (2) whether the suspect was informed of his right to remain silent prior to the subsequent questioning; (3) the length of time between initial questioning and subsequent questioning; (4) whether the subsequent questioning focused on a different crime; and (5) whether police honored the suspect's initial invocation of the right to remain silent. Thus Mosley created an ad hoc test in which "courts must evaluate the facts of each case to determine if the resumption of police interrogation was consistent with scrupulous observance of the right to cut off questioning." United States v. Alvarado-Saldivar, 62 F.3d 697, 699 (5th Cir. 1995).

  Maestas, 987 S.W.2d at 62.  

Consistent with Maestas, we evaluate the facts in this case, in light of the five Mosley factors to determine whether police "scrupulously honored" Appellant's right to silence. Alvarado-Saldivar, 62 F.3d at 699; Maestas, 987 S.W.2d at 62. Upon stopping Appellant, officers informed him of his right to remain silent pursuant to Miranda. Officers immediately stopped any further questioning of Appellant at the scene of his arrest after, when he was asked about the location of the murder weapon, Appellant stated he did not want to talk about location of the weapon at that time. Later, at the police station, when another officer spoke with Appellant, the officer began by again advising Appellant of his Miranda rights. Thus, the police actions are consistent with a "scrupulous honoring" of Appellant's right to silent as outlined in first two Mosley factors.

The third Mosley factor is the length of time between the initial questioning and the subsequent questioning. The purpose of this third factor is to prevent police from abusing a defendant by repeated interrogation of the accused for the purpose of wearing down his resistance so as to "overcome free choice in producing a statement after the privilege has been invoked." Mosley, 423 U.S. at 101, 96 S. Ct. at 325; compare with United States v. Hernandez, 574 F.2d 1364, 1369 (5th Cir. 1978). In the present case, the police did not approach Appellant to question him again for approximately three hours after he had initially indicated he did not want to talk about the gun's location. The passage of time was longer than the two hours found sufficient in Mosley. Mosley, 423 U.S. at 105, 96 S. Ct. at 329; see also Kelly v. Lynaugh  , 862 F.2d 1126 (5th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 925, 109 S. Ct. 3263, 106 L. Ed. 2d 608 (1989); Maestas, 987 S.W.2d at 63. Thus, the passage of time was sufficient to obviate the influence of the previous police questioning, and was sufficient to allow Appellant an opportunity to consider whether to speak to the police. As such, the interval between the first and second police inquiries fully comports with the third Mosley factor.

The fourth Mosley factor is whether subsequent questioning of Appellant focused on a different crime than the one the initial interrogation involved. In the present case, the two instances of questioning Appellant involved the same offense. However, "this factor alone is not sufficient to find a violation of . . . Miranda rights under Mosley." Jackson v. Wyrick, 730 F.2d 1177, 1180 (8th Cir. 1984). Therefore, although the fourth Mosley factor was not met, that is nonetheless insufficient alone to violate a finding of a "scrupulous honoring" of Appellant's rights.

The fifth Mosley factor is whether the police honored Appellant's initial invocation of his right to silence. After Appellant was arrested and told police that he did not want to talk about the gun, the police immediately terminated their questioning of him. Thus, the fifth factor weighs in favor of the finding that the police "scrupulously honored" Appellant's right to remain silent.

Taken together, we hold that the facts support the trial court's finding that the police "scrupulously honored" Appellant's right to silence. ⁽²⁾ The trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant's motion to suppress, as the court's findings are supported by the testimony of the officers. See Wood v. State, 18 S.W.3d at 646. We overrule Appellant's second issue.

Omission of Manslaughter Charge

Appellant contends, in his third issue, that the trial court erred in failing to include a charge of the lesser included offense of manslaughter in the jury charge. Appellant specifically requested that a charge of manslaughter be included in the charge.

Applicable Law  

A person commits the offense of murder, as it applies in the present case, if he "intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.02(b)(1) (Vernon 2003). A person commits the offense of manslaughter if he "recklessly causes the death of an individual." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 19.04(a) (Vernon 2003).

Manslaughter can be a lesser included offense to a charge of murder under section 37.09, subsections (1) and (3) of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure because it "is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged" and "differs from the offense charged only in respect that a less culpable mental state suffices to establish its commission." Lawson v. State, 64 S.W.3d 396, 397 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Tex. Crim. Proc. Code Ann. § 37.09(1),(3) (Vernon 1981). However, if the lesser mental state required for a potential lesser included offense is not established by the evidence during the trial for the charged offense, a jury charge on the lesser included offense will not be included in the jury charge. Mathis v. State, 67 S.W.3d 918, 926 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Sanford v. State, 634 S.W.2d 850, 852 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982); Graham v. State, 950 S.W.2d 724, 730 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1997), pet. dism'd per curiam, 991 S.W.2d 802 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

Whether a lesser included offense instruction must be given is determined by a two-step analysis. See Aguilar v. State, 682 S.W.2d 556 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985); Royster v. State, 622 S.W.2d 442 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981). The Aguilar-Royster   analysis first requires

that the lesser included offense is included within the proof necessary to establish the offense charged and second, there must be some evidence in the record that if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser offense. The "guilty only" rule of law has been interpreted by this Court to mean that if the evidence only raises the issue that the accused is guilty of the greater offense, or not guilty at all, an instruction on a lesser included offense need not be given. On the other hand, if the evidence raises the issue that, if guilty, the defendant is only guilty of the lesser offense, the instruction should be given.  

Tompkins v. State, 774 S.W.2d 195, 210 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987). A trial court, in applying the two-pronged test, "should make a determination as to whether the evidence of the lesser offense would be sufficient for a jury rationally to find that the defendant is guilty only of that offense, and not the greater offense." Rousseau v. State, 855 S.W.2d 666, 672-73 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). Therefore, a defendant is entitled to a charge on the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter "if there is some evidence that would permit a jury rationally to find that appellant recklessly caused the death of the deceased, but not intentionally." Adanandus v. State, 866 S.W.2d 210, 232 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).

Application  

Appellant testified on direct examination that, when Holder broke the driver's side window and reached in towards him, he leaned over towards his pistol on the passenger side of the floor of his car, "grabbed the gun, and I just started firing toward the window." On cross-examination, he agreed that he "intentionally and knowingly pulled the trigger on [his] gun to shoot. . ." Holder. Appellant also said that he "just pointed the gun in [Holder's] direction and started shooting."

Appellant's drinking companions testified that, after calling Carrie on her mobile phone and hearing her scream, Appellant grabbed his gun and ran out of the house saying he was going to kill Holder.

There was no evidence in the record from which a rational jury could infer Appellant's shooting Holder was merely reckless and not intentional. Indeed, Appellant's testimony was that he did intentionally shoot Holder. Therefore, the trial court did not err in denying the requested manslaughter charge. Appellant's third issue is overruled.

Inclusion of Charge on Unlawfully Carrying a Weapon

In his fourth issue, Appellant contends the trial court committed reversible error in charging the jury that, as a matter of law, Appellant was committing the offense of unlawfully carrying a weapon at the time of the shooting.

The transcript of the hearing on the jury charge is not clear whether Appellant lodged and maintained an objection to the portion of the charge related to unlawfully carrying a weapon. Initially, Appellant objected to the subsequent paragraph ⁽³⁾ in the jury charge which regarded seeking an explanation from another. The trial court agreed to remove that subsequent paragraph. After the State asked for clarification of what specifically was to be excluded, Appellant then suggested that the paragraph as to unlawfully carrying a weapon also be deleted because he believed it relevant only in the context of the paragraph regarding seeking an explanation, which the court had agreed to delete. When the court disagreed and said it would leave in both paragraphs, Appellant responded that he would withdraw his objection. The court then stated it was overruling Appellant's "total objection" and kept the two paragraphs in the charge.

As it is unclear whether Appellant's objection was withdrawn, or if it was directed at the now-complained-of unlawfully carrying a weapon paragraph, in the interest of justice, we shall give Appellant the benefit of the discussion and examine whether inclusion of the instruction was error.

On appeal, Appellant further argues in this issue that, because of the "Texas frontier heritage," there are numerous statutory and common law exceptions ⁽⁴⁾ to the prohibition to carrying a weapon without a permit, such as traveling. Finally, Appellant argues that the charge "apparently reflected the trial court's conclusion that Appellant was unlawfully carrying a weapon at the time of the shooting." Appellant then argues on appeal that there was no limiting instruction as to the offense of unlawfully carrying a weapon.

Appellant's defense to the charge of murder was that he went to the scene to rescue Carrie from being sexually assaulted by Holder. When he arrived, he shot Holder because Holder broke the side window of Appellant's car and was reaching for Appellant. Holder did not sexually assault Carrie; indeed, they were calmly talking when Appellant arrived. Appellant stated that he believed Holder was going to "strangle me or kill me somehow" when Holder broke Appellant's window and grabbed for him. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 9.32(a)(3)(A) (Vernon 2003).

Section 9.31 of the Penal Code establishes the parameters of self-defense, and states that

"(b) The use of force against another is not justified:

. . . .

"(5) if the actor sought an explanation from or discussion with the other person concerning the actor's differences with the other person while the actor was:

"(A) carrying a weapon in violation of Section 46.02 . . ."

Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 9.31(b)(5)(A) (Vernon 2003).  

Section 46.02(a) of the Penal Code provides that a person commits an offense if he carries "on or about his person" a handgun. Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 46.02(a) (Vernon 2003). Significantly, Appellant testified that he did not possess a concealed handgun license, pursuant to Subchapter H, Chapter 411 of the Government Code.

The testimony regarding the shooting centered around Appellant's possession and use of a firearm, and was admitted without objection. Further, the defensive theory of the case was self-defense, about which the issues of justification of the use of force and the use of a weapon are relevant. The issues being relevant and raised by the testimony, we hold that the trial court did not commit reversible error in including these issues in the jury charge.

Appellant further contends in this same issue that no limiting instruction was given as to the offense of unlawfully carrying a weapon. At trial, Appellant did not request an extraneous offense limiting instruction as to the reference to unlawfully carrying a weapon. Tex. R. Evid. 105(a). Failure to request a limiting instruction in the jury charge on an extraneous offense, or to object to its omission from the jury charge waives the error on appeal. Williams v. State, 508 S.W.2d 83, 84 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). Further, failure to include a limiting instruction on an extraneous offense is not fundamental error. Id. Appellant's fourth issue is overruled.

Conclusion  

Having overruled Appellant's four issues, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

SAM GRIFFITH

Justice

Opinion delivered May 30, 2003.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., and Griffith, J.  

(DO NOT PUBLISH)

1.

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

2.

As the court wrote in Mosley,

[t]his is not a case, therefore, where the police failed to honor a decision of a person in custody to cut off questioning, either by refusing to discontinue the interrogation upon request or by persisting in repeated efforts to wear down his resistance and make him change his mind. In contrast to such practices, the police here immediately ceased the interrogation, [and ]resumed questioning only after the passage of a significant period of time and the provision of a fresh set of warnings . . . .

Mosley, 423 U.S. at 105-06, 96 S. Ct. at 327.

3.

The two paragraphs in question are as follows:

Our law provides that it is unlawful for a person to intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly carry a handgun on or about his person.

While a defendant has the right to seek an explanation from or discussion with another concerning a difference with the other person, the use of force against another is not justified if the defendant sought an explanation from or discussion with another concerning a difference with the other person while the defendant was unlawfully carrying a handgun.

4.

Appellant did not raise this argument at trial; therefore, because it is different from the objection raised at trial, it is waived. Harris v. State, 784 S.W.2d 5, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989).