Joe Ibarra v. State ( 2006 )

NUMBER 13-05-290-CR

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

JOE IBARRA, Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.

On appeal from the 197th District Court of Cameron County, Texas. MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Hinojosa, Yañez, and Garza Memorandum Opinion by Justice Yañez

By two issues, appellant Joe Ibarra challenges his conviction for aggravated assault ⁽¹⁾ after a jury found him guilty, and the trial court assessed punishment at fifteen years' confinement. Specifically, appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence that he used or exhibited a deadly weapon. In a sub-issue, appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient because the State was required to show that the grand jury used due diligence in attempting to determine the identity of the deadly weapon. We affirm.

Applicable Law

The penal code provides in pertinent part:

§ 22.02 Aggravated Assault

(a) A person commits an offense if the person commits assault as defined in § 22.01 and the person:

(1) causes serious bodily injury ⁽²⁾ to another, including the person's spouse; or

(2) uses or exhibits a deadly weapon ⁽³⁾ during the commission of the assault. ⁽⁴⁾  

A jury may consider all of the facts in determining whether a weapon is deadly, including the intended use of the weapon, the size and shape of the weapon, the testimony of the victim, the severity of the wounds inflicted, and the victim's fear of serious bodily injury or death. ⁽⁵⁾ A jury may affirmatively find that a deadly weapon was used even if the object was not identified. ⁽⁶⁾ The presence and severity of wounds on the injured party are factors to be considered in determining whether an object was used as a deadly weapon. ⁽⁷⁾

Legal and Factual Sufficiency

Claims of legal insufficiency of evidence are reviewed by examining the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determining whether any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. ⁽⁸⁾ We measure the legal sufficiency of the evidence against the elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. ⁽⁹⁾ "Such a charge would be one that accurately sets out the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State's burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict the State's theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was tried." ⁽¹⁰⁾  

The jury, as the trier of fact, may use common sense and apply common knowledge, observation, and experience gained in ordinary affairs when giving effect to the inferences that may be reasonably drawn from the evidence. ⁽¹¹⁾ As fact finder, the jury is the exclusive judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be afforded their testimony. ⁽¹²⁾ The jury is free to accept one version of the facts, reject another, or reject all or any of a witness's testimony. ⁽¹³⁾  

In a factual sufficiency review, we view all of the evidence in a neutral light, and we will set the verdict aside only if the evidence is so weak that the verdict is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust, or the contrary evidence is so strong that the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt could not have been met. ⁽¹⁴⁾ We are not bound to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and may consider the testimony of all the witnesses. ⁽¹⁵⁾ Disagreeing with the fact finder's determination is appropriate only when the record clearly indicates that such a step is necessary to arrest the occurrence of a manifest injustice; otherwise, due deference must be accorded the fact finder's determinations, particularly those concerning the weight and credibility of the evidence. ⁽¹⁶⁾ A proper factual sufficiency review must consider the most important evidence that the appellant claims undermines the jury's verdict. ⁽¹⁷⁾

Analysis

By his sub-issue, appellant contends the evidence is legally and factually insufficient because the State was required to show that the grand jury used due diligence in attempting to determine the identity of the deadly weapon. In support of his argument, appellant cites Cunningham v. State, 484 S.W.2d 906, 911 (Tex. Crim. App. 1972).

The court of criminal appeals, however, has expressly disavowed the "due diligence" rule cited by appellant. ⁽¹⁸⁾ A non-essential element of the charge, such as an allegation that the object used to cause injury was unknown to the grand jury, may properly be excluded from a hypothetically correct jury charge. ⁽¹⁹⁾ So long as the essential elements of the crime charged have to be found by the jury in order for a guilty verdict to be returned, the State does not have to additionally and separately prove the good faith and due diligence of the grand jury in determining non-essential elements of the charge, such as what kind of weapon was used. ⁽²⁰⁾ We overrule appellant's sub-issue.

Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence that he used or exhibited a deadly weapon. ⁽²¹⁾

Humberto Gomez testified that he was working at a Circle K around 2:00 a.m. when he saw the victim, Juan Jose Martinez, approach the store, holding his arm and bleeding profusely. Gomez called 911. Martinez told Gomez he had been cut. Gomez testified that Martinez was pale and "went into shock" when he was taken away by the ambulance; Gomez thought Martinez was going to die. Based on the severity of the wounds, Gomez testified the weapon must have been a knife.

Martinez also testified at trial. He testified that appellant attacked him in the alley and stabbed him three times on the arm and twice on his leg. Martinez testified he was in a lot of pain and thought he was going to die. At trial, Martinez showed the jury several of the scars from his wounds. The jury also saw photographs of Martinez's wounds and the pools of blood at the Circle K.

Ramon Ortiz, a Brownsville police officer, testified that when he arrived at the Circle K, Martinez was bleeding heavily and appeared to be in a lot of pain. Detective Cris Ortiz, also a Brownsville police officer, testified that Martinez was "cut with something," and that the wounds were "laceration-type cuts."

After reviewing the record in a light most favorable to the verdict, we hold that the evidence was legally sufficient to support the deadly weapon element of the offense. Likewise, viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we hold that the evidence was factually sufficient to support the deadly weapon element of the offense. We conclude that proof of the deadly weapon element is not so obviously weak as to undermine confidence in the jury's determination, nor is it greatly outweighed by contrary proof. ⁽²²⁾ We overrule appellant's two issues.

The judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

LINDA REYNA YAÑEZ,

Justice

Do not publish. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).

Memorandum Opinion delivered and filed

this the 31st day of August, 2006.

1. See Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.02(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2006).

2. "'Serious bodily injury' means bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death . . . or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 1.07(46) (Vernon Supp. 2006).

3. "'Deadly weapon' means: . . . anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury." Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 1.07(a)(17)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2006).

4.

Tex. Pen. Code Ann. § 22.02 (Vernon Supp. 2006).

5.

Hicks v. State, 837 S.W.2d 686, 690 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no pet).

6.

Gordon v. State, 173 S.W.3d 870, 873 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) (citing Regan v. State, 7 S.W.3d 813, 819-20 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref'd)).

7.

Id.

8. Escamilla v. State, 143 S.W.3d 814, 817 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)).

9. See Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Adi v. State, 94 S.W.3d 124, 131 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2002, pet. ref'd).

10.

Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 240.

11.

Booker v. State, 929 S.W.2d 57, 60 (Tex. App.-Beaumont 1996, pet. ref'd).

12.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.04 (Vernon 1981); Chambers v. State, 805 S.W.2d 459, 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

13.

Penagraph v. State, 623 S.W.2d 341, 343 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981).

14.

Escamilla, 143 S.W.3d at 817 (citing Zuniga v. State, 144 S.W.3d 477, 484-85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004)).

15.

Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 10-12 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

16. Id.

17. Sims v. State, 90 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003).

18. See Gollihar v. State, 46 S.W.3d 243, 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Fagan v. State, 89 S.W.3d 245, 249 (Tex. App.-Texarkana 2002, pet. ref'd) ("The rule requiring the state to show that the grand jury exercised due diligence in determining the instrumentality of the offense is no longer relevant to our analysis.").

19.

In re A.J.G., 131 S.W.3d 687, 694 (Tex. App.-Corpus Christi 2004, pet. denied); see Malik, 953 S.W.2d at 239-40.

20.

In re A.J.G., 131 S.W.3d at 694.

21.

We note that in the "Issues Presented" section of his brief, appellant purportedly challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence that he used a deadly weapon. However, in the "Arguments" section, he wholly fails to identify how the evidence is legally or factually insufficient. Apart from his argument that the evidence is insufficient because the State failed to show due diligence, appellant provides no argument in support of his legal and factual sufficiency challenges. Out of an abundance of caution, however, we have elected to review appellant's legal and factual sufficiency issues.

22. See Escamilla, 143 S.W.3d at 817.