Aurelio Gomez v. State ( 2009 )

NUMBER 13-08-00132-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
AURELIO GOMEZ, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 94th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Garza and Vela
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Garza
A Nueces County jury convicted appellant, Aurelio Gomez, of evading arrest or
detention using a vehicle, a state jail felony. See TEX . PENAL CODE ANN . § 38.04(a), (b)(1)
(Vernon 2003). The trial court sentenced Gomez to two years’ detention in a state jail
facility, with the sentence probated for a period of two years, and a $500 fine. Gomez
appeals, contending that: (1) the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support
his conviction; and (2) the trial court erred by excluding the testimony of two defense
witnesses. We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
A. State’s Evidence
Corpus Christi Police Department officer Kurt Russell testified that on the evening
of June 12, 2005, he was patrolling in a marked police vehicle on Westgate Road in
Corpus Christi, Texas. At approximately midnight, he observed Gomez drive his truck past
him on the wrong side of the road, nearly striking his vehicle. Officer Russell performed
a U-turn and attempted to catch up with Gomez’s truck, turning left onto Up River Road
and then right onto Nueces Bay Boulevard. Officer Russell caught up to within five to six
car lengths of Gomez’s truck after he turned right onto Nueces Bay Boulevard; his unit’s
emergency lights and siren were then activated. There was no other traffic in between the
two vehicles. Officer Russell estimated that Gomez was proceeding at fifty to sixty miles
per hour down Nueces Bay Boulevard, where the speed limit is 35 miles per hour.
According to Officer Russell, Gomez then ran a red light and turned left onto Buddy
Lawrence Drive, when his truck then crashed into a parked vehicle. Gomez was arrested
at the scene and taken to the hospital.
Officer Pedro Trujillo of the Corpus Christi Police Department accompanied Officer
Russell on patrol that night. Officer Trujillo testified that he observed Gomez’s vehicle
cross over into their lane on Westgate Road, after which Officer Russell turned the police
vehicle around to pursue Gomez. Officer Trujillo estimated Gomez’s speed at between
forty or fifty miles per hour by the time Gomez had turned onto Up River Road, and that he
“began to speed” only “after we had to veer off to the right and U-turn.” According to
Officer Trujillo, the officers caught up with Gomez near the intersection of Nueces Bay
Boulevard and Up River Road, at which point Officer Russell activated the emergency
lights and siren. Officer Trujillo stated that Gomez then ran a red light and turned left onto
Buddy Lawrence Drive, where he crashed into a parked vehicle. Officer Trujillo stated that
Gomez was able to communicate clearly with him after the crash, and that Gomez did not
appear to be disoriented or confused.
When Gomez’s counsel asked Officer Trujillo “[w]hy wouldn’t the [emergency] lights
have been initiated when you made the U-turn,” he responded: “Because we’re trying to
catch up to him. I don’t think he would have seen us. We’re trying to get close enough to
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activate the lights so he could pull over and know we were behind him.”
B. Gomez’s Evidence
Pablo Benavides, who was riding as a passenger in Gomez’s truck, testified that he
did not hear or observe any police car behind Gomez’s truck until after the crash. When
defense counsel asked if Gomez appeared to be suffering from “some kind of medical
problem” when he was driving down Nueces Bay Boulevard, Benavides responded:
Yes, sir. . . . I observed him [Gomez] grabbing his chest. He was like
panting, breathing hard, and—and I—that’s when I—I didn’t want to panic but
in a way I did panic. I was just trying to observe him and said, “Hey, let’s pull
over, let’s take care of you, let’s see what’s going on. Let me drive you to the
hospital,” or, you know, and he—he wasn’t—he wasn’t really paying attention
to me that much because he was just—he wasn’t observant. . . . [H]e was
like in some sort of shock. He wasn’t—he was delirious. That’s another
word for it.
Gomez also testified that he was not aware of the police unit behind his vehicle until
after he crashed into the parked vehicle. According to Gomez, at the time in question, his
truck’s tinted windows were rolled up and the radio and air conditioning were turned on.
Gomez testified that he did not hear any sirens or observe any police lights as he drove
down Nueces Bay Boulevard. Gomez then stated:
[O]nce we were out of the red light [at the intersection of Nueces Bay
Boulevard and Buddy Lawrence Drive] I wasn’t feeling well. I was
hyperventilating, I was grabbing my chest and Mr. Benavides kept on asking
me . . . if I was doing okay, I was doing okay, and he said “Pull over and I’ll
take over, I’ll take you,” you know, “I’ll take you, you’re not feeling well,” and
I told him that the light was red. And as soon as—as I was looking down
he—he was looking up, he told me “The light is green, go ahead and go.” As
soon as I turned to the left on Buddy Lawrence, I tried to pull over and—and
instead of hitting the brake I hit the accelerator.
Gomez further explained to the jury:
I have a condition of the heart that if I continue with the anxiety or stress I will
start breathing, hyperventilating. Pain—pain starts going into my heart,
blood—the blood that flows into my heart starts slowing down. My
temperature starts racing.
At that time, I—I start breathing, trying to catch my breath, my eyes
become dizzyness [sic]. I start getting headaches and I start to lose
consciousness.
Gomez testified that he has been treated on several occasions for this condition and that
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he has a clinically diagnosed heart problem, but that he did not know the name of the
medical condition.
Defense counsel then called Rowland Andrade1 as a witness. Outside the presence
of the jury, Andrade testified that Gomez performed yard work for Andrade in February
2007 and that Gomez “passed out” while doing that work, compelling Andrade to perform
CPR on Gomez. Andrade stated that he did not know what caused Gomez to pass out
that day, nor did he know if Gomez suffered from any medical condition. The State’s
attorney, noting that the rule on exclusion of witnesses had been invoked, objected to
Andrade testifying before the jury because Andrade had previously been present in the
courtroom during Gomez’s testimony. See TEX . R. EVID . 614. The trial court sustained the
State’s objection.
Subsequently, defense counsel called to the witness stand Alberto Benitez, a former
United States Border Patrol agent and former “police systems and practices” instructor at
Del Mar College. Benitez testified outside the presence of the jury that it is “standard
operating procedure” for police officers to keep audio recordings for chases or pursuits and
that the lack of such evidence in this case “lends itself to not allowing integrity to the case”
and “would create serious doubt.” The State’s attorney objected to the testimony. The trial
court sustained the objection, noting that defense counsel did not ask Officers Russell or
Trujillo about whether there were any audio or video recordings available of the events in
question and that Benitez is “not an expert on what the policy is with the Corpus Christi
Police Department.”2 The trial court offered defense counsel the opportunity to recall one
or both of the officers to testify as to the particular procedures employed by the Corpus
Christi Police Department; specifically, whether audio or video recordings were made of
1
Gom ez’s brief refers to this individual as “Andrade Rowland,” whereas the state’s brief, and the trial
court record, refers to him as “Rowland Andrade.” For ease of reference, we will refer to him sim ply as
“Andrade.”
2
Benitez was perm itted to testify before the jury as to Gom ez’s character. Specifically, Benitez
testified that Gom ez was a student of his at Del Mar College and that Gom ez “has a reputation for being a law-
abiding . . . citizen” and “has the utm ost respect for law enforcem ent.”
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the incident. After consulting with Gomez, defense counsel informed the trial court that he
did not intend to recall the officers.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
By his first issue, Gomez contends that the evidence adduced at trial was legally
and factually insufficient to support his conviction.
1. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In conducting a legal sufficiency review, we consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Sanders v. State, 119 S.W.3d
818, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). “This standard is meant to give ‘full play to the [jury’s]
responsibility fairly’ to ‘draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts.’” Id.
(quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318 (1979)). We are not required to determine
whether we believe that the evidence at trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt;
rather, when faced with conflicting evidence, we must presume that the trier of fact
resolved any such conflict in favor of the prosecution, and we must defer to that resolution.
State v. Turro, 867 S.W.2d 43, 47 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993).
In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we consider the evidence in a neutral
light. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414-15 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The verdict is to
be set aside only if: (1) it is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to
be clearly wrong and manifestly unjust; or (2) it is against the great weight and
preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 415 (citing Johnson v. State, 23 S.W.3d 1, 10 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2000)). To reverse a verdict for factually insufficient evidence, we must “explain
in exactly what way the State’s evidence, while legally sufficient, is nevertheless too weak
to withstand scrutiny, or in exactly what way we perceive the conflicting evidence greatly
to preponderate against conviction.” Id. at 414.
Both legal and factual sufficiency are measured by the elements of the offense as
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defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1997); Adi v. State, 94 S.W.3d 124, 131 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2002, pet.
ref’d). Under a hypothetically correct jury charge, Gomez committed the charged offense
if he (1) intentionally fled from a person he knew was a peace officer attempting lawfully
to arrest or detain him, and (2) used a vehicle while he was in flight. See TEX . PENAL CODE
ANN . § 38.04(a), (b)(1). A person acts intentionally with respect to a result of his conduct
when it is his conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result.
Id. § 6.03(a) (Vernon 2003).
2. Analysis
Gomez argues specifically that there was insufficient evidence adduced for the jury
to have concluded that he knew a police officer was lawfully attempting to detain him. See
id. § 38.04(a). We disagree.
Officers Russell and Trujillo testified that they observed Gomez driving on the wrong
side of the road, causing the officers to perform an evasive maneuver in order to avoid a
collision. Both officers testified that, as they were in pursuit with their siren and emergency
lights activated, Gomez was driving at a high rate of speed and eventually ran a red light
at Buddy Lawrence Drive and crashed into a parked vehicle. Officer Trujillo testified that
Gomez only started speeding “after we had to veer off to the right and U-turn.” From this
testimony, the jury could have made a reasonable inference that Gomez knew that the
officers were lawfully attempting to detain him. See Mayfield v. State, 219 S.W.3d 538,
540-41 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2007, no pet.) (finding legally sufficient evidence to support
conviction where officer was in a marked squad car with emergency lights flashing and
siren sounding, and appellant did not stop for an extended period of time); Rogers v. State,
832 S.W.2d 442, 444 (Tex. App.–Austin 1992, no pet.) (finding legally sufficient evidence
despite no direct evidence showing that appellant had knowledge that police officer was
attempting to detain him); see also Saenz v. State, 976 S.W.2d 314, 322 (Tex.
App.–Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.) (“Jurors are expected to draw upon their own
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experiences and common knowledge and apply them to the facts at hand.”). Gomez
testified that he was not aware of the police pursuit until after he crashed his truck;
however, we must defer to the jury’s resolution of this apparent conflict in the evidence.
See Turro, 867 S.W.2d at 47.
We conclude, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, that a
rational jury could have found beyond a reasonable doubt the essential elements of the
evading arrest or detention using a vehicle. See Sanders, 119 S.W.3d at 820.
Accordingly, the evidence was legally sufficient to support Gomez’s conviction. Moreover,
viewing the evidence in a neutral light, we conclude that the jury’s verdict is not clearly
wrong, manifestly unjust, or against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
See Watson, 204 S.W.3d at 414-15. Accordingly, the evidence was factually sufficient to
support Gomez’s conviction. His first issue is overruled.
B. Excluded Testimony
By his second issue, Gomez contends that the trial court erred in sustaining the
State’s objections to the testimony of two defense witnesses, Andrade and Benitez. We
disagree.3
1. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence under an abuse of
discretion standard, and we will not reverse that decision absent a clear abuse of
discretion. McCarty v. State, 257 S.W.3d 238, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Zuliani v. State,
97 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). The trial court abuses its discretion when its
decision lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. McCarty, 257 S.W.3d at 239;
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On appeal, the State argues that Gom ez’s second issue is “m utifarious in that i[t] raises wholly
separate com plaints concerning the exclusion of different testim ony from two witnesses based on com pletely
different reasons.” W hile a m ultifarious point presents nothing for review, see Taylor v. State, 190 S.W .3d
758, 764 (Tex. App.–Corpus Christi 2006), rev’d on other grounds, 233 S.W .3d 356 (Tex. Crim . App. 2007),
we m ay elect to consider such issues if we are able to determ ine, with reasonable certainty, the alleged error
about which the com plaint is m ade. Stults v. State, 23 S.W .3d 198, 205 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2000,
pet. ref’d). Because the alleged errors to which Gom ez objects are clear, we elect to address his second
issue.
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Cantu v. State, 842 S.W.2d 667, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992)
2. Andrade
Texas Rule of Evidence 614 provides generally that “[a]t the request of a party the
court shall order witnesses excluded so that they cannot hear the testimony of other
witnesses, and it may make the order of its own motion.” TEX . R. EVID . 614. “The Rule,”
as it is known, is designed to prevent witnesses from altering their testimony, consciously
or not, based on other witnesses’ testimony. Routier v. State, 112 S.W.3d 554, 590 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003); Webb v. State, 766 S.W.2d 236, 239 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). Although
there are exceptions to the Rule,4 Gomez does not contend that any of them apply to
Andrade.
When a witness violates the Rule and his testimony is excluded, we must ask:
(1) . . . were there particular circumstances, other than the mere fact of the
violation, which would tend to show the defendant or his counsel consented,
procured or otherwise had knowledge of the witness’s presence in the
courtroom, together with knowledge of the content of that witness’s
testimony; and (2) if no particular circumstances existed to justify
disqualification, was the excluded testimony crucial to the defense.
Routier, 112 S.W.3d at 590 (citing Webb, 766 S.W.2d at 245). For a defendant to prevail,
he must satisfy both prongs and show that the evidence “was ‘extraordinary’ in the sense
that it was crucial to his defense.” Webb, 766 S.W.2d at 245.
Without considering the first prong of this test, we note that Gomez has not satisfied
the second prong, and therefore, his challenge fails. Andrade’s proferred testimony was
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The Rule does not apply to:
(1) a party who is a natural person or in civil cases the spouse of such natural person;
(2) an officer or em ployee of a party in a civil case or a defendant in a crim inal case that is
not a natural person designated as its representative by its attorney;
(3) a person whose presence is shown by a party to be essential to the presentation of the
party’s cause; or
(4) the victim in a crim inal case, unless the victim is to testify and the court determ ines that
the victim ’s testim ony would be m aterially affected if the victim hears other testim ony at the
trial.
T EX . R. E VID . 614.
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that Gomez had passed out for an unknown reason while performing yard work over 18
months after the alleged offense occurred. Gomez contends that this testimony would
have bolstered his claim that he suffered from a debilitating attack at the time of the alleged
offense which prevented him from being aware that he was being pursued by police.
However, defense counsel stated to the trial court that Andrade’s “testimony is . . . of minor
nature.” We conclude that, even if Andrade’s testimony was relevant to an issue before
the jury, it was not “extraordinary” so as to be “crucial to [Gomez’s] defense.” See id.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by sustaining the State’s objection
to Andrade testifying before the jury. See McCarty, 257 S.W.3d at 239.
3. Benitez
The State argues that Gomez failed to preserve any error the trial court may have
committed by sustaining the State’s objection to Benitez’s testimony, noting that defense
counsel declined an opportunity to recall Officers Russell and Trujillo to testify as to
whether audio or video recordings were made of the incident in question. See TEX . R. APP.
P. 33.1. However, even if defense counsel had accepted the trial court’s invitation to recall
the officers, there is no indication that the trial court would have then permitted Benitez to
give his proferred testimony regarding the “standard operating procedure” of law
enforcement with regard to recordings made during police pursuits. We find, therefore,
that Gomez has preserved this issue for appeal.
Nevertheless, the issue is meritless because Benitez’s proferred testimony was
irrelevant. Evidence is relevant only if it has a tendency to make the existence of any fact
that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable
than it would be without the evidence. TEX . R. EVID . 401. Evidence which is not relevant
is inadmissible. TEX . R. EVID . 402. Benitez did not have personal knowledge as to the
standard procedures of the Corpus Christi Police Department regarding recordings of
police pursuits. See TEX . R. EVID . 602 (“A witness may not testify to a matter unless
evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal
9
knowledge of the matter.”).
Evidence that Officers Russell and Trujillo deviated from standard procedure in
making their pursuit—or evidence that audio or video recordings were made but not
provided to defense counsel—might arguably have been relevant to the credibility of the
officers’ testimony. However, Benitez’s proferred testimony that it is “standard operating
procedure” for law enforcement agencies in general to routinely make video and audio
recordings of police pursuits is not germane. This testimony may be relevant to the
question of whether the equipment and procedures of the Corpus Christi Police
Department need to be reviewed, but it does not tend to make the existence of any fact of
consequence in this case more or less probable. See TEX . R. EVID . 401. Accordingly, we
conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in sustaining the State’s objection
to Benitez’s testimony. See McCarty, 257 S.W.3d at 239. Gomez’s second issue is
overruled.
III. CONCLUSION
Having overruled Gomez’s two issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
DORI CONTRERAS GARZA,
Justice
Do not publish.
TEX . R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Memorandum Opinion delivered and
filed this the 5th day of March, 2009.
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