Winnie Howard v. Stephen Howard ( 2015 )

ACCEPTED
01-14-00761-CV
FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
HOUSTON, TEXAS
2/12/2015 7:18:11 PM
CHRISTOPHER PRINE
CLERK
NO. 01-14-00761-CV
FILED IN
1st COURT OF APPEALS
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS HOUSTON, TEXAS
FOR THE FIRST DISTRICT OF TEXAS
2/12/2015 7:18:11 PM
CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
Clerk
WINNIE JEWEL HOWARD
Appellant,
v.
STEPHEN HENRY HOWARD
Appellee.
On Appeal from Cause No. 2011-39444
in the 311th Judicial District Court of
Harris County, Texas
APPELLEE’S REPLY BRIEF
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 1 of 61
NO. 01-14-00761-CV
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIRST DISTRICT OF TEXAS
WINNIE JEWEL HOWARD
Appellant,
v.
STEPHEN HENRY HOWARD
Appellee.
On Appeal from Cause No. 2011-39444
in the 311th Judicial District Court of
Harris County, Texas
APPELLEE’S REPLY BRIEF
TO THE HONORABLE JUDGES OF THE COURT OF APPEALS:
Appellee, STEPHEN HENRY HOWARD, files this Appellee’s Reply
Brief.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 2 of 61
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL
(pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(a))
The following is a complete list of all parties to the trial court’s
appealable order as well as the names and addresses of all trial and appellate
counsel.
Appellants: Winnie Jewel Howard
Trial and Appellate Ronique Bastine Robinson
Counsel: Bastine and Associates
State Bar No. 01895365
12603 Southwest Freeway, Suite 571
Stafford, Texas 77477
Telephone: (281) 240-7979
Telecopier: (281) 652-5921
Email:roniquebastine@entouch.net
Appellee: Stephen Henry Howard
Trial and Appellate R. Scott Poerschke, Jr.
Counsel: The Ogg Law Firm, PLLC
State Bar No. 24067822
3215 Mercer, Suite 100
Houston, Texas 77077
Telephone: (713) 974-1600
Telecopier: (713) 621-2106
Email: scott@ogglawfirm.com
trial court : Judge Denise V. Pratt (now Judge Alicia K.
Franklin)
311th Judicial District Court of Harris County,
Texas
Harris County Civil Courthouse
201 Caroline, 8th Floor
Houston, Texas 77002
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 3 of 61
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(b))
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL ....................................................... 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... 4
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................ 6
STATEMENT OF THE CASE .......................................................................... 10
1. NATURE OF THE CASE ............................................................ 10
2. COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS .................................................... 10
3. TRIAL COURT ’S DISPOSITION ............................................... 11
STATEMENT ON ORAL ARGUMENT ........................................................... 14
STATEMENT OF FACTS ................................................................................. 16
1. MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE ...................................................... 16
2. STEPHEN HENRY HOWARD’S EMPLOYMENT WITH
HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT......................................... 17
3. HPOPS PENSION BENEFITS ................................................... 18
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT .................................................................. 23
1. ISSUE 1 AND 2: THE NOVEMBER 28, 1988 “DECREE OF
DIVORCE” .................................................................................... 23
A. AMBIGUITY ............................................................................. 27
I. THE DECREE’S RECITALS ................................................... 34
II. THE PLAIN MEANING OF “VESTED” .............................. 40
III. “VESTED” MODIFIES “PENSION PLAN” ......................... 42
IV. “EXISTING BY REASON OF PETITIONER’S
EMPLOYMENT DURING THE MARRIAGE” ................... 44
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 4 of 61
B. INTERPRETATION ................................................................. 44
2. ISSUE 3 AND 4: APPELLANT COUNSEL’S LATE ARRIVAL
TO TRIAL .................................................................................... 50
3. ISSUE 5: DENIAL OF MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL ................. 54
4. ISSUE 6: FINDINGS OF FACT .................................................. 57
PRAYER ............................................................................................................. 59
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE ........................................................................... 60
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE .................................................................. 61
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 5 of 61
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
(pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(c))
Cases
2900 Smith, Ltd. v. Constellation NewEnergy, Inc., 301 S.W.3d 74 (Tex.App.-
Houston [14 Dist.] 2009) ................................................................................ 58
All Metals Fabricating, Inc. v. Ramer Concrete, Inc., 338 S.W.3d 557 (Tex.
App.—El Paso 2009, no pet.).......................................................................... 34
Allen v. Allen, 717 S.W.2d 311 (Tex.1986) ....................................................... 24
Beck v. Law Offices of Edwin J. (Ted) Terry, Jr., P.C., 284 S.W.3d 416 (Tex.
App.— .............................................................................................................. 46
Berry v. Berry, 647 S.W.2d 945 (Tex. 1983) .................................................... 47
Beshears v. Beshears, 423 S.W.3d 493 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, no pet.) .... 24,
36, 37
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. S. Plains Switching, Ltd., 174 S.W.3d
348 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.) ................................................... 35
Cameron v. Cameron, 641 S.W.2d 210 (Tex. 1982) ........................................ 35
Cearley v. Cearley, 544 S.W.2d 661 (1976) ................................................ 41, 42
Chavez v. Chavez, 148 S.W.3d 449 (Tex.App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.) .......... 45
Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391 (Tex. 1983) .................................. 27, 29, 36, 44
DeWitt County Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. Parks, 1 S.W.3d 96 (Tex. 1999). 28
Eggemeyer v. Eggemeyer, 554 S.W.2d 137 (Tex. 1977) ................................... 35
Epps v. Fowler, 351 S.W.3d 862 (Tex. 2011) .................................................... 40
Fidelity & Guar. Life Ins. Co. v. Pina, 165 S.W.3d 416 (Tex.App.-Corpus
Christi 2005, no pet.) ...................................................................................... 58
Fox v. Thoreson, 398 S.W.2d 88 (Tex. 1966) .................................................... 40
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 6 of 61
Gainous v. Gainous, 219 S.W.3d 97 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet.
denied) ....................................................................................................... 30, 33
General American Indemnity Co. v. Pepper, 339 S.W.2d 660 (Tex. 1960) ..... 40
Gibson v. Bentley, 605 S.W.2d 337 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.) ............................................................................... 27, 30
Gonzalez v. Razi, 338 S.W.3d 167 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet.
denied) ............................................................................................................. 45
Hill v. Hill, 971 S.W.2d 153 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1998, no pet.) ................... 46
Iliff v. Iliff, 339 S.W.3d 74 (Tex. 2011) .............................................................. 43
In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.)
......................................................................................................................... 45
In re C.P.Y., 364 S.W.3d 411 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) ..................... 29
In re Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, 290 S.W.3d 204 (Tex. 2009). ......... 54
In re Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Subsidiary, L.P., 290 S.W.3d 204
(Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding) ......................................................................... 54
In re Sigmar, 270 S.W.3d 289 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, orig. proceeding) ...... 45
In re United Scaffolding, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 685 (Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding)
......................................................................................................................... 54
Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Insurance Co., 980 S.W.2d 462 (Tex.
1998). ............................................................................................................... 24
Leighton v. Leighton, 921 S.W.2d 365 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996,
no writ) ............................................................................................................ 35
Lewis v. Jackson Energy Coop. Corp., 189 S.W.3d 87 (Ky. 2005) ................... 43
Lykes Bros. S. S. Co., Inc. v. Benben, 601 S.W.2d 418 (Tex.App. —Houston
[14 Dist.] 1980) ............................................................................................... 57
Lyons v. Montgomery, 701 S.W.2d 641 (Tex.1985) .......................................... 40
Malooly Bros., Inc. v. Napier, 461 S.W.2d 119 (Tex. 1970) ............................. 54
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 7 of 61
May v. Buck, 375 S.W.3d 568 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) .................... 28
McCoy v. Rogers, 240 S.W.3d 267 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet.
denied) ............................................................................................................. 24
MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Tex. Utils. Elec. Co., 995 S.W.2d 647 (Tex. 1999) . 30
Mescalero Energy, Inc. v. Underwriters Indem. Gen. Agency, Inc., 56 S.W.3d
313 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) ............................... 28
Murff v. Murff, 615 S.W.2d 696 (Tex. 1981) ..................................................... 54
Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517 (Tex. 1995) (per
curiam) ............................................................................................................ 28
Pearson v. Fillingim, 332 S.W.3d 361 (Tex. 2011) .......................................... 35
Shanks v. Treadway, 110 S.W.3d 444 (Tex. 2003). ...................................passim
Stavinoha v. Stavinoha, 126 S.W.3d 604 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist]
2004, no pet.)............................................................................................passim
Storrie v. Shaw, 96 Tex. 618, 75 S.W. 20 (1903) .............................................. 57
Taggart v. Taggart, 552 S.W.2d 422 (Tex. 1977) ....................................... 32, 47
Toler v. Sanders, 371 S.W.3d 477 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet)
......................................................................................................................... 29
Universal C. I. T. Credit Corp. v. Daniel, 150 Tex. 513, 243 S.W.2d 154 (1951)
......................................................................................................................... 27
Vickery v. Vickery, 999 S.W.2d 342 (Tex. 1999) .............................................. 35
White v. Wah, 789 S.W.2d 312 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no writ)
......................................................................................................................... 54
Wierzchula v. Wierzchula, 623S.W.2d 730 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
1981, no writ) .................................................................................................. 41
Wilson v. Wilson, 44 S.W.3d 597 (Tex. App.— Fort Worth 2001, no pet.)...... 55
Zeptner v. Zeptner, 111 S.W.3d 727 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.)
(op. on reh'g).................................................................................................... 55
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 8 of 61
Statutes
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 9.006(a) ........................................................................ 25
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 9.006(b). ....................................................................... 26
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 9.007(a)-(b)................................................................... 26
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 9.008............................................................................. 25
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 9.008(b). ....................................................................... 25
Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 9.002 ........................................................................... 25
TEX. FAM. CODE. ANN. § 9.101(a). ................................................................ 26
TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. art. 6243g-4, § 14(b) ..................................................... 20
Rules
Rule 10.1, Local Rules of the Harris County District Courts .......................... 53
Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(f) ........................................................................................ 56
Tex. R. Civ. P. 18 .......................................................................................... 57, 58
Tex. R. Civ. P. 320 .............................................................................................. 54
Treatises
Black’s Law Dictionary 1595 (8th ed. 2004) ..................................................... 41
Bryan A. Garner, Garner's Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 50 (3rd ed.
2011) ................................................................................................................ 29
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 9 of 61
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
(pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(d))
1. NATURE OF THE CASE
This is an appeal of a QDRO dividing pension benefits earned by Mr.
Howard through his employment with the Houston Police Department. The
pension benefits are administrated through the Houston Police Offices
Pension System (or often referred to as “HPOPS”). This is not a direct appeal
of the underlying “Decree of Divorce” (or Decree) signed by the trial court on
November 28, 1988. Because it is not a direct appeal, no party may contest
the underlying property division contained in the Decree, but the trial court
may find that the Decree is ambiguous and interpret it without changing the
property division.
2. COURSE OF PROCEEDINGS
The parties dispute the relevant sections in the Decree dividing Mr.
Howard’s pension plan with HPOPS. The relevant sections are provided for
the Court’s review in the outline of the facts below. Ms. Howard claims that
the benefits should be valued on the date of retirement. Mr. Howard claims
that the benefits should be valued on the date of divorce and to do otherwise,
as argued by Ms. Howard, would impermissibly deprive Mr. Howard of
property that was awarded to him as his separate property. Ms. Howard
claims that the Decree is ambiguous and requires interpretation. Mr.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 10 of 61
Howard counters that the Decree is unambiguous and does not require
interpretation, but if this Court should determine that the Decree is
ambiguous, the trial Court did not err in finding that the Decree should be
interpreted to award Ms. Howard the pension benefits in accordance with the
final judgment signed on February 28, 2014.
3. TRIAL COURT ’S DISPOSITION
On February 28, 2014, the trial court granted judgment for Stephen
Henry Howard and awarded Ms. Howard “50% of $20,765.00 or TEN
THOUSAND THREE HUNDRED EIGHT-TWO DOLLARS AND FIFTY-
CENTS ($10,382.50) of Stephen Henry Howard’s retirement/pension benefit
with HPOPS.” (1 C.R. at 24.) The trial court made the following findings in
the judgment:
1. On November 23, 1979, Stephen Henry Howard (“Member”)
and Winnie Jewel Howard (“Alternative Payee”) were married.
2. On May 31, 1980, Stephen Henry Howard began
employment with the Houston Police Department.
3. On November 28, 1988, this Court rendered a decree of
divorce dissolving the marriage between Stephen Henry Howard
and Winnie Jewel Howard. The November 28, 1988 “Decree of
Divorce” awarded Winnie Jewel Howard
[o]ne half of any and all sums related to any vested
profit sharing plan, retirement plan, pension plan,
employee stock option plan, employee savings plan or
accrued unpaid bonuses, or other benefit programs
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 11 of 61
[existing] by reason of Petitioner’s employment during
the marriage.
4. Since the November 28, 1988 “Decree of Divorce” is final, the
decretal language (as quoted above) is operative as to Stephen
Henry Howard’s vested retirement/pension benefits that were
awarded to Winnie Jewel Howard[.]
5. The decree plainly provides that Winnie Jewel Howard was
awarded one-half [or 50%] of any and all sums related to any
vested retirement/pension plan of Stephen Henry Howard existed
by reason of Stephen Henry Howard’s employment during the
marriage.
6. Throughout the parties’ marriage, Stephen Henry Howard
was employed as a police officer and had a retirement benefits
through his employment with the Houston Police Department.
Those retirement benefits are administered through the Houston
Police Officers’ Pension System (often referred to as “HPOPS”).
7. On November 28, 1988 (the date of divorce), Stephen Henry
Howard had a vested retirement/pension benefit of $20,765.00
with HPOPS and had 8 years and 6 months of credited pension
service. Stephen Henry Howard had no other vested
retirement/pension benefit with HPOPS on November 28, 1988.
Stephen Henry Howard was not entitled to interest on his vested
retirement/pension benefit on November 28, 1988.
(1 C.R. at 23 - 24.)
On April 9, 2014, Ms. Howard filed a Motion to Extend Postjudgment
Deadlines (1 C.R. at 48 – 56) and a Motion for New Trial. (1 C.R. at 37 – 47).
On May 6, 2014, Mr. Howard filed a Response in Opposition to Ms.
Howard’s Motion for New Trial. (1 C.R. at 59 – 73).
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 12 of 61
On May 8, 2014, the parties appeared for oral argument and the trial
court granted Ms. Howard’s Motion to Extend Postjudgment Deadlines, but
denied her Motion for New Trial. (1 C.R. at 142).
On June 5, 2014, Ms. Howard filed a notice of appeal. (1 C.R. at 143 –
144).
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 13 of 61
STATEMENT ON ORAL ARGUMENT
(pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(e))
Mr. Howard suggests that oral argument is unnecessary and is unlikely
to be of significant assistance in this case.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 14 of 61
ISSUES PRESENTED FOR REVIEW
(pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f))
ISSUE 1 RESTATED: Did the trial court err in failing to clarify the
decree and finding the language of the decree
unambiguous?
ISSUE 2 RESTATED: Did the trial court abuse its discretion in
interpreting the language of the decree to award
only the benefits available to Appellee on the date
of divorce?
ISSUE THREE: Did the trial court err in starting trial prior to the
arrival of Appellant’s counsel when Appellant’s
counsel was in trial in the protective order court?
ISSUE FOUR: Did the trial court err in proceeding to trial as a
default when Appellant was present though her
counsel was not present?
ISSUE FIVE: Did the trial court err in failing of grant Appellant
a New Trial?
ISSUE SIX: Was Appellant harmed by Appellant’s preclusion to
filing a Request for Findings of Fact and
Conclusions of law due to resignation of the Trial
Court judge?
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 15 of 61
STATEMENT OF FACTS
(pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(g))
1. MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE
On November 23, 1979, Stephen Henry Howard and Winnie Jewel
Howard were married. (1 C.R. at 23 - 24.)
On November 28, 1988, Stephen Henry Howard and Winnie Jewel
Howard both appeared with their respective attorneys before the 311th
Judicial District Court (or “trial court”) and presented a “Decree of Divorce”
(thereafter “Decree”) for the trial courts signature. (5 R.R. at 97 – 104.) The
relevant portions of the Decree are as follows:
DIVISION OF PROPERTY
The Court finds that Petitioner and Respondent have
entered into an agreement for the division of their estate, that the
agreement is just and right having due regard for the rights of
each party.
IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the
estate of the parties is divided as follows:
WINNIE J. HOWARD, is awarded the following as her sole
and separate property, and Petitioner is divested of all right, title,
interest and claim in and to such property:
***
3. One half of any and all sums related to any vested profit
sharing plan, retirement plan, pension plan, employee stock option
plan, employee savings plan or accrued unpaid bonuses, or other
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 16 of 61
benefits programs existing by reason of Petitioner’s employment
during the marriage.
***
STEPHEN H. HOWARD is awarded the following as his sole and
separate property, and Respondent is divested of all right, title,
interest and claim in and to such property:
***
3. One half of any and all sums related to any vested profit
sharing plan, retirement plan, pension plan, employee stock option
plan, employee savings plan or accrued unpaid bonuses, or other
benefit program existing by reason of Petitioner’s past or present
employment during the marriage.
(5 R.R. at 97 – 104.)
Neither Stephen Henry Howard nor Winnie Jewel Howard appealed
the Decree. The parties did not submit and the trial court did not issue a
Qualified Domestic Relations Order (“QDRO”) or similar order permitting
payment of benefits from a pension, retirement, or other employee benefits
plan at or near the time of divorce. In fact, until Winnie Jewel Howard filed
the suit in which this appeal is taken, no party had ever submitted a QDRO
for the trial court’s signature.
2. STEPHEN HENRY HOWARD’S EMPLOYMENT WITH
HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 17 of 61
On May 31, 1980, while the parties were still married, Stephen Henry
Howard began employment with the Houston Police Department as a police
officer. (1 C.R. at 23 - 24.) That date is also referred to as Howard’s sworn
date, or the date that he became a police officer with the City of Houston.
Stephen Henry Howard had approximately two (2) years of service with
the Houston Fire Department before he became a police office with the
Houston Police Department. (5 R.R. at 59.)1
Because Stephen Henry Howard is a police officer employed by the
Houston Police Department, he is entitled to certain retirement benefits. His
retirement benefits are administered through the Houston Police Officers’
Pension System (often referred to as “HPOPS” or “the System”) and Mr.
Howard is a member of HPOPS. (2 R.R. at 9, ll. 9-17.) The only retirement
plan at issue in this case is Stephen Henry Howard’s retirement plant with
the HPOPS. Mr. Howard began making contributions to HPOPS on his
sworn date – May 31, 1980. (2 R.R. at 11, ll. 1-3.)
3. HPOPS PENSION BENEFITS
HPOPS was created in 1947 by an act of the fiftieth Legislature of the
State of Texas, and is governed by TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. Art. 6243g-
1For volume 5 of the reporter’s record, no page numbers are included. Thus, the pages referenced
refer to the page number of the actual PDF file.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 18 of 61
4. See Stavinoha v. Stavinoha, 126 S.W.3d 604, 610 - 611 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist] 2004, no pet.). HPOPS is a single employer defined
benefit pension plan covering police officers employed full time by the City of
Houston. HPOPS is a local government plan and, therefore, is not subject to
the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA).
HPOPS contains different benefits that vest upon a certain number of
years of credited service with the City of Houston. A brief overview of each of
these benefits and the time that each of these benefits vest are listed in the
following table:
Vesting Period Benefit
Less than 10 Return of Contributions: Credit is
years of service2 automatically cancelled and all employee
contributions will be refunded without
interest. (2 R.R. at 11, ll 12 – 15.)
More than 10 Return of Contributions: Credit is
years of service, automatically cancelled and all employee
but less than 20 contributions will be refunded without
years of service3 interest.
[OR]
Delayed Retirement: Payable at age 60
which is calculated at 2.75% of final average
2 Mr. Olinger, the HPOPS pension benefits director, affirms that return of contributions vest with
less than ten years of service. (2 R.R. at 17, ll. 11 – 15.)
3 Mr. Olinger affirms that an officer is entitled to delayed retirement upon after ten years have
vested with the Houston Police Department. (2 R.R. at 13, ll. 4 – 8.); (2 R.R. at 14, ll. 16 – 18).
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 19 of 61
pay of each year of credited pension service.
(2 R.R. at 12, ll. 20 – 24.); (2 R.R. at 47).
20 years or more Employee may (1) enter DROP5, or (2)
of credited actually retire and obtain service retirement
pension service4 benefits. (2 R.R. at 13, ll. 9 – 15.); (2 R.R. at
15, ll. 21 – 25); (2 R.R. at 16, ll. 1 – 3).
Additionally, if an employee has been employed in another department
of the City of Houston (other than the Houston Police Department), that
member may use that time with the other department to add to the time
required for certain benefits to vest with the HPOPS. This is referred to as
service credits. However, service credits were not part of HPOPS until June
18, 2001 when the 2001 Meet and Confer Agreement was passed. (2 R.R. at
42, ll. 15 – 17). The delayed retirement pension benefit was not part of
HPOPS until November, 1998 when the 1998 Meet and Confer Agreement
4Mr. Olinger affirms that service retirement vests upon twenty years of service. (2 R.R. at 17, ll. 19
– 21). DROP account vests upon 20 years of service. (2 R.R. at 17, ll. 22 – 24). Additionally, in
Stavinoha, the Fourteenth Court Appeals noted “Patrick Franey, HPOPS’s Director of
Administration, testified that the basic retirement benefit is a service-related benefit, which is based
on years of service with a twenty-year vesting period; the member's interest in all of the above
benefits is vested upon attaining twenty years of service.” Stavinoha, 126 S.W.3d at 610.
5 See TEX.REV.CIV. STAT. art. 6243g-4, § 14(b) (“An active member who has at least 20 years of
service with the police department may file with the pension system an irrevocable election to
participate in DROP and receive a DROP benefit instead of the standard form of pension provided by
this article.”).
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 20 of 61
was passed. (2 R.R. at 14, ll 14 – 19.); (2 R.R. at 47, ll. 21 – 22.)6 DROP
benefits were not created until June 8, 1995, well after the date of divorce.
(2. R.R. at 15, ll. 4 – 6.) Thus, service credits, delayed retirement pension
benefits, and DROP benefits did not exist in November 28, 1988 (the date of
divorce) and could not have been vested benefits awarded by the decree to
Winnie Howard.
Although Stephen Henry Howard had approximately two (2) years of
service with the Houston Fire Department before he become a police office
with the Houston Police Department (which would make his years of pension
service over 10 years), he was not eligible to receive a delayed retirement
benefit on November 28, 1988. Service credits did not exist on November 28,
1988 (the date of divorce). (2 R.R. at 42, ll. 15 – 17.) Stephen Henry Howard
could not have used the two years of service credit with the Houston Fire
Department to make him eligible to receive a delayed retirement benefit on
November 28, 1988. On November 28, 1988 (the date of divorce), the only
retirement benefits that were vested to him was a return of contributions,
because at that time he only had 8 years and 6 months of pension service
with the Houston Police Department. (2 R.R. at 19, ll. 19 – 24.) Stephen
6The 1998 and 2001 Meet and Confer Agreements are collective bargaining agreements between the
City of Houston and Houston Police Officers’ Union, as the sole and exclusive Majority Bargaining
Agent for and on behalf of all Police Officers of the Houston Police Defendant.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 21 of 61
Henry Howard was also not vested (or eligible) to receive any DROP 7 benefits
until February 28, 1998 and did not receive any DROP benefits until
December 31, 1998. (2 R.R. at 41, ll. 9 – 11.)8 Thus, on November 28, 1988,
the only benefit Stephen Henry Howard was eligible to receive from HPOPS
was a return of all contributions he made at that time. On November 28,
1988 (the date of divorce), Stephen Henry Howard had contributed a total of
$20,765.00 into HPOPS and had 8 years and 6 months of credited pension
service. (2 R.R. at 11, ll. 10 – 17.); (2. R.R. at 19, ll. 10 – 14.); (2 R.R. at 19, ll.
16 – 18.) 8 years and 6 months of credited pension service is calculated from
May 31, 1980 to November 28, 1988. (2 R.R. at 11, ll. 18 – 23.)
7 In 1998, upon 20 years of service with the Houston Police Department, Howard became eligible to
retire. See TEX. REV.CIV. STAT. ANN. art. 6243e.2(1), § 4(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006). Rather than
retire, however, Howard elected to participate in the Deferred Retirement Option Plan (“DROP”)
beginning on December 12, 1998. See id. § 5 (Vernon Supp. 2006); (2 R.R. at 41, ll. 9 -11). December
12, 1998 is referred to as the DROP entry date. Under DROP, Howard as an active employee while
having an amount equal to his service pension benefit, plus continued pension contributions from his
salary, credited to a DROP account, with the account’s total sum to be distributed to or held for him
upon retirement. See id. Ms. Howard claims that she is entitled a portion of this amount.
8Actually, as testified to by Mr. Mumey, Mr. Howard “back DROPed” to this date because the extra
service credits were not available under 2001. (2 R.R. at 41 – 44).
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 22 of 61
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
(pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(h))
1. ISSUE 1 AND 2: THE NOVEMBER 28, 1988 “DECREE OF
DIVORCE”
ISSUE 1 RESTATED: Did the trial court err in failing to clarify the decree
and finding the language of the decree unambiguous?
ISSUE 2 RESTATED: Did the trial court abuse its discretion in interpreting
the language of the decree to award only the benefits available to Appellee on
the date of divorce?
In Ms. Howard’s first issue, she claims that the trial court erred in
interpreting the language in the decree. (Appellant’s Br. 9.) In the second
issue, Ms. Howard states that the trial court erred in finding the decree
unambiguous. (Appellant’s Br. 18.) Ms. Howard fails to recognize that before
the trial court may interpret the decree, the trial court must hold that the
decree is ambiguous. Courts are required to first determine whether the
decree is ambiguous before it can attempt to determine what the decree
actually says. A finding of ambiguity is, in effect, a condition precedent to
interpretation. As noted by the Texas Supreme Court, “[o]nly where a
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 23 of 61
contract is first determined to be ambiguous may the courts consider the
parties’ interpretation, and admit extraneous evidence to determine the true
meaning of the instrument.” Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Insurance
Co., 980 S.W.2d 462, 464 (Tex. 1998). Thus, Ms. Howard reverses the issues.
Ambiguity must be discussed first.
Before delving deeper into this case, it should also be noted that the
November 28, 1988 “Decree of Divorce” is an agreed judgment. Generally,
judgments should be read according to the law of judgments. Shanks v.
Treadway, 110 S.W.3d 444, 447 (Tex. 2003). Agreed judgments are read
according to the rules of construction applicable to the ordinary contracts.
McCoy v. Rogers, 240 S.W.3d 267, 275 – 76 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.]
2007, pet. denied); Beshears v. Beshears, 423 S.W.3d 493, 500 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2014, no pet.). Additionally, because the Decree also contains a
property division, and does little else than divide the parties’ community
estate (as the parties did not have any children), an agreed property division
is also treated as a contract. An agreed property division, although
incorporated into a final divorce decree, is treated as a contract and is
controlled by the rules of construction applicable to ordinary contracts.
Beshears, 423 S.W.3d at 500 (citing Allen v. Allen, 717 S.W.2d 311, 313
(Tex.1986)). Thus, this Court may rely upon traditional contract principals in
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 24 of 61
order to address the underlying issues raised by Ms. Howard with regards to
ambiguity and interpretation.
Because the parties did not appeal the November 28, 1988 Decree, the
trial court may not alter or change the substantive division of property as
expressed in the Decree. Texas law is clear that a court that rendered a
divorce decree generally retains continuing subject-matter jurisdiction to
clarify and to enforce the decree’s property division. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.
§§ 9.002, 9.008. Specifically, the court has continuing jurisdiction to “render
further orders to enforce the division of property made in the decree of
divorce ... to assist in the implementation of or to clarify the prior order.”
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.006(a). Likewise, “[o]n a finding ... that the
original form of the division of property is not specific enough to be
enforceable by contempt,” the court has continuing jurisdiction to “render a
clarifying order setting forth specific terms to enforce compliance with an
original division of property.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.008(b).
However, there are limitations on the enforcement and clarification
powers of the court that rendered the divorce decree. For example, “[t]he
court may specify more precisely the manner of effecting the property
division previously made if the substantive division of property is not altered
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 25 of 61
or changed.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.006(b). More specifically, the
Family Code provides:
(a) A court may not amend, modify, alter, or change the division
of property made or approved in the decree of divorce or
annulment. An order to enforce the division is limited to an order
to assist in the implementation of or to clarify the prior order and
may not alter or change the substantive division of property.
(b) An order under this section that amends, modifies, alters or
changes the actual, substantive division of property made or
approved in a final decree of divorce or annulment is beyond the
power of the divorce court and is unenforceable.
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 9.007(a)-(b); see Shanks, 110 S.W.3d 444, 449.
Thus, the court that rendered the divorce decree (or any other final
order dividing property) also retains continuing, exclusive jurisdiction to
render an enforceable QDRO (or similar order) “permitting payment of
pension, retirement plan, or other employee benefits divisible ... to an
alternate payee or other lawful payee.” TEX. FAM. CODE. ANN. § 9.101(a).
A party may petition the court for a QDRO in two circumstances: (1) the
court has not previously issued a QDRO or similar order permitting payment
of benefits from a pension, retirement, or other employee-benefits plan or (2)
the plan administrator (or person acting in equivalent capacity) has
determined that a previously entered QDRO does not satisfy the
requirements for a QDRO. Id. §§ 9.103, 9.104.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 26 of 61
Here, both the parties petitioned the trial court for a QDRO because
the court did not previously issue a QDRO. The trial court retains continuing
subject-matter jurisdiction to clarify and to enforce the decree’s property
division. The trial court lacks jurisdiction to change the underlying property
division. The trial court is also without authority to enter a QDRO altering
the terms of the decree by increasing Ms. Howard’s interest to more than
what was awarded under the divorce decree.
With these principals in mind, we first turn to the issue of ambiguity.
a. AMBIGUITY
Fourteenth Court of Appeals in Gibson noted that Texas Supreme
Court in Universal C. I. T. Credit Corp. v. Daniel, 150 Tex. 513, 243 S.W.2d
154 (1951), “contains an extended analysis of the law regarding ambiguity of
contracts.” Gibson v. Bentley, 605 S.W.2d 337, 339 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 1980, writ ref'd n.r.e.) In Universal, and its progeny, including
Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393-94 (Tex. 1983) which is often cited in
this context, the Texas Supreme Court held that a contract is ambiguous if its
meaning is uncertain or it is reasonably susceptible to more than one
interpretation. Id. at 393. When a contract is susceptible to a legal meaning,
as defined above, the construction of the written instrument is one of law for
the court. Id. at 394. An unambiguous writing is presumed to contain the
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 27 of 61
whole of the agreement between the parties, and contemporaneous parol
evidence is not admissible to contradict or vary the terms of the written
instrument. Id. If a written contract is so worded that it can be given a
definite and certain legal meaning, parol evidence is not admissible to render
it ambiguous. Id; see also Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907
S.W.2d 517, 520 (Tex. 1995) (per curiam); May v. Buck, 375 S.W.3d 568, 579
(Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) (court can conclude contract is ambiguous
even in absence of such a pleading by either party); Mescalero Energy, Inc. v.
Underwriters Indem. Gen. Agency, Inc., 56 S.W.3d 313, 322-323 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet. denied) (whether a term on its face is subject to
two or more interpretations is an argument of patent ambiguity).
Texas law is clear that a contract is not ambiguous merely because of a
simple lack of clarity, or because the parties proffer conflicting
interpretations of a term. DeWitt County Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. Parks,
1 S.W.3d 96, 100 (Tex. 1999). Here, Ms. Howard relies heavily upon alleged
conflicting testimony between the trial witnesses to show that the Decree is
susceptible to two different interpretations. Ms. Howard states “two experts
read the same paragraph two different ways.” (Appellant’s Br. 31.) The law
is clear, however, that testimony from two witnesses, even experts, offering
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 28 of 61
two different interpretations, does not make the Decree ambiguous.9 The
Court should reject Ms. Howard’s arguments to the contrary.
Additionally, the intent of the parties is to be ascertained from the
entire instrument, harmonizing and giving effect to all provisions of the
contract so that none will be rendered meaningless. Shanks, 110 S.W.3d at
447; Toler v. Sanders, 371 S.W.3d 477, 480 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.]
2012, no pet). If, read as a whole, the divorce decree’s terms are
unambiguous, we must give effect to the order in light of the literal language
used. Coker, 650 S.W.2d at 393; In re C.P.Y., 364 S.W.3d 411, 413 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). Here, Ms. Howard his taken a small portion of
the Decree out of context and has not read it in context of the entire
instrument.
Before discussing this issue any further, it becomes important to clarify
the alleged ambiguity as raised by Ms. Howard in her brief. According to
Ms. Howard, the alleged ambiguity involves whether the Decree limits Ms.
Howard’s share of the retirement benefits to the benefits existing at the time
of divorce or at the time of retirement. If the Decree expands Ms. Howard’s
award to the share of the retirement benefits at the time of retirement, then
9 See generally Bryan A. Garner, Garner's Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 50 (3rd ed. 2011)
(explaining the difference between ambiguity in its broadest sense and as used by courts.)
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 29 of 61
Ms. Howard would be entitled to “all of the benefits even those that did not
exist at the time of the divorce.” (Appellant’s Br. 10.) If the Decree limits Ms.
Howard’s share to the time of divorce, then Ms. Howard would only be
entitled to the benefits that existed at the time of the divorce. Thus, either
the Decree is clear how the retirement benefits should be valued or it is not.
If the Decree is clear, then it is unambiguous. This is a question of law that
is reviewed de novo by this Court. MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. Tex. Utils. Elec.
Co., 995 S.W.2d 647, 650-51 (Tex. 1999). If the Decree is ambiguous, then the
trial court is required to determine its meaning, based upon the law
regarding the construction of contracts. This is a fact question which is
reviewed for abuse of discretion. Gibson, 605 S.W.2d at 339.
The cases relied upon by Ms. Howard support her contention that the
HPOPS pension benefits should be evaluated at the time of retirement.
Those cases are: Gainous v. Gainous, 219 S.W.3d 97 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) and Shanks v. Treadway, 110 S.W.3d 444 (Tex. 2003)
and each will be discussed below. Gainous and Shanks held, in light of the
language contained in the decree at issue in each case, that the benefits were
valued at the time of retirement. Although, Ms. Howard also relies heavily
upon Stavinoha v. Stavinoha, 126 S.W.3d 604 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist] 2004), Stavinoha is not applicable to this case, because Stavinoha did
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 30 of 61
not involve questions related to the ambiguity and interpretation of a divorce
decree.10 Stavinoha involved questions relating to trial court’s ability to
divide HPOPS pension benefits at a contested final trial setting. Id. at 606.
Stavinoha did not address questions relating to ambiguity, as reflected in a
divorce decree previously ordered. Thus, Stavinoha is not applicable to the
facts of the instant case. See also Cearley v. Cearley, 544 S.W.2d 661 (1976)
(holding that non-vested contingent retirement benefits may be apportioned
by the court).11 Fundamentally, the fact that non-vested contingent
retirement benefits may be apportioned by the court is not dispositive as to
how the November 28, 1988 Decree actually divided those assets.
Mr. Howard first examines Shanks v. Treadway, 110 S.W.3d 444 (Tex.
2003), in Shanks, husband requested the trial court to sign a Qualified
Domestic Relations Order (“QDRO”) based upon language allegedly contained
in a divorce decree calculating the wife’s percentage of pension benefits
10Ms. Howard’s expert, Mr. Johnston, testifies that Stavinoha did not involve the interpretation of a
decree. (3 R.R. at 70, ll. 6 – 8.
11 In another point of contrast between this case and Stavinoha, the Fourteenth Court of Appeals
clearly found that “Paul was fully vested in the plan in 1995 after he completed twenty years of
service.” Stavinoha, 126 S.W.3d at 610. The parties were divorced on June 21, 2002. Id. Because
all of the disputed benefits were earned during the marriage, and none were earned post-divorce, the
Court held that Maureen was entitled to a portion of the DROP benefits. Here, the facts show that
Mr. Howard entered DROP on December 12, 1998, well after the parties were divorced on November
28, 1988. (2 R.R. at 41, ll. 9 – 11.) Mr. Howard received the first DROP credit on December 31,
1998. (2 R.R. at 42, ll. 2 – 5.) Although Mr. Howard’s right to receive a return of contributions was
vested to him on November 28, 1988, Mr. Howard was not fully vested in the plan because he had
not obtained twenty years of service, in direct contrast to Stavinoha. The DROP benefits at issue in
this case were not earned during the marriage and were earned post-divorce.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 31 of 61
valued at the date of divorce. Shanks, 110 S.W.3d at 445. The decree
identified the husband’s pension plan as “arising out of past employment,”
but then stated that the wife was entitled to “a ‘pro rata interest’ ... of any
and all sums received or paid to [husband] from such pension plan....” The
decree also defined “pro rata interest” as “25% of the total sum or sums paid
or to be paid to [husband] from such pension or retirement plan.” Id. at 447.
In light of this language, the trial court signed the QDRO based upon the
benefits valued on the date of divorce. The Dallas Court of Appeals reversed,
holding the decree unambiguously awarded the non-employee spouse a
percentage of the total amount of benefits on the date of retirement. Id. at
445. The Texas Supreme Court affirmed the Dallas Court of Appeals. Id. at
449. Although the decree conflicted with the Texas Supreme Court’s then-
applicable opinion in Taggart v. Taggart, 552 S.W.2d 422 (Tex. 1977), which
provided the formula to be used in determining the community interest in
retirement benefits and the non-employee spouse’s share of that interest, the
Texas Supreme Court held this error of law did not change the plain
language of the decree:
Notwithstanding the state of the law at the time the divorce
decree was entered, this case does not involve a direct appeal,
and we must interpret the decree to determine not what the trial
court should have done but, if possible, what the court actually
did.... Whether intentional or not, the court that entered the
decree failed to limit the community interest pursuant to the
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 32 of 61
Taggart apportionment fraction and instead clearly gave [the
non-employee spouse] a twenty-five percent interest in the total
amount (whatever that might be) to be paid to [the employee
spouse] under the plan....
Shanks, 110 S.W.3d at 447 – 449.
Likewise in Gainous, the divorce decree awarded the wife “[o]ne-half
(1/2) of the Houston Firemen’s Relief and Retirement Fund standing in the
name of THOMAS E. GAINOUS.” Gainous v. Gainous, 219 S.W.3d 97, 108
(2006). The Texas Supreme Court held that this language unambiguously
awarded the wife half of all of the husband’s benefits in the Fund. “That is,
the divorce decree’s award to Brenda of Thomas's Fund benefits necessarily—
albeit improperly— included some of Thomas's separate-property benefits in
the Fund, i.e., half of his separate-property, post-divorce benefits attributable
to his continued employment.” Id. at 109.
Here, Ms. Howard claims that “[h]ere like in Gainous there is no
limiting language which excludes any specific benefits or limits the award to
just the vested portion of the service pension which existed on the date of
divorce.” (Appellant’s Br. 10.) Ms. Howard further claims that, in
comparing the language of the decree in Shanks, “[h]ere again is similar
language, granting Mrs. Howard one half of any and all sums related to any
vested profit sharing plan, retirement plan, pension plan…existing by reason
of Appellant’s employment during the marriage.” (Appellant’s Br. 12.)
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 33 of 61
Ms. Howard’s argument fails because the language contained in the
Decree at issue in this case is very different from the language reflected in
the decrees analyzed under both Gainous and Shanks. Fundamentally, the
Decree does limit Ms. Howard to the benefits existing at the time of divorce.
The Decree contains, in Ms. Howard’s words, “limiting language,”12 showing
that Ms. Howard’s benefits are limited to what existed on the date of divorce.
The “limiting language” will be discussed below.
i. THE DECREE’S RECITALS
The Decree’s recitals contain “limiting language.”
Contracts often contain recitals that set forth details placing the
contract in context by defining the objectives sought to be obtained by the
parties. Recitals are useful in construing the contract and determining the
parties’ intent. All Metals Fabricating, Inc. v. Ramer Concrete, Inc., 338
S.W.3d 557, 561 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2009, no pet.). This is true because
language cannot be read in isolation and every part of a contract must be
reviewed. In order to determine the parties’ intent, the entire instrument
12 The term “limiting language” was likely a term utilized by Ms. Howard’s expert, Mr. Rick
Johnston, Sr. Mr. Johnston states, “Since there is no limiting language [in Gainous case] that limits
the benefits under the fire department to the term of marriage or to community property or as of a
particular date, then that language was broad enough to include all of the benefits, even those that
would arguably have been his separate property.” (3 R.R. at 87, ll. 19 – 25). Mr. Johnston testifies
that “[w]e have similar language here,” indicating that the language of the Decree in this case is
similar to the language in Gainous. (3 R.R. at 88, ll. 2.)
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 34 of 61
must be considered so that no provision will be rendered meaningless.
Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. S. Plains Switching, Ltd., 174 S.W.3d
348, 356 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.).
Here, the Decree contains a series of recitals that identifies the parties’
intent to divide only the “estate of the parties.” In Pearson, the Texas
Supreme Court noted that the phase “estate of the parties” used in a divorce
decree refers only to the community property of the parties, as the trial court
has no authority to divide separate property or divest a party of their
separate property rights. Pearson v. Fillingim, 332 S.W.3d 361, 364 (Tex.
2011) (citing Eggemeyer v. Eggemeyer, 554 S.W.2d 137, 139 (Tex. 1977).
Likewise, the trial court may not divest title to the separate property of a
spouse. Vickery v. Vickery, 999 S.W.2d 342, 371 (Tex. 1999); Cameron v.
Cameron, 641 S.W. 2d 210, 213-20 (Tex. 1982). When a court
mischaracterizes separate property as community property, the error
requires reversal because a spouse is divested of separate property.
Eggemeyer, 554 S.W.2d at 140; Leighton v. Leighton, 921 S.W.2d 365 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, no writ).
In Beshears, the Dallas Court of Appeals applied Pearson, and found
that the district court did not err in finding ex-wife was only entitled to 57.5%
of the ex-husband’s retirement benefits on the date of divorce. Beshears, 423
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 35 of 61
S.W.3d at 501. The ex-husband argued that the retirement benefits should
be valued on the date of divorce. Id. The ex-wife argued that the retirement
benefits should be valued on the date of retirement and, like the instant case,
“includ[ed] sums accumulated in the retirement account post-divorce.” Id.
The divorce decree awarded ex-wife “57.5% of all sums, whether matured or
unmatured, accrued or unaccrued, vested or otherwise, together with all
increases thereof, the proceeds therefrom, and any other rights related to” ex-
husband’s retirement plan. Id. In light of the axiom that “language
awarding the benefit in the retirement plan to [ex-wife] cannot be read in
isolation,” the Dallas Court of Appeals held the decree, when read as a whole,
unambiguously divided only the community estate and did not award ex-wife
any of ex-husband’s post-divorce separate property accumulated in the
retirement account. Id. at 501-502 (citing Coker, 650 S.W.2d at 393). The
Court noted:
Paragraph twelve of the decree, which dealt with the property
division, is entitled “Division of Marital Estate.” The decree
provides that Judith and Donald reached an agreement as to the
proposed division of the “marital estate.” The trial court also
stated in the decree it was dividing the “marital estate.” With
regard to property, other than the retirement account, divided in
paragraph twelve of the decree, the trial court stated it was
dividing property “accumulated by either party during the
marriage relationship” and that had “accrued during the
marriage.” The decree also stated the trial court was dividing the
parties' debts “as a part of the division of the estate of the
parties.”
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 36 of 61
Id. at 501. In so doing, the Court rejected the ex-wife’s reliance upon Shanks
and Reiss13 and noted:
Relying on the Texas supreme court’s opinions in Shanks and
Reiss and the Tyler court of appeals's opinion in McCaig, Judith
argues the divorce decree unambiguously awarded her 57.5% of
the entire retirement benefit at the time of Donald’s retirement.
However, Shanks and McCaig interpreted only a provision in the
divorce decree under consideration that divided the retirement
benefit. See Shanks, 110 S.W.3d at 445; McCaig, 2007 WL
1765845, at *1. Neither opinion indicates the decree under
consideration included the words “marital estate,” “estate of the
parties,” or “community property” or that, in construing the
applicable decree in its entirety, there was any other provision
impacting the division of the retirement benefit. In Reiss, the
supreme court addressed a provision of the decree dividing
“community property.” Reiss, 118 S.W.3d at 440. However, the
term “community property” was not used in the provision
dividing the retirement benefit, and that provision divided the
benefit “if and when” it was received by the husband. Id. A
divided court determined that, while the provision may have
impermissibly classified separate property as community
property, it awarded the wife a percentage of the retirement
benefit as of the time of the husband’s retirement. Id. at 441–42.
The divorce decree is this case does not divide the retirement
benefit “if and when received” by Donald. Rather, in a section of
the decree dealing only with the division of the marital estate, it
awarded Judith 57.5% of the retirement benefit. Reading the
decree as a whole, we cannot conclude it divided Donald's
separate property by awarding Judith 57.5% of the entire
retirement benefit as of the time of Donald's retirement. See
Pearson, 332 S.W.3d at 363.
13 The reasoning applied by the Dallas Court of Appeals in Beshears is also applicable to Gainous.
Mr. Rick Mumey, Mr. Howard’s expert, was trial counsel for Thomas Gainous. Mr. Mumey testified,
“The Decree language was rather brief and harsh. It said that both parties were awarded 50 percent
of the plan standing in the name of Thomas Gainous period, without reference to dates or past,
present or future. It was very brief, and the consequence was harsh.” (2 R.R. at 25 – 26.)
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 37 of 61
Beshears, 423 S.W.3d 493, 502 n. 4.
Here, the Decree contains the following recitals
1. “The Court finds that Petitioner and Respondent have entered
into an agreement for the division of their estate...” (5 R.R. at 98,
emphasis added.)
2. “IT IS ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and that the estate of the parties
is divided as follows...” (5 R.R. at 98, emphasis added.)
3. “WINNIE J. HOWARD, is awarded the following as her sole and
separate property, and Petitioner is divested of all right, title,
interest and claim in and to such property:” (5 R.R. at 98,
emphasis added.)
4. “STEPHEN H. HOWARD is awarded the following as his sole
and separate property, and Respondent is divested of all right,
title, interest and claim in to such property:” (5 R.R. at 100,
emphasis added.)
The Decree provides that Mr. and Ms. Howard reached an agreement as to
the proposed division of the “estate of the parties.” (5 R.R. at 98.) The trial
court also stated in the Decree that the parties “entered into an agreement
for the division of their estate.” (5 R.R. at 98, emphasis added.) The decree
also stated the trial court was dividing the parties’ debts “as part of the
division of the estate of the parties.” (5 R.R. at 99.) Thus, because the recitals
repeatedly reference the “division of their estate,” the “estate of the parties,”
and property acquired during the marriage, the parties intended to divide
only the community estate on the date of divorce.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 38 of 61
In addition to the above, a slight difference exists between the one-half
of the pension plan awarded to Ms. Howard and the one-half pension plan
awarded to Mr. Howard. Mr. Howard’s portion of the award refers to
“existing by reason of Petitioner’s past or present employment during the
marriage” while Ms. Howard’s portion states, “exiting by reason of
Petitioner’s employment during the marriage.” (5 R.R. at 99); (5 R. R. at 100)
(emphasis added). Because the Decree specifically refers to Mr. Howard’s
“past or present employment,” but neglects to mention “future employment,”
this shows that the parties only intended to divide pension benefits as they
existed on the date of divorce. (5 R. R. at 100). Any growth in Mr. Howard’s
HPOPS pension and retirement benefits attributable to his future
employment, including the DROP funds at issue, are not community property
subject to division by the Court and are Mr. Howard’s separate property.
Thus, in accordance with Beshears and Pearson, and in light of the
literal language used, the Decree, when read as a whole, unambiguously
divided only the community estate and did not award Ms. Howard any of Mr.
Howard’s post-divorce separate property accumulated in the HPOPS pension
account.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 39 of 61
ii. THE PLAIN MEANING OF “VESTED”
The Decree specifically refers to “vested” in dividing the retirement
plans. The term “vested” is additional “limiting language.”
Texas law provides that language used by parties in a contract should
be accorded its plain, grammatical meaning unless it definitely appears that
the intention of the parties would thereby be defeated. Fox v. Thoreson, 398
S.W.2d 88, 92 (Tex. 1966); General American Indemnity Co. v. Pepper, 339
S.W.2d 660, 661 (Tex. 1960); Epps v. Fowler, 351 S.W.3d 862, 866 (Tex.
2011); Language used by parties in a contract should be accorded its plain,
grammatical meaning unless it definitely appears that the intention of the
parties would thereby be defeated. Lyons v. Montgomery, 701 S.W.2d 641,
643 (Tex. 1985). To ascertain the natural meaning of a common-usage term,
courts often consult dictionaries. Epps 351 S.W.3d at 866.
Here, since the definition of the term “vested” can be given ordinary
grammatical definition, no ambiguity exists. Mr. Howard’s expert, Mr.
Mumey testified that the term “vested,” under Black’s Law Dictionary, means
“benefit under the plan that cannot be changed by some contingent event
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 40 of 61
later.” (2 R.R. at 30.); Black’s Law Dictionary 1595 (8th ed. 2004).14 The
facts, accepted by the trial court as correct, clearly show that paragraph 3 of
the award of benefits to Ms. Howard confines the vested pension benefits
during the marriage. (2 R.R. at 48, ll. 18 – 23.)
As additional support, Mr. Howard also directs this Court’s attention to
the inception of title doctrine. Inception of title occurs “when a party first has
a right of claim to the property by virtue of which title is finally vested.”
Wierzchula v. Wierzchula, 623S.W.2d 730, 731-32 (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 1981, no writ) (emphasis added). Although the purpose of the
inception of title doctrine is to delineate between separate and community
property and is not technically applicable to the facts of the instant case, it is
useful in this context to understand the definition of the term “vested.” Thus,
if the inception of title doctrine was applied to this case, it should show that
on the date of divorce, Mr. Howard only had a right to claim in only one
HPOPS pension benefits – a return of contributions.
In Cearley v. Cearley, 544 S.W.2d 661 (1976), the Texas Supreme Court
overturned the judgment of the Austin Court of Appeals under the “now well
established that matured private retirement, annuity, and pension benefits
14Mr. Mumey further testified, “In this case [the term “vested” is] relevant because he had an
absolute right to get a refund of contributions on the date of divorce and all the other subsequent
benefits, many of which that didn't exist at the time.” (2 R.R. at 53, ll. 9 – 13.)
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 41 of 61
earned by either spouse during the marital relationship are part of the
community estate and thus subject to division upon dissolution of the
marriage.” Id. at 662. In so doing, the Texas Supreme Court noted that the
Austin Court of Appeals “held that the trial court was without authority to
order division of the husband’s prospective military retirement benefits
because no vested interest had been acquired therein at the time of the
judgment.” Id. (emphasis added). In overturning the Austin Court of
Appeals, the Texas Supreme Court essentially held that a trial court may
divide unvested contingent retirement benefits. The Stavonha case is more
recent case that applies these same principals.
Although the term “vested” was not material to the Court’s analysis in
Cearley, it is material in this case and the Texas Supreme Court was careful
to make a distinction between the two. Unlike decrees that refer to “vested,”
“unvested,” or “accrued,” “unaccrued” retirement benefits, the parties in the
present case only utilized the term “vested.” Ms. Howard proposes to read
into the Decree these additional terms that are not present.
iii. “VESTED” MODIFIES “PENSION PLAN”
“Vested” modifies “pension plan.” This is additional limiting language.
Ms. Howard argues that the term “’vested’ does not modify the entire
paragraph it only modifies profit sharing plans, the proper modifier is ‘any.’”
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 42 of 61
(Appellant’s Br. 17.) Ms. Howard does not cite any authority to this assertion
and, in fact, the Texas Supreme Court disagrees with Ms. Howard.
In Iliff v. Iliff, 339 S.W.3d 74, 80 (Tex. 2011), the Texas Supreme Court
resolved a question of statutory construction regarding whether the term
“intentional” modified the entire phase “unemployment or
underemployment.” The Court held that it does relying upon Lewis v.
Jackson Energy Coop. Corp., 189 S.W.3d 87 (Ky. 2005). Lewis holds that that
the first adjective in a series of nouns or phrases modifies each noun or
phrase in the following series unless another adjective appears. Id. at 92.
Here, the Decree states:
3. One half of any and all sums related to any vested profit
sharing plan, retirement plan, pension plan, employee stock option
plan, employee savings plan or accrued unpaid bonuses, or other
benefits programs existing by reason of Petitioner’s employment
during the marriage.
(5 R.R. at 97 – 104.) “Vested” is the first adjective following in a series of
nouns, including “profit sharing plan,” “retirement plan,” and “pension plan.”
(5 R.R. at 97 – 104.) Because “vested” is the first adjective, and another
adjective does not appear between “vested” and “pension plan”, “vested”
modifies “profit sharing plan,” “retirement plan,” and “pension plan.”
This further evidences a clear and unambiguous intent of the parties to
divide only the retirement benefits that were “vested” to the parties on the
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 43 of 61
date of divorce. Mr. Olinger and Mr. Mumey testified that the Mr. Howard
only had a vested interest in a refund of contributions. (2 R.R. at 34, ll. 15 –
16.) Thus, Ms. Howard would be entitled to half of the refund of
contributions, or half of 20,765, which “was the amount that was vested in his
retirement plan or pension plan [with HPOPS] on the date of divorce.” (2
R.R. at 35, ll. 4 – 6).
iv. “EXISTING BY REASON OF PETITIONER’S
EMPLOYMENT DURING THE MARRIAGE”
The phase “existing by reason of Petitioner’s employment during the
marriage” is additional limiting language. Mr. Mumey testified that this
phase “confines the award and thus the vested benefits to those earned
during the marriage.” (2 R.R. at 3 – 9.)
b. INTERPRETATION
If the Court finds that Decree is ambiguous, then the Court shall next
consider whether the trial court’s interpretation of the Decree is supported by
the record.
When a contract is ambiguous, its interpretation is a question of fact
for the trial judge, aided by extrinsic evidence, if necessary. Coker, 650
S.W.2d at 393-94. As the fact finder, the trial judge determines the weight to
be given any testimony and resolves conflicts in the evidence. Chavez v.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 44 of 61
Chavez, 148 S.W.3d 449, 457 (Tex.App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.). When the
trial court makes specific findings of fact, and a statement of facts is filed, the
trial court’s fact findings will be sustained as legally sufficient if there is any
probative evidence in the record to support them. Chavez, 148 S.W.3d at 457.
The trial court’s fact findings should be sustained on factual sufficiency
grounds unless they are so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the
evidence as to be manifestly wrong. Id.
Here, although no findings of fact were requested by Ms. Howard,
factual findings were contained in the judgment itself. (1 C.R. at 23 - 24.)
Because those findings do not conflict with findings in a separate document,
those findings of fact should be accorded probative value. See Gonzalez v.
Razi, 338 S.W.3d 167, 175 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. denied)
(quoting In re Sigmar, 270 S.W.3d 289, 295 n.2 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, orig.
proceeding) (“[F]indings of fact recited in an order or judgment will be
accorded probative value so long as they are not in conflict with findings
recited in a separate document.”); In re C.A.B., 289 S.W.3d 874, 881 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (“[t]he mere inclusion of findings in
a judgment does not mean the findings have no effect” and “findings
improperly included in a judgment still have probative value and are valid as
findings”); Hill v. Hill, 971 S.W.2d 153, 157 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1998, no
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 45 of 61
pet.) (recognizing that “findings contained in a judgment (contrary to Rule
299a) are not shorn of all authority” but “only to the extent they conflict” with
findings made in a separate document).
Here, the trial court’s findings, as contained in the final judgment, are
supported by probative evidence in the record. Mr. Howard incorporates by
reference all arguments discussed and outlined above. Additionally, the trial
court’s findings are not contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence
as to be manifestly wrong. In support of Ms. Howard’s interpretation of the
Decree, she advanced testimony heard by the trial court regarding the lack of
punctuation. (Appellant’s Br. 18.) This evidence was presented by Ms.
Brathwaite, counsel for Ms. Howard. The trial court did not abuse its
discretion in rightfully disregarding this testimony.
With regards to interpretation, Mr. Howard also advances two
additional arguments.
First, a contract is legally binding only if the terms are sufficiently
definite to allow a court to understand the parties’ obligations. Fort Worth
Indep. Sch. Dist. v. City of Fort Worth, 22 S.W.3d 831, 846 (Tex. 2000); Beck
v. Law Offices of Edwin J. (Ted) Terry, Jr., P.C., 284 S.W.3d 416 (Tex. App.—
Austin 2009). When an agreement leaves material matters open for future
adjustment and agreement, it is not binding upon the parties and merely
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 46 of 61
constitutes an agreement to agree. Id. Here, the parties clearly intended the
Decree to be legally binding, as evidenced by the fact that they submitted the
Decree for signature by the trial court in 1988, the trial court did sign the
Decree, and no party appealed. (5 R.R. at 97.) As the Court should be well
aware, the plain language of the Decree did not include any calculations. 15
The Decree simply divided the HPOPS pension benefits by giving one-half to
each party. (5 R.R. at 99.); (5 R.R. at 100.) Later, at the final trial of this
case, Ms. Howard advanced extensive and complicated calculations,16 as
extrinsic evidence, in support of her requested division of the HPOPS pension
benefits on the date of retirement. (5 R.R. at 84 – 96.)17 Mr. Howard did not
submit any calculations. He submitted testimony from the HPOPS benefits
director, Mr. Clark Olinger, to show the balance of Mr. Howards’ account on
15Possible calculations would have included the now familiar formulas in Berry v. Berry, 647 S.W.
2d 945, 946-47 (Tex. 1983) or Taggart v. Taggart, 552 S.W.2d 422, 424 (Tex. 1977).
16The calculations provided by Mr. Johnston state that Mr. Howard earned 10.76 years of credited
pension service – including “2 years, 3 months and 6 days of participation in the Houston
Firefighters Relied and Retirement Fund. (3 R.R. at 62.); (5 R.R. at 59). However, Mr. Johnston
testified that Mr. Howard only had 8.5 years of credited person service and the 10.76 years had to be
changed to 8.5 years. (3 R.R. at 91 – 92). Mr. Johnson notes that as a result of this change the
calculations “are not any good.” (3 R.R. at 92, ll. 6 – 9).
17The calculations are 13 pages long and appear to apply a Taggart apportionment formula. As
indicated by Ms. Howard, she hired the same expert in Stavinoha. In Stavinoha, the Fourteenth
Court of appeals indicated that the Taggart apportionment formula, as opposed to the Berry formula,
was applicable to the facts of Stavinoha. Stavinoha, 126 S.W.3d at 616 – 617. Here, however,
because the DROP benefits at issue in this case were not earned during the marriage and were
earned post-divorce, the Taggart apportionment formula is not applicable, as per the holding of
Stavinoha.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 47 of 61
the date of divorce. (2 R.R. at 11, ll. 10 – 17.) Thus, an important question
arises. Did the parties intend, in 1988, that future division of the HPOPS
pension benefits would require extrinsic evidence in the form of calculations
to determine which portion of those benefits should be awarded to Ms.
Howard when Mr. Howard retired? Or, in light of the literal language used
in the Decree, Did each party only intend to give each party one-half of the
HPOPS pension benefits vested on the date of divorce? Obviously, Mr.
Howard argues that the latter should control. The legally binding nature of
the Decree itself shows that parties did not contemplate extrinsic evidence (in
the form of calculations) to divide the HPOPS pension benefits. To do so
otherwise, would destroy the legally binding nature of the Decree itself and
render it nothing more than an agreement to agree that division of the
HPOPS pension benefits would require extensive calculations if and when
Mr. Howard retired.
Second, any ambiguity found in the Decree, especially with regards to a
lack of punctuation, should be construed against the drafter. The doctrine of
contra proferentem is a device of last resort employed by courts when
construing ambiguous contractual provisions. AT & T Corp. v. Rylander, 2
S.W.3d 546, 560 (Tex.App.-Austin 1999, pet. denied); GTE Mobilenet Ltd.
P'ship. v. Telcell Cellular, 955 S.W.2d 286, 291 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.]
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 48 of 61
1997, writ denied); Smith v. Davis, 453 S.W.2d 340, 344-45 (Tex.Civ.App.-
Fort Worth 1970, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (declining to apply doctrine in face of
contractual ambiguity). Here, although testimony at trial indicated that the
drafter of the Decree was Mr. Howard’s attorney, Ms. Howard’s attorney,
Janette Brathwaite, was also in a position to correct any lacking punctuation,
but did not do so, thus failing to protect her own client’s interests. (2 R.R. at
51, ll. 23 – 25.); (2 R.R. at 52, ll. 1 – 5.)18 Therefore, if Ms. Braithwaite
recognized an ambiguity in the Decree, she would have been in the position to
correct it back in 1988. Because she did not, the Decree should be construed
against Ms. Howard.
18 Ms. Brathwaite offers no explanation why she did not confer with Mr. Howard’s attorney
regarding the punctuation. Ms. Brathwaite claims that the punctuation error is “not significantly
enough unambiguous to have made that an issue.” (3 R.R. at 52, ll. 8-9.) But, also states, “it’s clear
that “vested’ does not modify an entire string of concepts in this Decree.” (3 R.R. at 52, ll. 10-13.) Ms.
Brathwaite also claims that the decree as currently written is clear, which directly conflicts with the
position taken by Ms. Howard in her brief. (3 R.R. at 53, ll. 20 – 22.)
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 49 of 61
2. ISSUE 3 AND 4: APPELLANT COUNSEL’S LATE ARRIVAL TO
TRIAL
ISSUE THREE: Did the trial court err in starting trial prior to the arrival of
Appellant’s counsel when Appellant’s counsel was in trial in the protective
order court?
ISSUE FOUR: Did the trial court err in proceeding to trial as a default when
Appellant was present though her counsel was not present?
On October 21, 2013, trial in this case was preferentially set for
January 27, 2014 at 10:00 a.m. Counsel for the Mr. Howard, Mr. Poerschke,
timely appeared and announced ready for trial. (1 C.R. at 69).19 Counsel for
Ms. Howard, Ms. Bastine-Robinson, did not make an appearance, although
Petitioner herself was present. (1 C.R. at 70). Mr. Poerschke instructed Ms.
Howard to communicate with Ms. Bastine-Robinson in an attempt to locate
her. Id. No response was received from Ms. Bastine-Robinson (within Mr.
Poerschke’ knowledge), and after waiting for over an hour the Court called
this case to trial. Id. Eventually, Ms. Bastine-Robinson appeared after the
19 Although this evidence is contained in Mr. Howard’s response to Ms. Howard’s Motion for New
Trial, Mr. Howard’s Motion for New Trial was verified. Mr. Poerschke additionally testified to these
facts at Ms. Howard’s hearing on her Motion for New Trial. (
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 50 of 61
Court heard testimony from Mr. Olinger, the HPOPS pension representative.
Id.
Ms. Bastine-Robinson did not notify Mr. Poerschke of the conflict in
her schedule prior to or on the day of trial. Id. Nor did Ms. Bastine-Robinson
file a protective order, or request a motion for continuance, nor did she object
to the Court’s decision to begin the presentation of evidence in her absence, or
seek a mistrial. Id. Ms. Bastine-Robinson made no formal objection to the
Court.20 Id. Ms. Bastine-Robinson utterly failed to preserve error. A party
cannot lead a trial court into error and then later complain about it on
appeal. Garcia v. Bexar County, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 3633 (Tex. App.—
San Antonio May 9, 2012, pet. denied) (mem); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 33(a)
(the record must show the complaint was made to the trial court in a timely
request, objection, or motion).21
Additionally, because Ms. Bastine-Robinson indicated that she wanted
to cross-examine Mr. Olinger during a short recess on January 27, 2014, Mr.
Poerschke called Mr. Olinger on that date and requested him to return to
20The trial court states, “All right. Let the record reflect that now at 11:30 Ms. Robinson has
appeared.” (2 R.R. at 22, ll. 22 – 24.) After reviewing the record from this point forward, Ms.
Robinson does not make any objection relating to issue three or four.
21“[A]ll a party has to do to avoid the forfeiture of a complaint on appeal is to let the trial judge know
what he wants, why he thinks himself entitled to it, and to do so clearly enough for the judge to
understand him at a time when the trial court is in a proper position to do something about it.”
Lankston v. State, 827 S.W.2d 907, 909 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 51 of 61
Court to testify. (1 C.R. at 70). Because trial was later recessed until January
30, 2014, Mr. Olinger later appeared on January 30, 2014, but was not called
by Ms. Bastine-Robinson to testify. (1 C.R. at 71). Additionally, because Mr.
Olinger was originally called to testify on January 27, 2014 by Mr. Howard
about HPOPS vesting periods, Mr. Olinger’s testimony was also duplicative of
testimony provided by Mr. Mumey and known to Ms. Bastine-Robinson
through discovery and in the business records filed with the Court on
November 19, 2013. Id. Ms. Bastine-Robinson cannot show how she was
harmed by not being able to cross examine Mr. Olinger on January 27, 2014.
Additionally, Ms. Bastine-Robinson’s reliance upon the Rule 10 Texas
Regional Rules of Administration promulgated by Second Administrative
Judicial Region of Texas to excuse her late appearance on January 27, 2014 is
without merit. Rule 10 sets forth the priorities of conflicting trial settings
within different counties located within the Second Administrative Judicial
Region. However, because the alleged conflicting setting was between this
Court and the another Court (280th) within Harris County (intra-country),
Rule 10 of the Texas Regional Rules of Administration does not apply. Rule
10.1 of the Local Rules of the Harris County District Courts clearly states:
The Rules of the Second Administrative Judicial Region control
conflicts in settings of all kinds between a Harris County court
and a court not in Harris County.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 52 of 61
Rule 10.1, Local Rules of the Harris County District Courts. Instead, if the
setting in the 280th Judicial District Court was an actual trial (and there is
no evidence that it was a trial other than Ms. Bastine-Robinson’s assertion
that it was),22 then the setting set first in time will have priority. See Rule
10.2(b).23 Here, this case was preferentially set for trial on October 21, 2013.
If the case in the 280th was set prior to October 21, 2013, then Ms. Bastine-
Robinson should have filed a motion for continuance due to the conflict
previously known to her. If the case in the 280th was set after October 21,
2013, then this case had priority. Either way, she had no justification or
excuse for failing to appear timely or take some action to rectify the alleged
setting conflict.
With regards to issue four, there is no indication in the record that the
trial court called this case to trial on a default basis.
Thus, in light of all the above, issues three and four are not a valid
ground for reversal.
22If the setting in the 280th was not a trial, then the trial setting in this case will take precedence.
See Rule 10.2(a).
23Ms. Bastine-Robinson states, “[i]n Appellant’s scenario, the quasi criminal protective order case
was not set at the same time, but was not scheduled to start at the same time thus the Court with
precedence, that being the 280th had the option to yield and declined to do so.” (Appellant’s Br. 21.)
This statement does not indicate that the trial in the 280th was set before trial in this case nor was
the trial in the 280th was preferentially set.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 53 of 61
3. ISSUE 5: DENIAL OF MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL
ISSUE FIVE: Did the trial court err in failing of grant Appellant a New
Trial?
This Court shall review a trial court’s ruling on a motion for new trial
for an abuse of discretion. In re United Scaffolding, Inc., 377 S.W.3d 685, 687
(Tex. 2012) (orig. proceeding). A new trial may be granted upon a showing of
good cause. TEX. R. CIV. P. 320; In re Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas,
Subsidiary, L.P., 290 S.W.3d 204, 210 (Tex. 2009) (orig. proceeding). Although
the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure do not define “good cause,” courts have
interpreted the term to mean not “just any cause.” In re Columbia Med. Ctr.
of Las Colinas, 290 S.W.3d 204, 210 n.3 (Tex. 2009). For example, mistakes
made by a party or his attorney in trial strategy do not constitute good cause
for the granting of a new trial. Malooly Bros., Inc. v. Napier, 461 S.W.2d 119,
121 (Tex. 1970). Similarly, an appellant’s failure to fully develop or use
available evidence does not constitute good cause. See White v. Wah, 789
S.W.2d 312, 320 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, no writ).
The trial court enjoys great latitude when dividing the estate of the
parties. Murff v. Murff, 615 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Tex. 1981). Because the trial
court enjoys the presumption of propriety, any party opposing the partition
bears a heavy burden of proof. Id. at 699; Wilson v. Wilson, 44 S.W.3d 597,
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 54 of 61
600 (Tex. App.— Fort Worth 2001, no pet.). A property division should only
be disturbed on appeal when an appellant can prove an abuse of discretion.
Wilson, 44 S.W.3d at 600. While legal and factual sufficiency are relevant
factors in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion, they are not
independent grounds of error. Zeptner v. Zeptner, 111 S.W.3d 727, 734 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.) (op. on reh'g).
Here, to the extent that Ms. Howard argues that the trial court abused
its discretion in finding the Decree unambiguous, those issues are addressed
in this brief under issue one and two. Mr. Howard notes that issues
regarding ambiguity are not reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard,
but are reviewed de novo as a pure question of law. Additionally, to the
extent that Ms. Howard argues that the trial court abused its discretion in
starting trial without the presence of Appellant’s counsel, Ms. Bastine-
Robinson, those issues are addressed in this brief under issues three and
four.
Disregarding the other issues raised by Ms. Howard that are addressed
in other sections of this brief and focusing specifically upon the evidence
admitted at trial, Ms. Howard does not point to a lack of evidence that would
have contributed to an abuse of discretion. Nor has Ms. Howard provided this
Court with any analysis, independent of the other grounds raised by her,
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 55 of 61
which would entitle her to a new trial under this abuse of discretion
standard. In fact, Ms. Howard’s briefing on this issue suggests that the trial
court heard testimony from multiple witnesses, including two expert
witnesses (one called by each of the parties). Nor does, Ms. Howard show
how she was harmed. To the extent that Ms. Howard complains of a ground
of reversal that is separate and distinct from the other issues raised by her,
her briefing is simply not clear24 and it should be dismissed.25
24 Ms. Howard does not correctly cite the standard of review for a motion for new trial in the context
of this appeal. Ms. Howard is mistaken that legal and factual sufficiency challenges are independent
grounds of review. The correct standard of review is abuse of discretion.
25Rule 38 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure requires the appellant’s brief to contain a clear
and concise argument of the contentions made, with appropriate citations to authorities and the
Record. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(f).
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 56 of 61
4. ISSUE 6: FINDINGS OF FACT
ISSUE SIX: Was Appellant harmed by Appellant’s preclusion to filing a
Request for Findings of Fact and Conclusions of law due to resignation of the
Trial Court judge?
Ms. Howard argues that she was “precluded from requesting findings of
fact and conclusions of law.” (Appellant’s Br. 8.) In effect, Ms. Howard
argues that because Judge Pratt resigned (on or about March 28, 2014) after
signing the final order in this case on February 28, 2014, she was precluded
from filing findings of fact and conclusions of law. Ms. Howard argues that
only Judge Pratt can render findings of fact and conclusions of law in this
case.
This is not a correct. A successor judge is authorized under TEX. R.
CIV. P. 18 to make the findings of fact and conclusions of law. While Rule 18
does not refer specifically to findings of fact and conclusions of law, it
provides that the successor judge shall hear “. . . all motions undisposed of. . .
.” As noted in Lykes Bros. S. S. Co., Inc. v. Benben, 601 S.W.2d 418 (Tex.App.
—Houston [14 Dist.] 1980), the Fourteenth Court of Appeals held that “a
request for findings of fact and conclusions of law is a motion under Rule 18.”
Storrie v. Shaw, 96 Tex. 618, 75 S.W. 20 (1903). Fundamentally, a judge who
succeeds a judge who has resigned after to rendering judgment is authorized
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 57 of 61
to make findings of fact and conclusions of law. TEX. R .CIV. P. 18 “allows
successor judges to dispose of unresolved matters and enter various orders so
long as the successor judge does not render judgment without hearing
evidence.” 2900 Smith, Ltd. v. Constellation NewEnergy, Inc., 301 S.W.3d
74, n. 6 (Tex.App.-Houston [14 Dist.] 2009); see also Fidelity & Guar. Life Ins.
Co. v. Pina, 165 S.W.3d 416, 421 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2005, no pet.)
(noting that rule 18 operates in conjunction with section 30.002 of the
remedies code, which allows the successor of a deceased judge to enter
findings of fact and conclusions of law for cases pending at the death of his
predecessor). Thus, Ms. Howard’s argument that she was precluded from
filing findings of fact and conclusions of law is incorrect.
Additionally, as noted above, final judgment contains findings. (1 C.R.
at 23 - 24.) Because those findings do not conflict with findings in a separate
document, those findings of fact should be accorded probative value. Thus, if
the Court concluded that Ms. Howard was precluded from making findings of
fact, there is no indication that she was harmed.
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 58 of 61
PRAYER
For all of the above reasons, Appellee’s Reply Brief, STEPHEN HENRY
HOWARD, respectfully requests that this Court:
1. affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Respectfully submitted,
THE OGG LAW FIRM, PLLC
/s/ R. Scott Poerschke
KIM K. OGG
State Bar No. 15230200
R. SCOTT POERSCHKE, JR.
State Bar. No. 24067822
CHRIS AINSWORTH
State Bar. No. 24072789
3215 Mercer, Suite 100
Houston, Texas 77027
Phone 713.974.1600
Fax 713.621.2106
kimogg@ogglawfirm.com
scott@ogglawfirm.com
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 59 of 61
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 9.5(d), I, R. Scott Poerschke, certify that
on February 12, 2015, a copy of Appellee’s Reply Brief was served through
the electronic filing manger.
/s/ R. Scott Poerschke
R. Scott Poerschke
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 60 of 61
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I, R. Scott Poerschke, hereby certify this brief complies with the type-
volume limitation of Tex. R. App. P. 9.4(i)(3) because this brief contains
approximately 12,795 words, excluding the parts of the brief exempted by
Tex. R. App. 9.4(i)(1) and relying on the word court of Microsoft Word. This
brief was prepared in a proportionally-spaced typeface using Microsoft Word
2007 in 13-point Century Schoolbook font.
/s/ R. Scott Poerschke
R. Scott Poerschke
Appellee’s Reply Brief Page 61 of 61