Cook, Dennis Ray ( 2015 )


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  •                       NO.      /tso-rt
    IN THE
    COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS
    DENNIS R. COOK,
    Petitioner
    v.
    THE STATE OF TEXAS,
    Respondent
    PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
    Petition in Case No. 07-14-00149-CR,
    from the Court Of Appeals
    for the Seventh Judicial District
    Amarillo, Texas
    Dennis R. Cook
    Pro Se Petitioner
    4341 Red Oak Circle
    Midlothian, TX 76065
    Phone: (972)775-1571
    Fax: (972)296-5402
    dennis.cook777@gmail.com
    Pro Se Petitioner
    Petitioner Waives Oral Argument
    «   W   .••?•# %* ^   \f
    IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES, AND COUNSEL
    Trial Level, Cause No. 2012-472,011, The State ofTexas v. Dennis Ray Cook,
    In the County Court at Law No. 1, Lubbock County, Texas
    before the Honorable Judge Mark Hocker, (Presiding Judge)
    PARTIES                                         COUNSEL
    A.   Dennis R. Cook, Pro Se Defendant           ProSe
    4341 Red Oak Circle
    Midlothian, TX 76065
    dennis.cook777@gmail.com
    (972)775-1571
    B.    The State of Texas                        Tom Brummett
    Assistant District Attorney
    Lubbock County, Texas
    P.O. Box 10536
    Lubbock, TX 79408
    Phone: (806)775-1100
    State Bar No. 24038790
    Appellate Level No. 07-14-00149-CR, Dennis Ray Cook v. The State ofTexas,
    In the Court of Appeals for the Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo,
    before Justices Quinn, C.J., Campbell, and Hancock, JJ.
    PARTIES                                         COUNSEL
    A.    Dennis R. Cook, Pro Se Appellant          ProSe
    4341 Red Oak Circle
    Midlothian, TX 76065
    dennis.cook777@gmail.com
    (972) 775-1571
    B.    The State of Texas                        Jeffrey S. Ford
    Assistant District Attorney
    P.O. Box 10536
    Lubbock, TX 79408
    Phone: (806)775-1000
    Fax: (806)767-1118
    JFord@co.lubbock.tx.us
    State Bar No. 24047280
    TABLE OF CONTENTS
    PAGE
    IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES, AND COUNSEL                     1
    TABLE OF CONTENTS                                       3
    INDEX OF AUTHORITIES                                     4
    STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT                       5
    STATEMENT OF THE CASE                                   5
    STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY                         5
    QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW                               7
    I.   WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT AN OFFICER'S
    SPECULATION AS TO FUTURE HARM CAN SATISFY THE
    "ENDANGERMENT" REQUIREMENT OF THE PUBLIC
    INTOXICATION STATUTE                                   7
    REASONS FOR REVIEW                                          7
    ARGUMENT                                                    9
    I.     DUELING INTERPRETATIONS                         9
    II.    THE LAW                                     11
    III.   THE LAW APPLIED TO THIS CASE                16
    PRAYER FOR RELIEF                                       19
    CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE                                  21
    CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE                               23
    APPENDIX                                                25
    3
    INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
    Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Cases
    Balli v. State, 
    530 S.W.2d 123
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1975)
    Bentley v. State, 
    535 S.W.2d 651
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1976)
    Britton v. State, 
    578 S.W.2d 685
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)
    Davis v. State, 
    576 S.W.2d 378
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)
    Dickey v. State, 
    552 S.W.2d 467
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)
    State v. Woodard, 
    341 S.W.3d 404
    (Tex. Crim. App. 2011)
    Texas Court of Appeals Cases
    Berg v. State, 
    720 S.W.2d 199
    (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist] 1986, pet. refd)
    Collins v. State, 
    795 S.W.2d 777
    (Tex. App.—Austin 1990, no pet.)
    Commander v. State, 
    748 S.W.2d 270
          (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, no pet.)
    Simpson v. State, 
    886 S.W.2d 449
    (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet refd)
    Traylor v. State, 
    642 S.W.2d 250
    (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, no pet.)
    Vasquez v. State, 
    682 S.W.2d 407
    (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, no pet.)
    State Statutes
    Tex. Penal Code § 49.02 (2007)
    STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT
    The Petitioner waives oral argument.
    STATEMENT OF THE CASE
    This Court is being asked to reverse the Seventh Court of Appeals judgment
    that the Petitioner was not entitled to suppress evidence on the ground that there
    was no probable cause for an arrest.         The relevant issue is whether the
    endangerment requirement of the Public Intoxication statute can be satisfied by the
    speculation of the arresting officer.
    STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY
    A panel of the Seventh Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial
    court in a memorandum opinion rendered on October 30, 2014. No motion for
    rehearing was filed.
    QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW
    WHETHER THE COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT AN OFFICER'S
    SPECULATION        AS   TO   FUTURE      HARM      CAN    SATISFY     THE
    "ENDANGERMENT"             REQUIREMENT           OF      THE      PUBLIC
    INTOXICATION STATUTE.
    REASONS FOR REVIEW
    (1)   The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of state or federal
    law that has not been, but should be, settled by the Court of Criminal
    Appeals.
    (2)   The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of state or federal
    law in a way that conflicts with the applicable decisions of the Court of
    Criminal Appeals or the Supreme Court of the United States.
    (3)   The Court of Appeals has so far departed from the accepted and usual course
    of judicial proceedings, or so far sanctioned such a departure by a lower
    court, as to call for an exercise of the Court of Criminal Appeals' power of
    supervision.
    ARGUMENT
    The sole issue in this petition results from the trial court's refusal to grant a
    motion to suppress based on a lack of probable cause. It was the Petitioner's
    position that while he may have been intoxicated, he did not endanger himself or
    others. Because a petition for discretionary review must be as brief as possible,
    please consider the following scenario as both a brief introduction and an
    encapsulation of this petition in a nutshell.
    I.     DUELING INTERPRETATIONS
    Two police officers are on patrol in a small Texas municipality when the
    town drunk, Kooter, is seen leaving the local bar at closing time. Officer One says,
    "I'll bet you ten bucks that Kooter is publically intoxicated again." Officer Two
    speaks up, "I'll take your bet, because I happen to know that Kooter got off work
    late tonight and didn't have enough time to drink his customary belly-full."
    Kooter exits the bar smelling of booze, his eyes red and watery. He sways
    as he begins walking down the middle of the sidewalk to his home at the end of the
    block. Just as he gets to his house, Officer One arrests him for Public Intoxication.
    Officer Two exclaims, "Hey, that ain't fair! He never did nothing to endanger
    himself or others." Smiling, Officer One retorts, "He doesn't have to—the way the
    statute is written, all I have to decide is that he may."
    The Texas Penal Code states that a person commits the offense of Public
    Intoxication "if the person appears in a public place while intoxicated to the degree
    that the person may endanger the person or another." Tex. Penal Code § 49.02
    (2007) (emphasis added). It is the unfortunate use of the word "may" in the Public
    Intoxication statute that has led many officers, district attorneys, judges, and
    indeed appeals court justices to believe that the endangerment requirement can be
    satisfied by the sheer speculation of the arresting officer.
    Under this interpretation, if the officer speculates that an individual may
    become a potential danger in the future, then the officer has probable cause to
    arrest even though the person has done nothing potentially dangerous. In other
    words, this interpretation of the statute gives the officer license to predict the
    future, and whether the officer decides there is probable cause to arrest depends
    upon that officer's speculation. The flaw with this interpretation is that it allows a
    person to be arrested for something they have not done, and may never have done.
    The arresting officer in this case testified that this was his interpretation of
    the statute. He stated that the Petitioner was a danger to himself or others because
    he may choose to walk out into the street or a busy parking lot, while admitting
    that he had not yet done so. (RR vol. 1 of 1, pp. 29-31). During closing arguments
    of the suppression hearing, the prosecutor argued this interpretation as the proper
    10
    law the judge should follow in deciding the motion to suppress.1 On appeal to the
    Seventh Court of Appeals in Amarillo, the State reiterated this same argument. .
    The Court of Appeals was careful to avoid a direct answer to the question of
    whether an officer's speculation could satisfy the endangerment requirement.
    Instead, the Court upheld the trial court by writing a "totality of circumstances"
    opinion that spliced the Petitioner's level of intoxication with the officer's
    speculation.    As a consequence, it is unclear whether the Court accepts the
    proposition that an officer's speculation can satisfy the endangerment requirement,
    or believes that a totality of circumstances can replace an element of an offense. In
    either event, the Petitioner would request that this Court provide direction.
    II.    THE LAW
    The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has ruled time and time again that the
    endangerment requirement must actually exist in order to establish probable cause.
    It is though the Court strikes the troublesome word "may" from the statute entirely.
    In order to establish probable cause to arrest for public intoxication, the statute
    "requires the intoxicated person to endanger himselfor herselfor another." State
    v. Woodard, 
    341 S.W.3d 404
    , 409 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (emphasis added). This
    1 During closing arguments of the suppression hearing, Assistant District Attorney Mr. Tom
    Brummett argued the polar opposite of the law as given by Appellant: "I will take exception to
    the argument of the Defense to indicate that there needs to be some immediacy of danger, or in
    his words, the situation needs to be inherently dangerous or extremely intoxicated." (RR vol. 1
    of 1, pp. 54-55).
    11
    must be the only legal interpretation of the statute, for to rule otherwise would
    allow speculation to serve as evidence in a court of law, and allow every
    intoxicated individual to be arrested, (if indicated by the officer's tea leaves).
    In Davis v. State, the appellant was walking alongside a four lane highway in
    an industrial area of Houston on which were travelling all kinds of cars, trucks, and
    trailer rigs.   
    576 S.W.2d 378
    , 381 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979).           "The appellant's
    speech was slurred, he was running his words together, he appeared to be 'cotton
    mouthed,' he was unsteady on his feet, and leaned against the patrol car." 
    Id. Though intoxicated,
    the Court found no potential danger.               "There was no
    indication that he was in any way a danger to himself or anyone else. There was no
    probable cause for an arrest for public intoxication...." 
    Id. at 382
    n.2. The Court
    was obviously unwilling to allow the speculation that Davis may wander out into
    traffic to serve as the required element of potential danger.
    While it is true that there is a long line of Texas cases finding probable cause
    for a warrantless arrest for Public Intoxication, the theme common to all of them is
    that they embody two components: (1) a description of the appellant's behavior or
    appearance indicating intoxication; and (2) an ongoing potential danger—i.e., a
    setting likely to produce imminent harm, usually because the appellant is in a car
    or in the street.   SeeBritton v. State, 
    578 S.W.2d 685
    , 689 (Tex. Crim. App.
    1979) (op. on rehearing) (glassy, bloodshot eyes, incoherent, head bobbing; sitting
    12
    in car blocking traffic); Dickey v. State, 
    552 S.W.2d 467
    , 468 (Tex. Crim. App.
    1977) (wobbling, slurred speech, unable to walk without assistance when
    awakened; passed out in front seat of car parked on street); Bentley
    v. State, 
    535 S.W.2d 651
    , 652-53 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976) (strong odor of alcohol,
    bloodshot eyes, slurred speech, swaying; while attempting to buy snow chains for
    tires at gas station); Balli v. State, 
    530 S.W.2d 123
    , 126 (Tex. Crim. App. 1975)
    (alcohol on breath, slurred speech, swaying, difficulty walking; walking down
    middle of street); Simpson v. State, 
    886 S.W.2d 449
    , 455 (Tex. App.—Houston
    [1st Dist.] 1994, pet refd) (strong odor of alcohol, bloodshot eyes, slurred speech;
    engaged in violent argument in middle of public street).
    There is also a minority line of cases that hold extreme intoxication alone
    can provide the necessary element of potential danger. In these cases, although the
    appellant was not in an ongoing potentially dangerous setting, (e.g., in the middle
    of the street, in a car, or in a busy parking lot), the appellant was in such an
    extreme state of intoxication that he or she was incoherent, and/or violent, abusive,
    and belligerent.   See Traylor v. State, 
    642 S.W.2d 250
    , 250-51 (Tex. App.—
    Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, no pet.) (staggering and using abusive language;
    refusing to provide identification); Vasquez v. State, 
    682 S.W.2d 407
    , 410 (Tex.
    App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1984, no pet.) (heavily intoxicated, belligerent, and
    cursing).
    13
    But in cases where there is neither an ongoing potential danger, nor extreme
    intoxication, the courts consistently say there is no probable cause for arrest.
    In Collins v. State, the defendant was confronted by an Officer Burris at a gas
    station. 
    795 S.W.2d 777
    , 779 n.l, 4 (Tex. App.—Austin 1990, no pet.). Officer
    Burris observed that Collins smelled strongly of alcohol; that his eyes were
    bloodshot; that his speech was slurred; that he was barefoot and his foot was cut;
    that he had an unsteady walk; that he moderately swayed; and that he did not have
    full balance. 
    Id. at n.4.
    The Court noted that Collins did not attempt to move toward the street and
    that although he seemed confused, he seemed to understand the officer and was
    cooperative. 
    Id. The Court
    reasoned that "[although officer Burris may have
    honestly believed Collins could have been a danger to himself, a prudent person
    would not have so concluded. . . . Accordingly, officer Burris did not have
    probable cause to arrest Collins." 
    Id. Here, the
    setting was not potentially
    dangerous (not in a car, in the street, or in a parking lot), and the intoxication was
    not extreme.
    Commander v. State is a case in which the officer approached the defendant
    in the driveway of a private residence. 
    748 S.W.2d 270
    , 271-72 (Tex. App.—
    Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, no pet.). The officer observed that the defendant was
    glassy eyed and smelled of alcohol. 
    Id. The officer
    also noted that the defendant
    14
    was unsteady and leaning against a car in the driveway. 
    Id. The Court
    held the
    following: "Unlike the cases cited by the state, appellant was not in any risky or
    precarious circumstance from which he needed to be protected. There is no
    testimony even intimating a real possibility ofdanger to appellant or to the public."
    
    Id. at 272
    (emphasis added).       Once again, the setting was not potentially
    dangerous, and the intoxication was not extreme.
    And finally, in Berg v. State, the officer came upon the defendant in
    an airport gift shop. 
    720 S.W.2d 199
    , 200 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1986,
    pet. refd). The officer stated that the defendant had an odor of alcohol, was thick-
    tongued, unbalanced, and unsteady on his feet. 
    Id. The state
    cited several cases
    showing probable cause for the arrest, but the Court responded as follows:
    The State cites and we are aware of cases which have affirmed
    public intoxication arrests. E.g., Britton v. State, 
    578 S.W.2d 685
    , 689
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1978), cert, denied, 
    444 U.S. 955
    , 
    100 S. Ct. 435
    , 
    62 L. Ed. 2d 328
    (1979); Dickey v. State, 
    552 S.W.2d 467
    (Tex. Crim.
    App. 1977); Balli v. State, 
    530 S.W.2d 123
    (Tex. Crim. App.1975);
    Bentley v. State, 
    535 S.W.2d 651
    (Tex. Crim. App. 1976); Traylor v.
    State, 
    642 S.W.2d 250
    (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1982, no
    pet.); Vasquez v. State, 
    682 S.W.2d 407
    (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
    Dist.] 1984, no pet.).
    However, these cases deal with circumstances in which the
    intoxicated suspect was obviously in a position to be a danger to
    himself or another—walking down the middle of the street, in a car,
    attempting to purchase tire chains for a car—or was in such an
    extreme state of intoxication that the suspect was incoherent and/or
    staggering and swaying.
    In this case we do not have either situation. Appellant was not
    in a precarious position while waiting in the airport gift shop for his
    flight. Further, there is no testimony or other evidence of extreme or
    15
    heavy intoxication. The officers' observations of appellant being
    unbalanced and thick-tongued were not sufficient to allow them to
    conclude appellant was intoxicated to the degree that would justify his
    warrantless arrest for public intoxication.
    
    Id. at 201.
    Consequently, the Court held that there was no probable cause to arrest
    because the setting was not potentially dangerous and the level of intoxication was
    not extreme. See 
    id. III. THE
    LAW APPLIED TO THIS CASE
    In this case, the Petitioner argued in both the suppression hearing and later to
    the Court of Appeals that he State could not establish probable cause under either
    the majority or minority line of cases. The State could not establish probable cause
    under the majority line of cases because the Petitioner was on the sidewalk where a
    pedestrian was supposed to be, and not in the street, parking lot, car, or some other
    inherently dangerous setting. (RR vol. 1 of 1, pp. 29-30).
    And the State could not establish probable cause under the minority line of
    cases involving extreme intoxication because the only witness at the suppression
    hearing, the arresting officer, testified that although the Petitioner was initially
    found lying on the sidewalk, he got up within seconds of being asked, provided his
    identification when asked, was coherent, spoke in a matter of fact tone, and did not
    16
    lose his balance or fall down.        (RR vol. 1 of 1, 15, 29-31).         The facts of this case
    mirror those cases above that do not find probable cause to arrest.
    Presently, the Public Intoxication statute is often used as punishment rather
    than protection.     Because a petition must be brief, the Petitioner will refrain from
    presenting the long list of newspaper and magazine articles, blogs, and police
    department statistics concerning complaints arising from alleged improper Public
    Intoxication arrests.       The statute can be utilized as a weapon because the
    interpretation that an officer can speculate on the endangerment requirement has
    been allowed to pervade the courts. The Petitioner humbly requests that this Court
    of Criminal Appeals grant this petition and provide the lower Texas courts with
    direction on how the Public Intoxication statute should properly be interpreted.
    2The officer testified that after initially cooperating with officer on every request, the Petitioner
    refused to say what had caused him to be found lying on the sidewalk. The officer further
    testified that the Petitioner was arrested "within seconds" of exercising the right not to answer
    that question. (RR vol. 1 of 1, pp. 17, 28).
    3This is especially true when one considers that every individual arrested for Public Intoxication
    is taken directly to the drunk tank of the county jail, perhaps the most violent square footage of
    any Texas county.
    17
    18
    PRAYER FOR RELIEF
    The Petitioner respectfully prays that this Honorable Court of Criminal
    Appeals will grant this Petition for Discretionary Review—the Appellant waives
    oral argument. The Petitioner further prays that this Honorable Court of Criminal
    Appeals will vacate the Judgment of the court below and will remand this case to
    that court with instructions to grant the Petitioner's Motion to Suppress.
    Respectfully submitted,
    Dennis R. Cook
    Pro Se Petitioner
    4341 Red Oak Circle
    Midlothian, TX 76065
    Phone: (972)775-1571
    Fax: (972)296-5402
    dennis.cook777@gmail.com
    19
    20
    CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
    I do hereby certify that on the 30th day of January, 2015, a true and correct
    copy of this Petition for Discretionary Review of Pro Se Petitioner Dennis R. Cook
    was forwarded by first class U.S. mail to:
    Lubbock County District Attorney's Office
    Matthew Powell, Director
    P.O. Box 10536
    Lubbock, TX 79408
    State Prosecuting Attorney
    Lisa C. McMinn
    P. O. Box 13046
    Austin, TX 78711-3046
    Dennis R. Cook
    Pro Se Petitioner
    4341 Red Oak Circle
    Midlothian, TX 76065
    Phone: (972)775-1571
    Fax: (972)296-5402
    dennis.cook777@gmail.com
    21
    22
    CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
    I hereby certify that this document was completed using Microsoft Word
    software, Times New Roman font, in 14-point type, footnotes in 12-point type. It
    contains 2,693 words. This Petition for Discretionary Review complies with the
    length requirement of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals.
    ^A^
    Dennis R. Cook
    Pro Se Petitioner
    4341 Red Oak Circle
    Midlothian, TX 76065
    Phone: (972)775-1571
    Fax: (972)296-5402
    dennis.cook777@gmail.com
    23
    24
    APPENDIX
    Copy of the Seventh Court of Appeals memorandum opinion rendered on October
    30, 2014, No. 07-14-00149-CR, Dennis Ray Cook, Appellant v. The State Of
    Texas, Appellee.
    25
    Cotttt of appeal*
    g>euett$ Mi&ttitt of Cexa* at 3mariUo
    No. 07-14-00149-CR
    DENNIS RAY COOK, APPELLANT
    V.
    THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
    On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 1
    Lubbock County, Texas
    Trial Court No. 2012-472,011, Honorable Mark Hocker, Presiding
    October 30,2014
    MEMORANDUM OPINION
    Before QUINN, CJ., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.
    Appellant Dennis Ray Cook, appearing pro se, appeals his conviction for the
    offense of public intoxication and the resulting fine of $50. Through one issue, he
    challenges the court's denial of his motion to suppress. We will affirm.
    Background
    Appellant was charged via information with the offense of public intoxication. He
    filed a "motion to suppress illegal arrest," on which the court held a hearing. Officer
    David Babcock with the Texas Tech University Police Department was the only witness
    to testify at the hearing.
    His testimony showed Babcock was on duty during a Texas Tech home football
    game in November 2011 when he received a dispatch that a Department of Public
    Safety trooper had reported a person was "passed out" on the sidewalk. Babcock and
    two other officers responded to the location, "on a sidewalk near the north end of Dan
    Law Field, near Drive of Champions and the entrance way into the parking lot of Dan
    Law Field." When the officers arrived, they found appellant lying on the sidewalk, an
    area Babcock testified was a public place.
    Babcock approached appellant, finding him to be disoriented with a "dazed-type
    look" and slurred speech. Babcock also smelled a strong odor of alcohol coming from
    appellant's breath and body. Appellant's eyes were red, watery, glassy, and bloodshot.
    Babcock told the court that once appellant had been helped to his feet, "he was swaying
    and appeared to be unbalanced on his feet," and required assistance to walk.
    Babcock testified he saw a cut on the bridge of appellant's nose and a bruise on
    his cheek. He said he asked appellant "what happened," but appellant did not want to
    answer. When Babcock attempted to question him further, appellant told him he was a
    law student, that he knew the law, and that he did not have to answer any questions.
    Appellant also told the officer that it was not any of his business and that he knew what
    he could say and what he did not have to say. Babcock testified appellant said these
    things with an "attitude."
    Babcock placed appellant under arrest, handcuffed him, and placed him in a
    police unit to await the EMS van. The officer explained to the court that the medical
    responders would determine whether appellant should be taken to the hospital or could
    be taken to jail. Appellant was taken to jail.
    During testimony regarding the circumstances that caused him to believe
    appellant was then a danger to himself or others, Babcock explained that appellant
    could have walked out into the street, walked out in front of a car exiting or entering the
    parking lot or been hit by a bus.
    The trial court heard argument and denied the motion to suppress. The case was
    heard by a jury in January 2014. Officer Babcock testified as the sole State's witness
    during the guilt-innocence phase of trial; appellant testified as the sole defense witness.
    The jury found appellant guilty of the offense of public intoxication and punishment was
    assessed as noted. This appeal followed.
    Analysis
    Through his sole issue on appeal, appellant argues the trial court abused its
    discretion in denying his motion to suppress because probable cause did not exist to
    arrest him for the offense of public intoxication. Appellant challenges only the
    reasonableness of Babcock's conclusion he was, at the time of his arrest, a danger to
    himself or others. He does not contest the evidence he was intoxicated or that showing
    he was in a public place.
    A trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress is generally reviewed for abuse of
    discretion. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 28.01 (1)(6) (West 2012); Oles v. State, 
    993 S.W.2d 103
    , 106 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). We review a trial court's ruling on a motion to
    suppress under the bifurcated standard enunciated in Guzman v. State, 
    955 S.W.2d 85
    ,
    87-88 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). In a suppression hearing, the trial judge is the sole trier
    of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their
    testimony. Rodriguez v. State, 
    191 S.W.3d 428
    , 440 (Tex. App—Corpus Christi 2006,
    pet. refd), citing State v. Ballard, 
    987 S.W.2d 889
    , 891 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).
    In reviewing a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, we give almost total
    deference to the trial court's determination of historical facts and application-of-law-to-
    fact questions that turn on credibility and demeanor. Perales v. State, 
    117 S.W.3d 434
    ,
    437 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2003, no pet.). We review de novo application-of-law-to-
    fact questions that do not turn on credibility and demeanor. 
    Id. In the
    absence of explicit
    fact findings, we assume that the trial court's ruling is based on implicit fact findings
    supported in the record. 
    Perales, 117 S.W.3d at 437
    ; see Carmouche v. State, 
    10 S.W.3d 323
    , 332 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (recognizing implicit fact findings). We then
    review de novo whether the facts, express or implied, are sufficient to provide legal
    justification for admitting the complained-of evidence. Garcia v. State, 
    43 S.W.3d 527
    ,
    530 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).
    A person commits the offense of public intoxication if he appears in a public
    place while intoxicated to the degree that he may endanger himself or another. Tex.
    Penal Code Ann. § 49.02 (West 2003). The test for whether probable cause exists for a
    public intoxication arrest is whether the officer's knowledge at the time of the arrest
    4
    would warrant a prudent person in believing that a suspect, albeit intoxicated, was in
    any way a danger to himself or another person. 
    Rodriguez, 191 S.W.3d at 445-46
    , citing
    Britton v. State, 
    578 S.W.2d 685
    , 687 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978). Proof of
    potential danger to the defendant or others is enough to satisfy the endangerment
    requirement for the offense of public intoxication. Riggan v. State, No. 07-09-00227-CR,
    2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 5497, at *5-6 (Tex. App.—Amarillo July 19, 2011, pet. refd)
    (mem. op., not designated for publication), citing Segura v. State, 
    826 S.W.2d 178
    , 184
    (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, pet. refd) (applying former version of public intoxication
    statute).
    The existence of probable cause depends on the totality of the circumstances.
    Amores v. State, 
    816 S.W.2d 407
    , 413 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Probable cause for a
    warrantless arrest requires that the officer have a reasonable belief that, based on facts
    and circumstances within the officer's personal knowledge, or of which the officer has
    reasonably trustworthy information, an offense has been committed. Torres v. State,
    
    182 S.W.3d 899
    , 901 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). When a court deals with probable cause,
    it deals with probabilities. Illinois v. Gates, 
    462 U.S. 213
    , 232, 
    103 S. Ct. 2317
    , 76 L.Ed
    527(1982); 
    Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87
    . A showing of probable cause requires less
    evidence than is necessary to support a conviction. 
    Guzman, 955 S.W.2d at 87
    ,
    
    Segura, 826 S.W.2d at 182
    .
    From Babcock's testimony, the trial court could have determined that the officer
    found appellant in an intoxicated and disoriented state lying on the sidewalk, at a
    location1 and time of heavy traffic2 associated with a home football game; that appellant
    then exhibited wounds to his nose and face, the cause of which were unknown; and that
    appellant, when assisted to his feet, was unsteady and swaying. Based on those facts,
    the trial court rather clearly could have agreed with Babcock's conclusion that appellant
    was in danger of injury from the traffic.3 See Patterson v. State, No. 01-11-00054-CR,
    2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 1584, at *11-12 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] March 1, 2012,
    no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (rejecting contention similar
    testimony was "too speculative" to satisfy danger requirement; collecting cases).
    The suppression hearing testimony gave the trial court evidence on which to
    conclude the arresting officer had probable cause to believe appellant was intoxicated in
    a public place to the degree he posed a danger to himself or others, and thus was
    committing the offense of public intoxication. The court did not abuse its discretion in
    denying appellant's motion to suppress.
    1We take judicial notice that Dan Law Field is Texas Tech's baseball field, located about one
    block west of its football stadium on the campus. See Tex. R. Evid. 201.
    2 Babcock agreed, on cross-examination, that he considered "the amount of foot traffic and
    vehicular traffic on [the adjacent street] to be "unsafe," and agreed he considered "a person
    demonstrating the degree of intoxication that [appellant] did at that close proximity to a street with that
    much vehicular, including busses, and pedestrian traffic in danger."
    3
    Indeed, we think Babcock's testimonythat appellant was in danger of being hit by a car or bus
    in the adjacent street and parking lot entrance provided only a partial list of apparent dangers to himself
    and others from appellant's circumstances. A person lying on the sidewalk in an area of such heavy
    pedestrian traffic is at risk of being stepped on or stumbled over by passing pedestrians.
    Conclusion
    We resolve appellant's sole issue against him and affirm the judgment of the trial
    court.
    James T. Campbell
    Justice
    Do not publish.