Albert Torres Nieves v. State ( 2015 )

ACCEPTED
01-14-00294-CR
FIRST COURT OF APPEALS
HOUSTON, TEXAS
7/1/2015 2:44:42 PM
CHRISTOPHER PRINE
CLERK
No. 01-14-00294-CR
IN THE FILED IN
1st COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST COURT OF APPEALS HOUSTON, TEXAS
7/1/2015 2:44:42 PM
STATE OF TEXAS CHRISTOPHER A. PRINE
Clerk
____________________
ALBERT NIEVES, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
____________________
On Appeal from the 179th District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Cause Number 1392793
____________________
APPELLATE BRIEF
____________________
Joe David Wells
State Bar No. 90001904
PO Box 2064
Houston, Texas 77252
Tel (281) 410-8778
Fax (832) 201-0467
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED
NOTICE OF ALL INTERESETED PARTIES
Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(a), the following persons are interested parties:
Appellant
Albert Nieves
Attorneys for Appellant
Mr. Joe David Wells (on appeal)
P.O. Box 2064
Houston, Texas 77252
(281) 410-8778
Mr. Patrick Ruzzo (at trial court)
4500 Montrose Blvd.
Second Floor, Suite A
Houston, Texas 77006
(281) 497-0778
Trial Judge
The Honorable Kristin Guiney
179th District Court
1201 Franklin
Houston, Texas 77002
Attorneys for State
Ms. Angela Smith (at trial court)
Mr. Gregory James Houlton (at trial court)
Mr. Alan Curry (on appeal)
Harris County District Attorney’s Office
1201 Franklin, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77002
(713) 755-5800
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Notice of All Interested Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table of Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Statement of the Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Points of Error Presented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Statement of Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Summary of Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Certificate of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
TRAP 9.4(i)(3) Certificate of Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3
TABLE OF AUTHORITES
page
Cases
Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010) 21
Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) 19
Cavender v. State, 547 S.W.2d 601 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977) 13
Ex Parte Briggs, 187 S.W.3d 458 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) 16
Ex parte Bums, 601 S.W.2d 370 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980) 12
Ex Parte Lahood, 401 S.W.3d 45 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013) 12
Ex parte Moore, 395 S.W.3d 152 (Tex.Crim.App.2013) 12
Ex parte Welborn, 785 S.W.2d 391, 396 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) 17
Fuller v. State, 224 S.W.3d 823 (Tex. App. – Texarkana 2007) 13
Huffman v. State, 746 S.W.2d 212 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988) 13
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781 (1979) 21
Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) 19
Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) 19
Oprean v. State, 201 S.W.3d 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) 19
Potier v. State, 68 S.W.3d 657 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) 19
Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) 15
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984) 12
4
Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808 (Tex.Crim.App.1999) 12
West v. State, 124 S.W.3d 732 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003) 19
Wright v. State, 223 S.W.3d 36 (Tex. App. – Houston[1st Dist.] 2006) 16
Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) 19
Statutes
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 38.072 20
TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. Art. 44.25 20
TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b) 19
TEX. R. EVID. 801 20
U.S. CONST. amend. VI 12
5
TO THE HONORABLE JUSTICES OF THE COURT OF APPEALS:
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
Appellant Albert Nieves was charged by indictment with the felony offense
of Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child Under 14 Years of Age in the 179th
District Court of Harris County, Texas, the Honorable Kristin Guiney presiding.
(CR p.9). This case is a re-indictment of a previous charge of super aggravated
sexual assault of a child under six years of age, Cause No. 1312155. (CR p. 17).
On March 31, 2014, appellant was found guilty following a jury trial. (CR p.286).
Appellant was sentenced to 10 years in the institutional division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice. (Id). Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on
March 31, 2014. (CR p.290). This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to Tex. R. App.
P. 26.2.
6
POINTS OF ERROR PRESENTED
I: Appellant was denied due process by trial counsel’s failure to raise
appellant’s ethnicity in relation to the DNA evidence.
II: Appellant was denied due process by trial counsel’s failure to object to the
prosecution’s statement that appellant’s DNA was present in the
complaining witness’ panties.
III: Appellant was denied due process by his own trial counsel’s statement to the
jury that appellant’s DNA was present in the complaining witness’ panties.
IV: Appellant was denied due process by trial counsel’s failure to retain a DNA
expert.
V: The cumulative effect of trial counsel’s errors regarding DNA evidence
denied appellant of due process.
VI: The trial court erred by admitting a second outcry statement from the
complaining witness.
VII: The evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for aggravated sexual
assault of a child under 14 years of age.
7
STATEMENT OF FACTS
The complaining witness (“CW” herein) is the niece of appellant. (RR VI
p.8). At the time of her testimony at trial, CW was seven years old. (RR VI p.4).
In June 2011, when CW was four years old, she made an outcry to her mother that
appellant sexually assaulted her while spending the night at his apartment. (RR IV
p.65).
According to CW’s mother, her daughter told her that appellant pulled her
pants down and licked her privates. (RR IV p.65-66). CW’s mother was alone
with CW when this outcry was made. (RR IV p.67). CW’s father was in another
room reading when the outcry occurred. (Id). CW’s mother had her daughter
repeat the outcry to her father. (Id). CW’s mother saved the panties her daughter
wore home from appellant’s apartment in a Ziplock bag. (RR IV p.83). These
panties were later tested by the Harris County Institute for Forensic Sciences for
DNA. (RR IV p.90).
CW’s mother relayed her daughter’s outcry to her pediatrician, Dr. Patricia
Stevens. (RR IV p.92). Dr. Stevens referred CW to Texas Children’s Hospital.
(RR IV p.92-93). A sexual assault examination was performed at Texas Children’s
Hospital. (RR V p.169). This examination was conducted within 96 hours of the
alleged assault. (RR V p.173). No physical injuries or trauma consistent with
sexual assault were found. (RR V p.173, 179). Swabs were taken during the
8
examination from the complainant’s genital area for DNA testing. (RR V p.173-
174). CW’s panties were also turned over to the police for testing. (RR V p. 18).
Serology screening for bodily fluids, including blood and semen, were
conducted on the panties prior to DNA analysis. (RR VI p.82). No semen or blood
was detected on the panties or on the swabs from the complainant’s genitals. (Id).
CW’s panties were not tested for saliva. (RR VI p.94).
During the DNA analysis, DNA from CW and two males were detected on
the panties. (RR VI p.89). Appellant could not be excluded from one of the male
DNA profiles. (RR VI p.97). The State’s DNA expert, Michal Pierce, provided the
following statistics for the DNA profile that appellant could not be excluded from:
Q. What is the probability -- because you previously testified that Mr.
Nieves could not be excluded as a contributor to the DNA that was
found on the inside crotch of those panties. What was the probability
that he could not be excluded?
A. So, for the Y-STR profile where I said he could not be excluded,
the statistic I generated was 1 in 1,685 for Caucasians; 1 in 1,601 for
African-Americans; 1 in 285 for Hispanics.
Q. So, does that mean that if you selected a random person -- can you
kind of explain that statistic to us and how it compares?
A. Yes. It means that if I had -- what this stat is meaning literally, if
you took it in the literal context, if I had 1,685 Caucasian males, by
9
the statistic I would expect only one of those males to have the profile
that Mr. -- that the -- that Mr. Nieves, where he was consistent in the
panties, that profile, that's how common or rare that profile is in terms
of Y-STRs. It's an approximate statistic. It doesn't mean that if there
was 1,684 I wouldn't find someone.
(RR VI p.97)
Appellant is hispanic, born and raised in Puerto Rico. (RR VII p.7). During
the cross examination of the State’s DNA expert, appellant’s trial counsel did not
raise appellant’s Hispanic heritage. Appellant’s trial counsel also did not call a
DNA expert of his own to explain the DNA results to the jury.
10
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT
Appellant was denied due process by errors made by his trial counsel. These
errors include: (1) failing to raise appellant’s ethnicity in relation to more favorable
statistics regarding the DNA evidence; (2) failing to object to the erroneous
statement by the prosecution that appellant’s DNA matched the profile in the
complaining witness’ panties when the evidence was that appellant’s profile could
simply not be excluded; (3) telling the jury during closing argument that appellant
was the primary contributory of DNA to complainant’s panties contrary to the
testimony of the State’s DNA expert; (4) failing to retain a defense DNA expert to
explain the evidence to him and the jury. The cumulative effect of these errors
also denied appellant of due process.
Aside from the errors of his trial counsel, appellant was also harmed by the
erroneous admission of a “second” outcry statement that bolstered the credibility of
the four year old complainant. And finally, the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient to convict appellant of the offense of aggravated sexual assault of a
child under 14 years of age.
11
ARGUMENT
I: Appellant was denied due process by trial counsel’s failure to raise
appellant’s ethnicity in relation to the DNA evidence.
A defendant has a Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel.
U.S. Const. amend. VI; Ex Parte Lahood, 401 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex.Crim.App.
2013); citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d
674 (1984). The proper standard of review for claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel is whether, considering the totality of the representation, counsel's
performance was ineffective. Lahood at 49; Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813
(Tex.Crim.App.1999). An attorney's performance is deficient when it falls “below
an objective standard of reasonableness” under prevailing professional norms and
according to the necessity of the case. Lahood at 49-50; Ex parte Moore, 395
S.W.3d 152, 156–57 (Tex.Crim.App.2013). An error in trial strategy will be
considered ineffective if counsel’s actions are without a plausible basis. Ex parte
Bums, 601 S.W.2d 370, 372 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980).
There is no plausible basis for trial counsel’s failure to raise appellant’s
Hispanic heritage on cross examination of the State’s DNA expert and in closing
argument. Appellant testified that he was born and raised in Puerto Rico. (RR VII
p.7). According to Michal Pierce, the State’s DNA expert, the probability of the
Y-STR profile found in CW’s panties that appellant could not be excluded from is
12
a meager 1 in 285 for Hispanics. (RR VI p.97). Per the State’s own expert, you
would statistically expect to find 1 out of every 285 Hispanic males tested to match
the DNA profile found in CW’s panties. (Id). That fact is significantly more
favorable to appellant than the 1 in 1,685 statistic for Caucasians and the 1 in 1,601
statistic for African-Americans. (Id). Appellant was denied due process by the
failure of his trial counsel to cross exam the State’s DNA expert on this point and
for failing to raise it during closing argument.
II: Appellant was denied due process by trial counsel’s failure to object to
the prosecution’s statement that appellant’s DNA was present in the
complaining witness’ panties.
To cause reversal, an improper question must be obviously harmful to the
defendant. Cavender v. State, 547 S.W.2d 601, 603 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977). The
general rule is that error in asking an improper question "may be cured or rendered
harmless by its withdrawal or an instruction to disregard." Huffman v. State, 746
S.W.2d 212, 218 (Tex.Crim.App. 1988); Carter v. State, 614 S.W.2d 821, 824
(Tex. Crim. App. 1981). Failure to object to inadmissible testimony has been
found to be ineffective assistance of counsel where no plausible trial strategy exists
for not objecting. Fuller v. State, 224 S.W.3d 823, 837 (Tex. App. – Texarkana
2007).
Appellant’s trial counsel failed to object to the following exchange between
the prosecution and appellant:
13
Q. Yes. And you heard the testimony that there was a full male profile
that was identified from the inside crotch of the panties and that was
identified and documented before you even provided a sample to law
enforcement. Did you understand that?
A. I do.
Q. Okay. And once you gave your DNA sample, your DNA matched
to the male profile --
A. Correct.
Q. -- that had been found on the inside crotch of the panties?
A. Correct.
(RR VII p.63-64).
The prosecution’s questioning was improper and obviously harmful. The
statement that appellant’s DNA matched the profile inside the crotch of CW’s
panties is a gross mischaracterization of the facts and misleading. The State’s
DNA expert testified that appellant could not be excluded from one of two male
DNA profiles found inside CW’s panties. (RR VI p.97). This is a far cry from
being a DNA match. There is no plausible trial strategy for appellant’s trial
counsel’s failure to object to this questioning from the prosecution. Given the
weight and credibility given to DNA evidence, this false statement from the
prosecution, allowed without objection, prejudiced the rights of the appellant and
denied him due process.
14
III: Appellant was denied due process by his own trial counsel’s statement
to the jury that appellant’s DNA was present in the complaining witness’
panties.
The introduction of improper evidence by trial counsel can constitute
ineffective assistance of counsel. Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 484 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2006). In Robertson, the Court found that a defendant’s trial lawyer
performed deficiently under the first prong of Strickland by allowing the jury to
hear prejudicial and clearly inadmissible evidence of prior convictions that were on
appeal and not yet final. Robertson at 484. The Court found that introduction of
this prejudicial and inadmissible evidence could serve no conceivable strategic
purpose. Id.
In this case, appellant’s trial counsel told the jury in closing argument that
appellant was the primary contributor of DNA to CW’s panties. (RR VII p.137).
This is not what the evidence in the case shows. Specifically, appellant’s trial
counsel made the following statement in closing:
“The State's making a big point about the fact that the primary
contribution of DNA in those panties is from Mr. Nieves and trying to
suggest to you that that couldn't have come just from casual contact,
from incidental contact, or from surface to surface -- from contributor
to surface onto those panties contact, but that's not what the DNA
expert said. She said that she could not say with a reasonable degree
of scientific certainty that that's how it happened, that it was from --
15
first of all, she can't say it's saliva. Second of all, she can't say that it
was directly from the contributor, Mr. Nieves, to the panties. Or she –
you know, and she can't say that it was Mr. Nieves to her body to the
panties. We just don't know how that got there. And there are many
explanations that are just as consistent with innocent activity as there
are with any other activity. There is no solid, believable proof that the
DNA on the panties from Mr. Nieves got there because he licked her.”
(Id).
These erroneous statements by appellant’s trial counsel regarding the DNA
evidence are highly prejudicial. At best, the State’s DNA evidence is that
appellant could not be excluded from one DNA profile found in CW’s panties. (RR
VI p.97). The probability of other Hispanic males matching this Y-STR profile is
1 in 285. (RR VI p.97). There is no conceivable strategic purpose for appellant’s
trial counsel to make the statements he did regarding the DNA evidence in closing
argument.
IV: Appellant was denied due process by trial counsel’s failure to retain a
DNA expert.
Failure to present expert testimony can constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel. See Ex Parte Briggs, 187 S.W.3d 458 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Wright v.
State, 223 S.W.3d 36 (Tex. App. – Houston[1st Dist.] 2006). Appellant’s trial
counsel failed to retain a DNA expert.
16
Appellant’s trial counsel gave the following explanation in closing argument
as to why he didn’t retain his own DNA expert:
“And we could have brought an expert in here. We could have gotten
a DNA expert and brought the DNA expert in here, had our DNA
expert testify, and say the same thing or something else, but then, of
course, the State is going to get a chance to ask questions and say:
Well, they paid you to come in here. We didn't need to do that. This
expert, the State's own expert, told you exactly what we believe and
wanted you to hear. . .”
(RR VII p.136).
The problem with this statement is that appellant’s trial counsel did not understand
what the State’s DNA expert was saying. The errors and misstatements made by
appellant’s trial counsel in regards to the DNA evidence could have been
prevented if a defense DNA expert had been retained. Failure to retain a defense
DNA expert, in light of the errors made by trial counsel, denied appellant of due
process.
V: The cumulative effect of trial counsel’s errors regarding DNA evidence
denied appellant of due process.
When no single error may be sufficient to show ineffective assistance of
counsel, cumulative error can meet the Strickland standard. Ex parte Welborn, 785
S.W.2d 391, 396 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). In Ex parte Welborn, the Court found
ineffective assistance of counsel from the culmination of the following errors: (1)
17
failure to conduct a reasonable investigation of the facts or law; (2) allowing the
introduction of extraneous offenses in the guilt/innocence phase without objection;
(3) allowing the jury to hear damaging hearsay statements without objection; (4)
failure to interview State’s witnesses; and (5) unfamiliarity with the State’s theory
of the case. Id.
The cumulative errors of appellant’s trial counsel in this case also amount to
a denial of due process. Appellant’s trial counsel made the following errors: (1)
failed to raise appellant’s ethnicity in relation to more favorable statistics regarding
the DNA evidence; (2) failed to object to the erroneous statement that appellant’s
DNA matched the profile in the complaining witness’ panties when the evidence
was that appellant’s profile could simply not be excluded; (3) told the jury during
closing argument that appellant was the primary contributor of DNA to
complainant’s panties contrary to the testimony of the State’s DNA expert; (4)
failed to retain a defense DNA expert to explain the evidence to him and the jury.
While any one of these errors, standing alone, may be viewed as harmless, it is not
possible to view the cumulative effect of all of these errors without harm to the
substantial rights of appellant.
18
VI: The trial court erred by admitting a second outcry statement from the
complaining witness.
A trial court's decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an
abuse of discretion standard. Oprean v. State, 201 S.W.3d 724, 726 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2006); Burden v. State, 55 S.W.3d 608, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). An
appellate court will not reverse a trial court's ruling unless that ruling falls outside
the zone of reasonable disagreement. Zuliani v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 595 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2003); Burden, 55 S.W.3d at 615. Error in the admission of evidence is
nonconstitutional error and is, therefore, subject to a harm analysis under Rule
44.2(b) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b); Potier v.
State, 68 S.W.3d 657, 666 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d
410, 417 Tex. Crim. App. 1998); West v. State, 124 S.W.3d 732, 734 (Tex. App.-
Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd). Therefore, to obtain a reversal of a conviction
based on error in the admission of evidence, an appellant must show that the trial
court's ruling was in error and that the error affected his substantial rights. Rule
44.2(b);West, 124 S.W.3d at 734. Substantial rights are not affected by the
erroneous admission of evidence "if the appellate court, after examining the record
as a whole, has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury, or had but a
slight effect." Motilla v. State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
The trial court erroneously allowed the following exchange between the
prosecution and CW’s father:
19
Q. Did your wife tell you that the defendant had sexually abused
(CW) or did (CW) tell you that?
A. (CW) --
MR. RUZZO: I object to the leading question, Your Honor. And I
object to the hearsay.
THE COURT: Overruled.
Q. (By Ms. Smith) You can answer.
A. (CW) – (CW’s mother) asked her to tell – (CW) to tell me. (CW)
told me.
(RR V p.110).
CW’s statement to her father about the alleged assault is hearsay. It is an out of
court statement being offered for the truth of the matter asserted. TEX. R. EVID.
801. It does not fit the hearsay exception of an outcry statement because CW’s
father is not the first person to whom CW described the alleged sexual assault. (RR
IV p.67); see TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO. Art. 38.072. The admission of this
“second” outcry statement only goes to bolster the credibility of the four year old
complainant and impermissibly harms appellant, especially in light of the absence
of any eye witnesses or physical evidence.
VII: The evidence was insufficient to support a conviction for aggravated
sexual assault of a child under 14 years of age.
An appellate court may reverse a conviction when the facts introduced at
trial are insufficient to support the verdict. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Art. 44.25. The
20
standard for sufficiency of the evidence in criminal cases was established by the
United States Supreme Court in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781,
61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has characterized
the Jackson v. Virginia standard as follows: “Considering all of the evidence in the
light most favorable to the verdict, was a jury rationally justified in finding guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.” Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex.Crim.App.
2010), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. at 319. The standard set forth in
Jackson v. Virginia, “is the only standard that a reviewing court should apply in
determining whether the evidence is sufficient to support each element of a
criminal offense that the State is required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Brooks at 912.
The only evidence that in this case is an outcry statement from a four year
old child and DNA evidence that merely finds that appellant cannot be excluded.
There were no eye witnesses to the alleged assault. There were no physical signs
consistent with sexual assault on the complaining witness when she was examined
within 96 hours of the alleged assault. (RR V p.173 & 179). No blood or semen
were detected during the sexual assault examination of the complainant. (RR VI
p.82). Even though the allegation in the indictment was contact between the sexual
organ of CW and the mouth of the appellant, no saliva was found on her panties.
21
(RR VI p.97). There simply isn’t enough evidence to support a conviction of
aggravated sexual assault of a child under 14 years of age.
PRAYER
WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Appellant prays that this Court
reverse the judgment and sentence in this case and enter an order granting an
acquittal, or in the alternative a new trial.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/ Joe David Wells
Joe David Wells
State Bar No. 90001904
P.O. Box 2064
Houston, Texas 77252
Tel (281) 410-8778
Fax (832) 201-0467
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
22
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
I, Joe David Wells, do certify that a true and correct copy of this Appellant’s
Brief was delivered to the Harris County District Attorney’s Office by electronic
filing contemporaneously with the filing of this document.
/s/ Joe David Wells
Joe David Wells
TRAP 9.4(i)(3) CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
I, Joe David Wells, do certify that this document complies with Texas Rule
of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(3) and has a word count of 4,403 words.
/s/ Joe David Wells
Joe David Wells
23