Lonnie Wooten, Jr. v. State ( 2012 )

In The
Court of Appeals
Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont
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NO. 09-11-00669-CR
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LONNIE WOOTEN, JR., Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
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On Appeal from the 356th District Court
Hardin County, Texas
Trial Cause No. 21168
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted Lonnie Wooten, Jr. as a habitual felony offender of evading
arrest or detention and assessed a sentence of twenty years in prison. In two appellate
issues, Wooten challenges the denial of his Batson motion and the trial court’s
punishment charge. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Batson Motion
In issue one, Wooten contends the trial court improperly denied his Batson
motion. The Equal Protection Clause forbids the State from exercising peremptory
strikes based solely on a potential juror’s race. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 89, 106
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S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986); Nieto v. State, 365 S.W.3d 673, 675 (Tex. Crim. App.
2012). To make a Batson claim, (1) the defendant must make a prima facie showing of
racial discrimination; (2) if the defendant makes this showing, the State must then
articulate a race-neutral explanation for the strike; and (3) the trial court must determine
if the defendant has proved purposeful discrimination. Nieto, 365 S.W.3d at 676. Absent
exceptional circumstances, we defer to the trial court’s ruling. Id. We consider the entire
voir dire record, but need not limit our review to the specific arguments presented to the
trial court. Id. We focus on the genuineness, not the reasonableness, of the asserted non-
racial motive. Id. We may not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court in
deciding that the State’s explanation was a pretext. Id. We will sustain the trial court’s
ruling unless it is clearly erroneous. Id.In response to a question on her juror card and during the defense’s voir dire,
potential juror nineteen, an African-American woman, stated that she did not have any
close friends or family in law enforcement. Wooten, also African-American, presented a
Batson motion when the State attempted to use a peremptory strike to exclude juror
nineteen. The State explained that juror nineteen is fifty-two years old and the State did
not believe her statement that none of her relatives or close friends had ever been in law
enforcement. The State further explained that it either struck or attempted to strike other
potential jurors for this same reason and noted that Wooten also struck an African-
American juror. Wooten described the State’s reasoning as invalid and a “sham[.]” He
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argued that many of the potential jurors denied knowing anyone in law enforcement, but
were not struck by the State. The State responded that these jurors were not struck
because either their other answers overrode their responses to the law enforcement
question, or the State anticipated which jurors the defense would move to strike. The
trial court denied the Batson motion and stated, “I don’t believe that the preponderance of
the evidence showed that the State engaged in purposeful discrimination, given the
evidence that’s been offered and given consideration to some of the strikes made by the
Defendant.”
On appeal, Wooten contends that the State’s reason for striking juror nineteen was
not supported by the record and was pretextual. We need not determine whether Wooten
established a prima facie case of discrimination, given that the State articulated its
reasons for the peremptory strike and the trial court ruled on the issue of discrimination.
See Young v. State, 283 S.W.3d 854, 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Accordingly, we
proceed to a review of whether the trial court’s ruling was clearly erroneous. See id. The
reason for exercising a peremptory strike is race neutral, unless a discriminatory intent is
inherent in the explanation given. Purkett v. Elem, 514 U.S. 765, 768, 115 S.Ct. 1769,
131 L.Ed.2d 834 (1995). The State’s explanation need not be persuasive or even
plausible. Id. at 767-68. The persuasiveness of the justification is relevant to the trial
court’s determination of whether the opponent of the strike proved purposeful
discrimination. Id. at 768. Several factors aid this determination: (1) the State used
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peremptory challenges to eliminate a far greater proportion of minorities than non-
minorities; (2) the State’s reasons for eliminating minorities appeared to apply equally
well to many of the non-minorities whom the State did not challenge; (3) the State chose
to shuffle the jury panel in a manner that supported an inference of race discrimination;
(4) the State directed questions designed to elicit grounds for peremptory challenges
disproportionately, in a manner suggestive of an intent to single out minorities for
elimination; and (5) the county of prosecution followed a formal policy to exclude
minorities from jury service. Watkins v. State, 245 S.W.3d 444, 448-49 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008). A potential juror’s response may be less than candid, and “Batson leaves room
for the State to exercise peremptory strikes based on a ‘hunch’ or past experience, as long
as racial discrimination is not the motive.” Nieto, 365 S.W.3d at 679.
The record demonstrates that the State had a “hunch” regarding the veracity of
juror nineteen’s answer to the law enforcement question. The record does not indicate
that racial discrimination motivated the State’s decision to strike juror nineteen. Three of
the venire members in the strike zone were African-American. Of these three
veniremembers, the State challenged juror twenty-seven for cause, the defense
peremptorily challenged juror thirty-one, and the State peremptorily challenged juror
nineteen. The State used or attempted to use peremptory strikes on several non-
minorities who responded to the law enforcement question in a similar fashion as juror
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nineteen. The State explained why it did not strike all the potential jurors that had the
same answer as juror nineteen.
“[T]he record must reflect more than the mere fact that the objectionable
characteristic of a stricken juror was also possessed by accepted jurors of a different
racial background.” Whitaker v. State, 977 S.W.2d 869, 875 (Tex. App.—Beaumont
1998, pet. ref’d). Moreover, the record does not indicate that the State used its
peremptory challenges to eliminate more minorities than non-minorities, requested a jury
shuffle, singled out minorities during questioning, or followed a formal policy of
excluding minorities from jury service. Viewing the entire voir dire record and absent
exceptional circumstances in this case, we conclude that Wooten failed to sustain his
burden of proving purposeful discrimination and the trial court’s denial of Wooten’s
Batson motion is not clearly erroneous. See Nieto, 365 S.W.3d at 676. We overrule issue
one.
Punishment Charge
In issue two, Wooten complains of the trial court’s jury charge on punishment.
When reviewing alleged charge error, we determine whether error existed in the charge
and, if so, whether sufficient harm resulted from the error to compel reversal. Ngo v.
State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 744 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). When, as here, the defendant
preserves the complained-of error, we will reverse if we find “some harm” to the
defendant’s rights. Id. at 743; Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App.
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1985) (op. on reh’g). Harm is examined in light of the entire jury charge, the state of the
evidence, the contested issues and weight of probative evidence, the arguments of
counsel, and any other relevant information revealed by the entire record. Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171.
In its punishment charge, the trial court stated, in pertinent part:
The defendant, [Wooten] has stipulated that he has been convicted of
two (2) prior felonies. On the 27th day of February, 1997, the defendant
was convicted of the felony offense of delivery of a controlled substance, in
cause number 12,947 in the 356th Judicial District Court of Hardin County,
Texas.
And before the commission of the offense for which you have
convicted the defendant and after the date of conviction for the offense of
[d]elivery of a controlled substance as alleged in the above paragraph, the
defendant committed the felony offense of escape and was convicted on the
3rd day of June, 1999, in cause number 14,778, in the 356th District Court
of Hardin County, Texas.
You are instructed that if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that
this defendant is the same person who was convicted in each of the cases
above and that such convictions occurred as alleged, then you will find the
allegations are true and so state in your verdict, and you will assess
punishment at confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice for a term of not more than 20 years or less
than 2 years.
But if you do not find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt
that the defendant is the same person who was convicted in each of the
cases above and that such convictions occurred as alleged, you will next
proceed to consider the question whether the defendant has been convicted
once before of a felony.
Wooten objected that this portion of the charge was “abstract and insufficient” and failed
to “give the jury the full ranges with the ability to find one of the enhancements true and
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one untrue.” Wooten argued that the jury must find the enhancements to be “true,”
regardless of his stipulation to the enhancements. He further contended that the verdict
form should give all options to the jury. The trial court overruled Wooten’s objections.
On appeal, Wooten contends that the trial court’s charge and lack of verdict forms
took the decision-making power from the jury and failed to formulate a punishment
charge that allowed for all possible scenarios. Wooten maintains that, as a result, the trial
court commented on the weight of evidence.
Assuming, without deciding, that the trial court’s charge was erroneous, we
conclude that any error was harmless. At the beginning of the punishment phase, Wooten
pleaded “true” to the two enhancement paragraphs in the indictment. Once Wooten
pleaded “true” to these allegations, the State’s burden of proving the allegations was
satisfied and the range of punishment was elevated. See Harvey v. State, 611 S.W.2d
108, 111 (Tex. Crim. App. 1981); see also Thomas v. State, 312 S.W.3d 732, 741 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d). Nevertheless, the State also admitted
certified copies of judgments for these two prior convictions and the jury heard evidence
of Wooten’s history as a habitual offender. During closing arguments, the State
explained that Wooten pleaded “true” to the enhancements and was a habitual offender,
which elevated his offense to a second-degree felony. For these reasons, the State argued
that Wooten was dangerous and urged the jury to select a punishment between two and
twenty years in prison, namely twenty years. The defense argued that Wooten should be
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punished for the offense on trial, for which a twenty-year prison sentence was not “fair
and just.” Given Wooten’s plea of “true” to the two enhancement paragraphs, the
evidence presented to the jury, and the record as a whole, we conclude that any error in
the trial court’s punishment charge was not calculated to injure Wooten’s rights. See
Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743; see also Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171. We overrule issue two
and affirm the trial court’s judgment.
AFFIRMED.
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STEVE McKEITHEN
Chief Justice
Submitted on September 19, 2012
Opinion Delivered October 10, 2012
Do Not Publish
Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.
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