in the Interest of B.P., Jr., a Child ( 2008 )

COURT OF APPEALS
SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
FORT WORTH
NO. 2-07-251-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF B.P., JR., A CHILD
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FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY
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MEMORANDUM OPINION 1
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I. INTRODUCTION
Appellant Maria P. appeals an order appointing the Department of Family
Protective Services (DFPS) as permanent managing conservator of B.P. In her
first two points, Maria argues that the evidence is legally and factually
insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that appointing Maria as
managing conservator would significantly impair B.P.’s physical and emotional
1
… See T EX. R. A PP. P. 47.4.
development. In her third point, Maria asserts that the trial court abused its
discretion by failing to appoint her as possessory conservator of B.P. We will
affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
II. F ACTUAL AND P ROCEDURAL B ACKGROUND
Maria is the mother of ten-year-old B.P., who has been diagnosed with
bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prior to this case, Child Protective Services (CPS)
had received six referrals regarding Maria and her care for B.P. These referrals,
some for medical neglect, were eventually either “ruled out” or labeled “unable
to determine.”
The current case with B.P. began in December 2005 when either Maria
or her cousin, Nina F., called CPS to come and remove B.P. from Nina’s house.
Both Maria and B.P. were living with Nina at the time of removal. 2 The incident
that led to the removal began as an argument over a toy between B.P. and
Nina’s boyfriend. The incident escalated, and B.P. climbed in a tree and
threw—or at least threatened to throw—rocks at the boyfriend’s car. Although
Maria claims that Nina actually called CPS and that she never talked to CPS on
2
… Maria had agreed with CPS on a safety plan that placed B.P. with
Nina. The plan also included that Maria should not live with B.P. at Nina’s
house.
2
that occasion, Cacana Young, a CPS investigator, testified that after the
incident, Maria told her that she thought it would be in B.P.’s best interest if he
received treatment and was placed in a foster home.
CPS took custody of B.P. in December 2005, and since that time, B.P.
has been placed in one shelter, five foster homes, and has been hospitalized
four times. B.P. is now being treated and monitored at a residential treatment
center in Victoria, Texas. On December 28, 2005, DFPS filed a suit affecting
the parent child relationship, seeking termination of Maria’s parental rights and
permanent managing conservatorship of B.P. After a hearing on June 14 and
22, 2007, the trial court found that it would be in B.P.’s best interest to
appoint DFPS as managing conservator. The trial court made clear to both
parties that the ultimate goal in the case is to have B.P. return to his home with
Maria. The trial court also dismissed DFPS’s petition to terminate Maria’s
parental rights without prejudice.
III. M ANAGING C ONSERVATORSHIP
In her first two points, Maria argues that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that appointing Maria as
managing conservator would significantly impair B.P.’s physical and emotional
development.
3
A. Standards of Review
We give wide latitude to a trial court’s decision on custody, control,
possession, and visitation matters. Earvin v. Dep’t of Family & Protective
Servs., 229 S.W.3d 345, 350 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.)
(citing Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982)). We will not
reverse a conservatorship finding unless the record demonstrates that the trial
court abused its discretion. See In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex.
2007); Whitworth v. Whitworth, 222 S.W.3d 616, 622–23 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (op. on reh’g). Under an abuse of
discretion standard, challenges to the legal and factual sufficiency of the
evidence are not independent grounds of error; rather, they are simply factors
in assessing whether the trial court abused its discretion. Gardner v. Gardner,
229 S.W.3d 747, 751 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2007, no pet.).
In determining whether there has been an abuse of discretion because the
evidence is legally or factually insufficient to support the trial court’s decision,
we engage in a two-pronged inquiry: (1) Did the trial court have enough
information upon which to exercise its discretion; and (2) did the trial court err
in applying its discretion? The traditional sufficiency review comes into play
with regard to the first question. In re W.M., 172 S.W.3d 718, 725 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.); In re T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d 865, 872 (Tex.
4
App.—Fort Worth 2002, pet. denied). With regard to the second question, we
determine, based on the elicited evidence, whether the trial court made a
reasonable decision. W.M., 172 S.W.3d at 725; T.D.C., 91 S.W.3d at 872.
B. Section 153.131 – Significant Impairment
There is a strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served
if a natural parent is appointed as a managing conservator. Whitworth, 222
S.W.3d at 623; see also T EX. F AM. C ODE A NN. § 153.131(a) (Vernon 2002).
Section 153.131 provides that a parent shall be appointed sole managing
conservator unless the court finds that appointment of the parent or parents
would not be in the best interest of the child because the appointment would
significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development. T EX.
F AM. C ODE A NN. § 153.131(a).
For the court to award managing conservatorship to a non-parent under
section 153.131, the non-parent must prove a significant impairment by a
preponderance of credible evidence. Whitworth, 222 S.W.3d at 623; see also
T EX. F AM. C ODE § 105.005 (Vernon 2002) (“Except as otherwise provided by
this title, the court’s findings shall be based on a preponderance of the
evidence.”); J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616. There must be evidence to support
the logical inference that some specific, identifiable behavior or conduct of the
parent will probably cause that harm. Whitworth, 222 S.W.3d at 623. Indeed,
5
the non-parent must offer evidence of specific acts or omissions of the parent
that demonstrate an award of custody to the parent would result in physical or
emotional harm to the child. Lewelling v. Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d 164, 167
(Tex. 1990); Whitworth, 222 S.W.3d at 623.
An adult’s future conduct may be somewhat determined by recent past
conduct; however, evidence of past misconduct, in and of itself, may not be
sufficient to show present unfitness. Whitworth, 222 S.W.3d at 623. Specific
acts or omissions of a parent implicating a significant impairment to a child’s
emotional development may be inferred from direct evidence. Id. However,
this link between the parent’s conduct and harm to the child may not be based
on evidence which merely raises a surmise or speculation of possible harm. Id.
1. Maria
DFPS’s primary concern is that Maria is unable, at this time, to provide
a stable environment for B.P. The record supports this concern as two CPS
caseworkers and one of Maria’s former counselors testified about Maria’s
instability and its effect on B.P.
DFPS cites multiple living arrangements over the course of the case as a
contributing factor to her instability. At the time of the hearing, Maria lived in
an apartment in Garland, Texas, where she had been for two months.
However, according to Tonyia Brown, a CPS caseworker, Maria had moved at
6
least six times since the case began, which was at that time, approximately
eighteen months.
DFPS also points to Maria’s employment history as evidence of instability.
Young testified that Maria was not employed at the time of B.P.’s removal.
Brown stated that Maria had not had stable employment throughout the case.
Maria testified that she was working at the time of B.P.’s removal and that she
had always worked since B.P. was born. However, when asked where she had
been employed over the two years prior to the hearing, Maria responded as
follows:
Well, I haven’t been employed for the last year. I was kind of
recovering from my son being taken, so I didn’t work prior to this
job. I worked at the Waffle House for a little while because they
told me I had to get a job when they first took my son, but then
after that I just kind of didn’t want to work and then before that,
I worked at Owens Auto. (Emphasis added).
Maria stated that Owens Auto “let [her] go” partly because CPS began calling.
At the time of the hearing, she was employed at Quality Moving Systems and
performed some type of insurance work. Brown later testified that she did not
have any proof of income from Maria’s new job although she had contacted
Maria at the work phone number that she had provided.
DFPS argues that Maria’s instability is evidenced by the considerable
testimony regarding visitations with B.P. DFPS set up weekly visits between
7
Maria and B.P. that were ultimately discontinued after Maria missed several
visits in a row. Brown stated that Maria had missed visits for close to two
months straight and failed to keep in contact with Brown during that time
period. Maria testified that she had missed only four visits with B.P. around the
time that her mother passed away. She disputed that she had ever missed
more than four visits, but when she was confronted with her testimony from
a previous hearing regarding missed visits in April, May, and June 2006, she
said, “Well, I don’t really recall a lot of the stuff that happened back then. I
was grieving my mother.” She also claimed that CPS did not make visits
available to her after B.P. had been allegedly “mistreated” by a foster parent.
Brown testified that B.P. was never kept from seeing Maria because of an injury
or abuse allegations. CPS cancelled three visits because either B.P. was sick
or there were transportation difficulties, but it made up every visit it was
responsible for cancelling.
Brown testified that Maria had also not consistently participated in phone
therapy with B.P. Maria stated that she had taken part in one phone-therapy
session and that she had tried to participate in more but that B.P.’s therapist at
the residential treatment center never returned her phone calls.
DFPS asserts that Maria has shown instability by not completing her
service plan. Specifically, DFPS set up for Maria counseling or therapy sessions
8
with two separate agencies, but both times, the counseling sessions were
discontinued based on Maria’s noncompliance with scheduled visits. Daniels-
Rice, Maria’s second counselor, worked with Maria on her depression, self-
esteem, and helping her become more stabilized to be able to care for her
children. Daniels-Rice diagnosed Maria with depression but stated that Maria
never accepted that diagnosis. In response to this testimony, Maria said that
Daniels-Rice never diagnosed her with depression.
In total, Maria made sixteen counseling sessions with Daniels-Rice over
six months, but the sessions were eventually cancelled after Maria missed
seven visits. Daniels-Rice generally cancels counseling cases after two missed
visits, but she kept Maria longer because she felt that Maria needed to be
stabilized on medication to help treat her depression, which Daniels-Rice
thought contributed to her missed appointments. Daniels-Rice stated that Maria
worked hard when she showed up for the counseling visits. She also stated
that Maria needs to continue counseling although she is unwilling to see Maria
again because of her agency’s policy on missed visits.
DFPS set up a third counseling session for Maria, but Brown stated that
to her knowledge, Maria had not set up an appointment as of the time of trial.
Maria stated that if B.P. were returned to her, she would make sure to attend
all required counseling sessions.
9
Maria still needs to complete her psychiatric evaluation, which was
recommended after she completed her psychological evaluation. Maria claims
that she has tried to set up the psychiatric evaluation but that it has been
difficult because of her busy schedule. She stated, however, that she has been
“certified” through other agencies such as North Star and Mental Health Mental
Retardation. She also needs to complete her education at the Bipolar
Foundation. Additionally, DFPS recommends that Maria complete family
counseling with B.P. and B.P.’s fourteen-year-old sister, who, after eight years
away, is now living with Maria.
Maria completed a parenting class through the Child and Family Guidance
Center as part of her service plan and is now participating in a program called
Step Up Parenting, which is designed specifically for parents of children who
have mental disabilities but is not part of her service plan. She claims that
while she is not currently seeing a therapist that Step Up Parenting is a
“therapy setting.”
2. B.P.
The supreme court has noted that “the act of a parent in placing a child
in an unstable environment is the very type of conduct that the Legislature
contemplated would significantly impair the physical or emotional development
10
of a child.” 3 See Lewelling, 796 S.W .2d at 167 n.4. Here, structure and
stability, or lack of such qualities, are paramount concerns in our decision. As
set forth below, the severity of B.P.’s psychological condition requires it.
Although Maria denies knowledge of some incidents and outright disputes
others, there was testimony presented at the hearing that demonstrates a long
history of psychological disturbances that at times ended in injuries or
threatened injuries to B.P. and others. Before the case began, B.P. experienced
auditory and visual hallucinations, and at one point, B.P. attempted to kill
3
… In Lewelling, the supreme court stated that the mother’s
unemployment and crowded living conditions amounted to no evidence of
significant impairment to the child. 796 S.W.2d at 167. Justice Doggett,
writing for the majority, referenced a portion of Justice Gonzalez’s dissenting
opinion, in which Justice Gonzalez argued that the failure to remove a child
from an unstable environment might not be considered an act or omission under
the majority’s standards if not caused by the parent. See id. at 167 n.4, 171.
Justice Gonzalez stated that under the majority’s holding, if a parent chooses
to live with the child in a “rat infested crack house with drug addicts or partner
swapping friends, but the parent does not use drugs,” the Court would
apparently reverse the placement of the child with a non-parent. Id. at 171 n.4.
In response, as set forth above, Justice Doggett stated that placing a child in
an unstable environment could be evidence of conduct that supported an
impairment finding but that the evidence in Justice Gonzalez’s hypothetical is
the very type of evidence that was “patently absent” from the record in that
case. Id. at 167 n.4.
We do not suggest that the facts here are in line with the extreme
hypothetical outlined by Justice Gonzalez, but Maria’s inconsistent actions
regarding her service plan and counseling sessions evidence an unstable
environment that is not conducive to a structured physical and emotional
development.
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himself. At age seven, B.P. was twice admitted to psychiatric hospitals. Since
the inception of the case, B.P. has continued to have numerous emotional and
physical outbursts, leading to B.P.’s placement at a residential treatment
facility.
At one foster home, B.P. became upset when certain children at the home
were put in “timeout.” He then picked up a trophy and struck the foster parent
in the head. B.P. ran away from home—a common theme throughout the
case—and when he returned, the foster parents tried to restrain B.P. and calm
him down. B.P. responded by grabbing a knife and threatening the foster
parents. The foster parents called the police, and when the police arrived, B.P.
still had the knife drawn. B.P. ended up throwing rocks at everyone before the
police were able to restrain him in handcuffs and take him to Timberlawn
Hospital for psychiatric evaluation.
Another time, B.P. ran away from school, and when he returned, his
foster parent picked him up and attempted to take him to the hospital. B.P. got
into the car but later jumped out into traffic. B.P. was not hurt during this
incident although he was again taken to Timberlawn Hospital. On a different
occasion, B.P. became upset when he could not get in contact with Maria and
attempted to run away. Unable to open the door, B.P. broke through the glass
to escape. The glass cut B.P, and he later received stitches for the injury.
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Also, since he has been at the residential treatment center, he has displayed
self-harming behaviors, such as biting himself and hitting his head into other
objects. Brown stated that he still exhibits some of the self-harming behaviors
at the center but not as much as he once did. Lastly, as mentioned above, B.P.
argued with Nina’s boyfriend over a toy and threw rocks at his car. Maria
disputes that B.P. ever threw rocks and asserts that she eventually calmed him
down before he caused any damage.
Maria claims that the reason B.P. has had so many problems in CPS’s
custody is because he feels like he has “been ripped out of [her] home.” Maria
believes that B.P. “feels abandoned” and if he were returned to her that his
misbehavior would not continue except for problems in readjusting to living at
home.
C. Conclusion
We recognize that Maria has taken some steps to stabilize her life, but
there remains a list of incomplete requirements that we cannot ignore. Most
notably, Maria has shown an inability to consistently meet her own mental
health needs by failing to schedule a psychiatric evaluation and twice failing to
complete the recommended counseling sessions because of noncompliance with
scheduled visits. And as of the time of trial, she still had not taken the
affirmative step to continue counseling even though a third counseling session
13
had been set up for her. Before CPS placed B.P. in the residential treatment
center, Maria also missed several visitations with B.P., resulting in CPS
cancelling the weekly visitations. Further, although unemployment will not
support a significant impairment finding 4 —and in fact Maria was employed at
the time of the hearing—Maria has shown an indifference in the past towards
securing steady employment in light of CPS’s request that she work after losing
possession of B.P.5 Maria has not completed the bipolar education classes
recommended to her after her psychological evaluation; however, she has
completed a parenting class and is enrolled in Step Up Parenting.
Given Maria’s inconsistent behavior, her inability to do what was asked
of her to regain custody of B.P., and B.P.’s extreme need for structure and
stability, it was within the trial court’s discretion to conclude that appointing
Maria as managing conservator of B.P. would significantly impair B.P.’s physical
and emotional development. Thus, we hold under the appropriate standards of
review that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by appointing DFPS as
managing conservator. See Earvin, 229 S.W.3d at 351 (holding that the trial
4
… See Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d at 167.
5
… Maria stated, “I worked at the Waffle House for a little while because
they told me I had to get a job when they first took my son, but then after that
I just kind of didn’t want to work and then before that, I worked at Owens
Auto.” (Emphasis added).
14
court did not abuse its discretion by determining that the appellant was not
willing to provide an environment conducive to his daughter’s physical health
and emotional development when the appellant visited the child only once
during DFPS’s temporary conservatorship and failed to complete his court-
ordered service plan, which included parenting classes, drug tests, and
counseling). We overrule Maria’s first two points.
IV. P OSSESSORY C ONSERVATORSHIP
In her third point, Maria argues that the trial court abused its discretion
by not appointing her as possessory conservator. Maria’s attorney requested
during closing argument that the trial court appoint Maria as managing
conservator, but, in the alternative, he asked that if the trial court determined
that it was in B.P.’s best interest for him to stay at the residential treatment
center, that the trial court appoint Maria as possessory conservator. The trial
court’s order did not mention possessory conservatorship but did state that all
relief requested but not expressly granted is denied. Additionally, Maria stated
in her motion for new trial on the order naming DFPS as managing
conservator—which the trial court denied—that the trial court abused its
discretion by not appointing her as possessory conservator.
The State agrees with Maria that the trial court abused its discretion. The
State asserts that “the trial court seems to have granted [Maria] the rights she
15
requested as a possessory conservator without any of the obligations. . . .
Maria appears to be correct in her assertion that the trial court abused its
discretion when it failed to formally name her as possessory conservator.”
While we disagree on the exact reasoning that the trial court erred, we
ultimately agree with both parties that the trial court should have appointed
Maria possessory conservator.
If a managing conservator is appointed, the court may appoint one or
more possessory conservators. T EX. F AM. C ODE A NN. § 153.006(a) (Vernon
2002). The court shall appoint as a possessory conservator a parent who is not
appointed as a sole or joint managing conservator unless it finds that the
appointment is not in the best interest of the child and that parental possession
or access would endanger the physical or emotional welfare of the child. Id.
§ 153.191. (Emphasis added).
The trial court made no express findings regarding the appointment of
Maria as possessory conservator. The trial court, however, ordered that Maria
shall have reasonable visitation and access to B.P. as agreed upon and arranged
by DFPS, indicating that the court did not find that parental access would
endanger the physical or emotional welfare of the child.
Though courts sometimes use the words possession and access
interchangeably, they are used differently in the Texas Family Code. In re
16
Walters, 39 S.W.3d 280, 284 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, no pet.). A person
with a right of access to a child may approach him, communicate with him and
visit with him, but may not take possession or control of the child away from
the managing conservator. Id. at 284–85. A person with a right to possession
of a child may exercise possession and control of the child, to the exclusion of
all other persons, including the managing conservator, during periods of
possession. Id. at 285.
Maria and DFPS read section 153.191—and rely on Hopkins v. Hopkins
as reading it in the same manner—to mean that if the trial court grants access
to the child, then the trial court is compelled to appoint the parent, who was
not named managing conservator, as possessory conservator. See 853 S.W.2d
134, 138 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993, no writ). We note that the Hopkins
court based its decision on the previous version of the statute that differs from
that at issue in this case.6 And, in any event, we read the current statute as
providing that a court could find that access would not endanger the child but
that possession might endanger the child. Thus, if the court found that
6
… The statute, then section 14.03(d), stated: “The court shall appoint
as a possessory conservator the parent who is not appointed as a sole or joint
managing conservator unless it finds that parental possession or access is not
in the best interest of the child and that parental possession or access would
endanger the physical or emotional welfare of the child.” Hopkins, 853 S.W.2d
at 136. (Emphasis added).
17
appointment of the parent as possessory conservator would not be in the best
interest of the child and that possession would endanger the child, the court
would not be compelled to appoint the parent as possessory conservator, even
if it found, as in this case, that access would not endanger the child.
The court is compelled to appoint the parent as possessory conservator
unless it finds that (1) the appointment of the parent as possessory conservator
is not in the best interest of the child, and (2a) parental possession would
endanger the child or (2b) access would endanger the child. See T EX. F AM.
C ODE A NN. § 153.191. In sum, a finding either expressly or implicitly that
access would not endanger the child’s physical or emotional welfare does not
entirely preclude the court’s discretion in appointing a possessory conservator
because the court could find that possession would endanger the child’s
physical or emotional welfare.
Because the court in this case found that B.P. needs to stay at the
residential treatment facility and that it was not in his best interest to leave as
of the time of trial, we can infer a finding that unrestricted possession would
endanger B.P.’s welfare right now. We are mindful, however, that possession
is not a sum total proposition. When a trial court appoints a parent possessory
conservator, it can conclude that unrestricted possession would endanger the
physical or emotional welfare of the child, but that restricted possession or
18
access would not. Walters, 39 S.W.3d at 286. A court can fashion a
possession order that remedies the danger to the child’s welfare by placing
restrictions and conditions on possession or access. Id. Indeed, if the trial
court appoints a possessory conservator, it may grant, deny, restrict, or limit
the possessory conservator’s possession of or access to the child. See
Hopkins, 853 S.W.2d at 137. It may also grant, deny, restrict, or limit any
rights, privileges, duties, and responsibilities with respect to the child as are
necessary to protect the child’s best interest. Id. However, because
appointment of a parent as possessory conservator implies a finding that access
by that parent will not endanger the physical or emotional welfare of the child,
complete denial of access should be rare—i.e., when it is not in the best
interest of the child. Walters, 39 S.W.3d at 286–87; see also T EX. F AM. C ODE
A NN. § 153.193 (Vernon 2002) (“The terms of an order that denies possession
of a child to a parent or imposes restrictions or limitations on a parent’s right
to possession of or access to a child may not exceed those that are required to
protect the best interest of the child.”).
In Walters, the trial court appointed the father as managing conservator
and the mother as possessory conservator. Id. at 282. The trial court
restricted the mother’s access and possession because the mother had
exhibited behavior in the past mainly relating to her alcoholism that supported
19
the finding that unrestricted possession of the child would endanger the child’s
welfare. Id. at 283 (citing evidence that the mother overdosed on drugs in a
suicide attempt, drank to the point of passing out while the child was in her
care, passed out and urinated in a chair, and had violent rages in front of the
child). The court of appeals held that the potential danger to the child if the
parent were granted unrestricted possession could be remedied by restricted
possession or access. Id. at 287.
The trial court in that case stated that the mother shall have possession
of the child at all times “mutually agreed between the parties.” Id. at 283. It
then stated in its findings of fact and conclusions of law that the mother must
exhibit a three-year period of sobriety before implementation of the standard
possession order would be in the child’s best interest. Id.; see also T EX. F AM.
C ODE A NN. § 153.311 (Vernon 2002). The mother complained that the trial
court erred by effectively denying her possession of and access to the child by
ordering that she have possession at times “mutually agreed between the
parties.” Walters, 39 S.W.3d at 285. The court of appeals ultimately held that
the problem was not that the trial court restricted possession and
access—although it stated that the trial court should not completely deny
access—but rather that the order was not sufficiently specific as to the times
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and conditions for the mother’s possession of or access to the child. Id. at
288.
Like in Walters, the evidence in this case regarding B.P.’s extreme
emotional condition and Maria’s inconsistent behavior as of the time of trial
supports an implied finding that unrestricted possession of B.P. might endanger
B.P.’s physical and emotional welfare. However, the court made clear that the
end goal in this case is to have B.P. return to Maria. Additionally, Young
testified that DFPS’s plan is to gradually integrate Maria and B.P. back together
to promote family reunification.
Thus, at some point when B.P. becomes more stable and when Maria
shows an ability to take care of herself by completing services and establishing
a stable lifestyle—i.e., conditions on possession—Maria could slowly, and with
restrictions, begin to take possession of B.P. Thus, we cannot say that the trial
court found that possession, albeit restricted possession, would endanger B.P.
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court abused its discretion by not appointing
Maria as possessory conservator, 7 and we sustain Maria’s third point.
7
… Because the evidence supports findings that restricted access and
possession would not endanger B.P., we need not address whether the
appointment of Maria as possessory conservator is in B.P.’s best interest. See
T EX. F AM. C ODE A NN. § 153.191.
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Va. C ONCLUSION
Because we have overruled Maria’s first two points and sustained her
third, we affirm the trial court’s judgment appointing DFPS as managing
conservator and reverse the judgment regarding possessory conservatorship.
We remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
DIXON W. HOLMAN
JUSTICE
PANEL B: DAUPHINOT, HOLMAN, and WALKER, JJ.
DELIVERED: July 3, 2008
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