Sergio Martinez Ramos v. State ( 2014 )

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-12-00302-CR
Sergio Martinez Ramos, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF WILLIAMSON COUNTY, 277TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. 11-322-K277, HONORABLE JAMES E. MORGAN, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Sergio Martinez Ramos was indicted for three offenses—evading arrest or detention
in a motor vehicle, aggravated assault against a public servant, and driving while intoxicated
(third offense or more)—and he was alleged to have used or exhibited a deadly weapon in
committing each of these offenses. He pleaded guilty to evading arrest or detention, and the jury
convicted him of the DWI and aggravated assault counts, making the deadly-weapon finding for each
of the three offenses. The jury assessed prison terms of ten years each for evading arrest and DWI
and fifteen years for aggravated assault. The trial court ordered the sentences to run concurrently.
Appellant raises four issues on appeal. He contends that the trial court erred by denying his
motion to suppress evidence, by excluding his expert witness’s testimony, and by rejecting his
proposed jury charges. He also contends that the evidence is insufficient to prove that he knowingly
and intentionally threatened the public servant. We will affirm the judgment.
BACKGROUND
A witness testified that he saw a large sport-utility vehicle driving erratically near
Coupland, Texas. He said that the vehicle ran off the road into a corn field, then returned across the
road into oncoming traffic before correcting into the proper lane. He testified that the vehicle did
a U-turn then almost ran head-first into an 18-wheeler, whose driver avoided collision by hitting his
brakes so hard that its tires smoked. The witness called 911 and reported the erratically driven SUV
moving toward Taylor.
Taylor police officers followed the Ford Expedition, later revealed to be driven
by appellant, through Taylor with overhead flashing lights, sirens, and cameras activated. At one
point, appellant pulled over and stopped. A police officer got out of the trailing car, but before he
reached the lead police car, appellant began driving again. Appellant drifted toward oncoming traffic
occasionally as he drove toward Hutto, about nine miles west of Taylor. Although the pursuit
was at times within the speed limit, the police at other times had to accelerate to around ninety miles
per hour to attempt to keep pace.
In Hutto, appellant had three confrontations with a growing number of peace officers
that reached nearly twenty, with officers from Williamson County, Hutto, and the Department of
Public Safety joining the Taylor police. At one point, appellant drove down railroad tracks and
the officers momentarily lost contact with him. The first encounter occurred at an automotive
shop where appellant parked between two other vehicles with his vehicle’s lights and motor off.
Uniformed peace officers laid down spike strips, ordered appellant to raise his hands and get out of
his vehicle, and approached the car from the front and the rear. When officers broke a window in
the Expedition in order to extract appellant, he drove away rapidly, narrowly missing an officer
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who was near the front of the Expedition. Officers fired four shots at appellant, and the spike strips
pierced his tires, which began to deflate.
The pursuit then led into a residential neighborhood where peace officers tried to
barricade the streets. Slowing because of the flat tires, appellant went around the barricading police
cars through front yards while officers shot at the vehicle. Appellant drove straight at DPS Trooper
Cody Pahl as he stepped out of his vehicle. Pahl ordered appellant to stop—to no avail—then fired
several shots at him. The Expedition eventually had thirty-two bullet holes.
The pursuit ended when appellant stopped in the parking lot of the Hutto High School
stadium where a soccer game was being played. Police pulled appellant out of his vehicle and
handcuffed him. Suffering from bullet wounds to his face, arm, hand, and knee, appellant was taken
by emergency medical services workers to a hospital.
An EMS worker testified that he noticed the smell of alcohol on appellant’s
breath during the trip to the hospital. A test of a appellant’s blood sample taken in the emergency
room showed that his blood-alcohol concentration was between .244 and .296 grams per
100 milliliters—at least three times the legal limit of .08. Appellant’s vehicle contained a twelve-
pack of beer with only two beers remaining. Appellant was charged with evading arrest, DWI, and
aggravated assault on a public servant.
The trial court did not permit the jury to hear testimony from appellant’s expert, a
former Hutto police chief who would have testified that officers deviated from standard procedures
and used excessive force during the confrontations. The trial court denied appellant’s requested
instructions concerning necessity, self-defense, blood testing, and the jury’s duty to disregard any
evidence it finds was obtained illegally. In addition to appellant’s guilty plea regarding the evading
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arrest or detention count, the jury convicted appellant of DWI and aggravated assault on a public
servant and found that he used or exhibited a deadly weapon in the commission of all three offenses.
DISCUSSION
Appellant contends that the trial court erred by excluding his expert witness’s
testimony, denying his motion to suppress evidence, and denying his requested instructions. He also
argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to support the jury’s determination that he knowingly
and intentionally threatened the DPS trooper.
Did the trial court abuse its discretion by excluding appellant’s expert witness?
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude expert testimony for an
abuse of discretion. Sexton v. State, 93 S.W.3d 96, 99 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We will uphold a
trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of an expert witness’s testimony as long as it falls “within
the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Id. We review the trial court’s ruling on the relevancy for
an abuse of discretion. See Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)
(op. on reh’g).
The trial court sustained the State’s objection to the proposed testimony of
Harold Thomas, who was the police chief at Hutto when appellant was arrested but no longer
was not at the time of trial. The State objected that Thomas’s testimony regarding whether the peace
officers acted properly was a legal conclusion improper for an expert and, further, that testimony
about police behavior was irrelevant to appellant’s guilt or innocence. Appellant made a bill of
exception of Thomas’s testimony. Thomas said that he reviewed the video recordings from Hutto
police cars and spoke with Hutto officers at a group meeting about the incident. He concluded that
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the frontal assault (by non-Hutto officers) on appellant’s vehicle at the auto shop was not the
customary approach in that situation. He also opined that officers were not justified in shooting at
appellant when he drove away from the auto shop or when he evaded them in the neighborhood. On
cross-examination during the making of the bill, Thomas said that he did not see any video from
non-Hutto officers or speak to other departments’ officers, including Trooper Pahl. He did not
see any video of appellant’s encounter with Pahl in the neighborhood. After hearing the proposed
testimony, the trial court stood by its ruling, which was that the officers did not use deadly force until
deadly force was used against them. See Tex. Penal Code § 9.51. The court did not allow Thomas
to testify before the jury.
Evidence is relevant if it has any tendency to make the existence of any fact that
is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it would be
without the evidence. Tex. R. Evid. 401. Experts may testify if their opinion will assist the trier
of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue. Id. R. 702. Appellant contends
that Thomas’s testimony would have helped the jury answer “whether the officer was lawfully
discharging an official duty” when appellant threatened him—language that is part of the charge on
the aggravated assault count.1
1
Appellant does not argue for relevance to the count of evading arrest, to which he had
pleaded guilty before trial, or the DWI count. The charge on aggravated assault provided in part as
follows:
Now bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you believe from the evidence
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant, Sergio Martinez Ramos, on or
about February 8, 2011 in Williamson County, Texas, intentionally or knowingly
threatened Cody Pahl, a person the defendant knew was a public servant while the
public servant was lawfully discharging an official duty, or in retaliation or on
account of an exercise of official power of performance of an official duty as a public
5
Thomas’s proffered testimony expressly did not bear on whether Trooper Pahl was
lawfully discharging an official duty. Testimony about the frontal approach on appellant’s vehicle
at the auto shop—which Thomas described as not “customary” rather than not “lawful”—as well as
the shooting there was irrelevant to Trooper Pahl because he was not part of those activities, nor did
appellant assault him there. Thomas agreed with appellant’s trial counsel that “the officers” were
not justified in shooting in the neighborhood and that they used unnecessary deadly force, but also
agreed with the prosecutor that he never met or spoke with Trooper Pahl about what he saw or heard
during his encounter with appellant. Thomas said he based his opinion on the video he saw, none
of which showed that encounter. We conclude that, because Thomas’s opinion regarding the
justification for the use of force was not based on any information regarding Trooper Pahl’s
encounter with appellant, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding the testimony
as irrelevant to whether Trooper Pahl was lawfully discharging an official duty when appellant
drove at him.
Did the trial court err by denying appellant’s motion to suppress evidence?
Appellant contends that the trial court erred by refusing to suppress evidence that he
contends was obtained in violation of the state and federal constitutions through the use of excessive
force in his capture and arrest. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.23; see also U.S. Const. amends.
servant, with imminent bodily injury and used or exhibited a deadly weapon, namely,
a motor vehicle, during the commission of the assault, then you will find the
defendant guilty of the offense of Aggravated Assault on a Public Servant, as alleged
in the indictment, and so say by your verdict.
(Emphasis added.)
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IV, V, VI, XIV; Tex. Const. art. I, § 9. He contends that the trial court should have suppressed all
evidence gathered after officers shot at him in the auto shop parking area.2
We review a trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress under a bifurcated
standard of review. Valtierra v. State, 310 S.W.3d 442, 447 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). We review
the trial court’s factual findings for an abuse of discretion, but review the trial court’s application
of law to the facts de novo. Id. at 447-48. When, as here, the trial court does not issue findings of
fact, findings that support the trial court’s ruling are implied if the evidence, viewed in a light
most favorable to the ruling, supports those findings. See State v. Kelly, 204 S.W.3d 808, 818-19
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We give almost total deference to the trial court’s implied findings,
especially those based on an evaluation of witness credibility and demeanor. Valtierra, 310 S.W.3d
at 447-48. We will sustain the trial court’s ruling if it is reasonably supported by the record and is
correct on any theory of law applicable to the case. Id. at 448.
Implicit in the trial court’s denial of the motion to suppress is a finding that the
officers were justified in using deadly force against appellant. A peace officer is justified in using
force when and to the degree the officer believes that the force is necessary to make or assist the
making of an arrest and, before using force, the officer manifests his purpose to arrest and identifies
himself as a peace officer. See Tex. Penal Code § 9.51(a). A peace officer may use deadly force
when and to the degree he reasonably believes that deadly force is necessary to make an arrest if
force is justified under subsection (a) and the officer reasonably believes either that the conduct for
which arrest is authorized included the use or attempted use of deadly force so that there is a
2
Appellant’s First Amended Motion to Suppress relied on other grounds as well, but he does
not reiterate those bases on appeal.
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substantial risk that the person to be arrested will cause death or serious bodily injury if the arrest
is delayed. See id. § 9.51(c).
The Supreme Court of the United States recently held that police officers may use
deadly force to attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car chase that threatens the lives of
innocent bystanders without violating the Fourth Amendment. Plumhoff v. Rickard, No. 12-1117,
slip op. at 9, 572 U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. Ct. 2012, ___ (2014). The Supreme Court also held that, if
police are justified in shooting at a person to end a chase that is a severe threat to public safety, they
need not stop shooting until the threat has ended. Id. at 11. In that case, police chased the defendant
for over five minutes at speeds exceeding 100 miles per hour. He passed more than two dozen
vehicles, forcing them to alter their course. He hit a police car and came temporarily to a near
standstill briefly, but resumed maneuvering the vehicle, after which police shot at him fifteen times.
The Court found that the shooting was reasonable because the defendant posed a threat to innocent
bystanders and did not abandon his attempts to flee after the first or second fusillade. Id. at 11.
Appellant drew the attention of fellow drivers outside of Taylor when he veered
from off the road into oncoming traffic and back again. He disregarded clear signals to stop in
Taylor and blatantly attempted to escape from officers. Between Taylor and Hutto he sped away at
over ninety miles per hour and occasionally drifted toward oncoming traffic. In Hutto, he continued
to disregard signals to stop—including a police car blocking his path—and evaded officers by
driving down railroad tracks and hiding among other parked cars at an auto shop. When officers
found him parked, they repeatedly identified themselves and instructed him to surrender, but as
uniformed officers approached from both front and rear and broke his window, appellant instead
suddenly accelerated forward toward an officer who, as he avoided being hit, fired three shots.
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This record contains sufficient evidence to support an implied finding that the officers
reasonably believed that deadly force was necessary to make the arrest and that there was a
substantial risk that appellant would cause death or serious bodily injury if his arrest was delayed.
He showed disregard for the law, general traffic safety, and specific directives to stop, endangering
the lives of himself, peace officers, and other motorists and passersby along the way. Sufficient
evidence also supports an implicit finding that the officers had reasonable suspicion to stop him
for suspicion of driving while intoxicated and then evading arrest. The record provides sufficient
evidence to support the implicit conclusion that appellant did not demonstrate a violation of his
constitutional rights. See Plumhoff, 572 U.S. at ___. Appellant has not shown that the trial court
erred in denying his motion to suppress evidence gathered after he fled the auto shop.
Did the trial court err in excluding appellant’s requested jury charges?
We review a claim of jury-charge error using the procedure set out in Almanza
v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g). We first determine whether
there is error in the charge. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). The
trial court must provide the jury with “a written charge distinctly setting forth the law applicable to
the case.” Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 36.14. Where a defensive issue is raised by the evidence,
a defendant is entitled to an affirmative instruction in the jury charge, regardless of the strength,
weakness, or credibility of the evidence. Hamel v. State, 916 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996). If the court erred in giving its charge and appellant objected to the error at trial, reversal
is required if the error causes some harm to appellant’s rights. See Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171.
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Appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying his requests for instructions on necessity,
self-defense, the handling of his blood sample, and illegally-obtained evidence.
Necessity. Appellant requested an instruction that his conduct in committing the
aggravated assault against Trooper Pahl was necessary. See Tex. Penal Code § 9.22.3 Necessity is
a confession-and-avoidance defense that requires the defendant to admit the elements of the charged
offense—including the culpable mental state—while claiming the otherwise illegal action was
justified. See Juarez v. State, 308 S.W.3d 398, 399 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Appellant did not
at trial admit the culpable mental state for aggravated assault. See Tex. Penal Code §§ 22.01, .02
(requiring intentional or knowing actions). In fact, he argues on appeal that the evidence was
insufficient to prove that he intentionally and knowingly threatened Trooper Pahl. The trial court
did not err by denying appellant’s requested necessity instruction.
Self-defense. Appellant requested an instruction that would have allowed the
jury to decide whether he was justified in defending himself with deadly force from Trooper Pahl
and others. A person is justified in using force against another when and to the degree the actor
reasonably believes the force is immediately necessary to protect the actor against the other’s use or
attempted use of unlawful force. Id. § 9.31(a). The use of force is not justified to resist an arrest that
the actor knows is being made by a peace officer even if the arrest is unlawful, id. 9.31(b), unless
before the actor offers any resistance, the peace officer uses or attempts to use greater force
3
Otherwise illegal conduct is justified if (1) the actor reasonably believes the conduct is
immediately necessary to avoid imminent harm, (2) the desirability and urgency of avoiding the harm
clearly outweigh, according to ordinary standards of reasonableness, the harm sought to be prevented
by the law making his conduct otherwise illegal, and (3) there is no plainly apparent legislative
purpose to exclude the justification claimed for the conduct. Tex. Penal Code § 9.22.
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than necessary to make the arrest. Id. § 9.31(c). Deadly force is not justified unless immediately
necessary to protect the actor against another’s use or attempted use of unlawful deadly force. See id.
§ 9.32(a).
Appellant’s argument ignores the undisputed evidence that he escalated from the
pursuit to deadly force first. Peace officers did not use any force as appellant led them from Taylor
to Hutto even though appellant had made fellow motorists feel endangered. Appellant chose to park
at the auto shop. Officers then arrived at the shop in clearly marked law enforcement vehicles and
with overhead lights activated. They were in uniform and, as they approached appellant’s vehicle
they clearly, loudly, and repeatedly instructed him to keep his hands visible and to get out of his car.
Appellant stayed in his vehicle. Officers approached his vehicle from the back and front, including
Taylor Police Sergeant Roy Jordan who put a spike strip in front of appellant’s vehicle. Video
showed that appellant then abruptly accelerated his vehicle, making contact with Sergeant Jordan,
who pushed himself away from appellant’s front right fender and fired his weapon as appellant’s
vehicle screeched away. Appellant encountered Trooper Pahl minutes later as the pursuit continued.
The only evidence shows that appellant was not justified in resisting arrest or detention and used
deadly force against a peace officer before they shot at him and before he encountered Trooper Pahl.
No evidence supported giving appellant’s requested instruction on self-defense.
Handling of appellant’s blood sample. Appellant requested that the trial court instruct
the jurors that, before considering blood-test results, they must find beyond a reasonable doubt that
the blood sample was taken from appellant, that proper procedure for drawing the blood was used,
that the blood was tested in accordance with Department of Public Safety regulations, and that
the blood tested was the blood drawn. The proposed instruction listed actions that constituted proper
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procedure and stated that if jurors had reasonable doubt about whether the blood draw complied
with all of the requirements, they could not consider the results of the blood test for any purpose.
Appellant argued that the instruction was needed because the hospital personnel called to testify did
not recall drawing blood from appellant and could only testify about hospital policies.
While appellant has criticized the reliability of the blood sample taken and tested by
hospital employees, he has not demonstrated error in the trial court’s refusal to give his requested
instruction. Generally, if a proposed instruction is not derived from the penal code, it is not law
applicable to the case, and may instead be an impermissible comment on the weight of the evidence.
Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 651 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); see also Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
art. 36.14. If a defensive theory is not explicitly listed in the penal code—if it merely negates an
element in the State’s case, rather than independently justifying or excusing the conduct—the
trial judge should not instruct the jury on it. Walters v. State, 247 S.W.3d 204, 209 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007). Appellant has not demonstrated that the blood-draw protocol is law applicable to the case
under article 36.14, and thus has not demonstrated error in its exclusion from the jury charge. Once
the blood sample was admitted into evidence, this is an argument that goes to the persuasive weight
the jury should give to the sample and test result.
Illegally-obtained evidence. Appellant requested an instruction under Code of
Criminal Procedure article 38.23 regarding evidence obtained after the confrontation at the auto
shop. He requested an instruction that—unless the jury found beyond a reasonable doubt (1) that
Trooper Pahl and other law enforcement officers did not engage in unlawful conduct including the
use of excessive force or the unlawful use of deadly force, and (2) that Trooper Pahl had probable
cause to believe that appellant was committing a felony in his presence—the jury must disregard
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testimony from any law enforcement officer who participated in the arrest of appellant concerning
his identity, his blood-test results, his driving in the neighborhood, and his driving with respect to
Trooper Pahl.
A defendant is entitled to an instruction regarding whether evidence was obtained
legally under the following conditions: (1) The evidence heard by the jury must raise an issue of
fact; (2) the evidence on that fact must be affirmatively contested; and (3) that contested factual issue
must be material to the lawfulness of the challenged conduct in obtaining the evidence. Madden
v. State, 242 S.W.3d 504, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Appellant contends that there is a contested
fact issue regarding the peace officers’ use of excessive force in arresting appellant. He points to the
facts that he never brandished a weapon during the entire pursuit, yet police shot his car thirty-two
times and hit him several times.
Based on the evidence set out above in our discussion of the denial of the motion to
suppress, we conclude that there was not a contested factual issue for the jury to resolve regarding
the legality and constitutionality of police behavior leading to appellant’s arrest and the subsequent
gathering of evidence. Further, even if the trial court erred by failing to submit this issue to the jury,
our review of the record persuades us that any such error was harmless under either standard of error.
See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2. Our conclusion is supported by the jury’s findings that appellant used his
motor vehicle as a deadly weapon in evading arrest, driving while intoxicated, and aggravated
assault. Under the penal code, this use of a deadly weapon in resisting arrest justified the peace
officers’ use of deadly force in response. See Tex. Penal Code § 9.51.
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Was the evidence insufficient to show that appellant intentionally and knowingly threatened
Trooper Pahl?
When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate court must
view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational
trier of fact could have found each essential element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 320 (1979); Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010). The reviewing court must defer to the jury’s determination of weight and
credibility of the witnesses’ testimony. Id. We review all evidence in the record, both direct and
circumstantial, without regard to whether it was properly admitted. Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192,
197 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). Circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt.
Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).
Appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to show that he had the
requisite mental state to commit the aggravated assault on Trooper Pahl.4 A person commits an
assault if he intentionally or knowingly threatens another with imminent bodily injury. Tex. Penal
Code § 22.01. A person commits an aggravated assault if he uses or exhibits a deadly weapon
during the commission of the assault. Id. § 22.02. Appellant contends that his conduct was at most
reckless, not intentional or knowing.5 He argues that the entire chase shows his desire to avoid
4
Appellant does not challenge the sufficiency of evidence to support other elements of the
offense like the findings that the Expedition was used as a deadly weapon and that appellant knew
that Trooper Pahl was a public servant.
5
To convict appellant of aggravated assault, the jury must have found his actions were
intentional or knowing, not merely reckless or any lesser mental state. The penal code defines these
mental states as follows:
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police, not hit them. When confronted with roadblocks, he repeatedly went around them. He notes
that several shots had been fired at him. In the neighborhood, he hit then-Hutto Police Officer
Chris Nall’s vehicle rather than Officer Nall himself. When appellant encountered Trooper Pahl,
his Expedition’s tires were deflated and he appeared to Officer Nall to be traveling at most five miles
per hour and had trouble controlling the vehicle. But Nall also testified that appellant maneuvered
around barricading vehicles and through yards where several officers were standing and back to the
street. Trooper Pahl’s car was parked beyond the barricading vehicles, and he was standing on the
road. Pahl testified that appellant accelerated and drove directly toward him. Fearing for his life,
Pahl pulled his service weapon and pointed it at appellant, who continued to drive, “roaring” the
Expedition’s engine “higher and higher.” Appellant hit the car Pahl had arrived in and been standing
by as appellant approached. Pahl shot appellant as he passed. Pahl testified that appellant was trying
to hit him and, had Pahl not run behind his car, appellant would have crushed him. Trooper Brad
(a) A person acts intentionally, or with intent, with respect to the nature of his
conduct or to a result of his conduct when it is his conscious objective or desire to
engage in the conduct or cause the result.
(b) A person acts knowingly, or with knowledge, with respect to the nature of his
conduct or to circumstances surrounding his conduct when he is aware of the nature
of his conduct or that the circumstances exist. A person acts knowingly, or with
knowledge, with respect to a result of his conduct when he is aware that his conduct
is reasonably certain to cause the result.
(c) A person acts recklessly, or is reckless, with respect to circumstances surrounding
his conduct or the result of his conduct when he is aware of but consciously
disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the circumstances exist or the
result will occur. The risk must be of such a nature and degree that its disregard
constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person would
exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the actor’s standpoint.
Tex. Penal Code § 6.03.
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Gibson testified that he saw appellant drive in Pahl’s direction. Although appellant was only driving
five miles per hour, Gibson felt that Pahl’s life was in danger.
The evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s finding that appellant acted
intentionally or knowingly when driving toward Trooper Pahl. Although appellant’s capabilities
may have been reduced by his intoxication, the shots fired, and the spike strips, he retained the
ability to maneuver through the neighborhood streets and avoid a barricade by driving through yards.
A rational jury could find that, when he then drove his Expedition straight toward Trooper Pahl,
appellant intentionally or knowingly threatened Trooper Pahl with imminent bodily injury.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of conviction.
Jeff Rose, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Pemberton and Rose
Affirmed
Filed: June 26, 2014
Do Not Publish
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