Stevens v. Crosby , 1914 Tex. App. LEXIS 636 ( 1914 )

HIGGINS, J.

Appellees brought this suit in trespass to try title to recover survey No. 144 on the north bank of the Rio Viejo, in El Paso county, patented to Juan and Jacinto Ascarate on September 14, 1886, described in-first amended original petition as follows: “Beginning at a cottonwood post on the bank of the Rio Viejo, south 545 varas from the northeast corner of the G. M. Collingsworth survey No. 14; thence down the north bank of the said Rio Viejo following its meanders, as follows: North 73° east 180 varas; south 83° east 353 varas; thence south 23° east 332 varas; thence south 22° west 92 varas; thence south 1° west 126 varas; thence south 24° east 166 varas; thence south 41° east 138 varas; thence south 43%° east 74 varas; thence south 76° east 185 varas; thence south 64%° east 490 varas to a stake set in the present county road; thence south 62° 4V east 584.2 varas; thence south 67° 31' east 270 varas to a stake set on the G. H. & S. A. Ry. right of way; thence,” etc.

The foregoing portion of field notes is quoted in view of the filing of a trial amendment to the petition to which attention is hereafter directed.

The land was surveyed and patented by virtue of an act of confirmation of the Legislature approved February 11, 1858. 4 Gammel’s Laws, p. 1027. This act relin■quishes the right of the state in several tracts of land to various claimants, including Juan and Jacinto Ascarate, to whom three leagues were relinquished called “El Rancho de As-carate.” The lands were not specifically described, and the act further provided that the lands should be surveyed, platted, and patents issued in accordance with existing laws. In accordance with this act, the land was surveyed by one Randolph in 1886, and, as stated above, patented September 14, 1886.

By an act approved January 31, 1854 (4 -Gammers Laws, 42), two leagues of land were granted to the inhabitants of the town of Ysleta, “commencing at the northwest [should be southwest] corner of the town tract of Ysleta on the Rio Grande-; thence up said river with its meanders to the point where the Rio Grande and the Rio Viejo separate; thence down the east bank of the Rio Viejo to the southwest corner of survey number twelve, - located in the name of T. I-I. Dugan, etc.” Some time prior to the grants to the Ascarates and inhabitants of Ysleta, the Rio Grande had changed its course, and the term “Rio Viejo” is a Spanish one meaning “Old river.” The Ascarate grant is situate north and northwest of the Ysleta grant. It will be noted that the north line of the western portion of the Ysleta grant is the east (it would more properly be termed north) bank of the Rio Viejo. The south line of the Ascarate is likewise the east (more properly north) bank of the Rio Viejo, and Randolph, when he surveyed the grant, undertook to locate and describe the meanders of the Old river by course and distance.

The defendants in the cause, appellants here, disclaimed as to all of the land sued for, except a certain parcel, which they described by metes and bounds, and claimed under chain of title emanating from Ysleta as a part of the grant to its inhabitants aforesaid. The parties entered into a stipulation by which it was agreed that as to the premises involved, and which, in fact, were situate within the boundaries of the Ascarate grant, claimed by plaintiffs, that the record title was in plaintiffs, and, if shown, in fact, to be situate within the limits of the Ysleta grant, that the record title-was in defendants.

[1] The south line of the. Ascarate grant, as described by course and distance in the survey and patent, embraces the land claimed by appellants as a part of the Ysleta grant. It is patent from the foregoing statement that the east or north bank of the Rio Viejo is the dividing’ line between the Ascarate and Ysleta grants eastward or downward from the junction of the New and Old rivers, and, in case of conflict between the course and distance calls in the south line of the Ascarate patent and the Rio Viejo, the latter will prevail, and that the Ysleta grant would take precedence over the Ascarate to-the extent of the conflict. As to this phase-of the ease, the suit thus resolves itself into one of boundary; the issue being as to the-true locátion of the Rio Viejo downward from its junction with the new river at the-date of the Ysleta grant in 1854. The foregoing statement will not adequately and fully portray the location of the lands in controversy and the two original grants, but It could not be done completely without incumbering the record with maps. It is deemed sufficient, however, for the purposes of this opinion.

The Ascarate grant, as sued for and described in the petition, followed the description given in the patent, and which, as stated, was based upon Randolph’s survey in-1886. By a trial amendment appellees changed the calls for course and distance of the south line of the Ascarate, so as to circumscribe and lessen the area of land claimed1 in the southern portion of the grant, and’ disclaimed as to the land south of the line-fixed by the trial amendment. This amendment reads: “That said plaintiffs so amend their first amended original petition so that the calls beginning at the point 545 varas south of the northeast corner of the Collings-worth survey No. 14, shall read as follows, to wit: N. 73 deg. B. 180 varas, S. 83 deg. E. 453 varas, S. 23 deg. E. 332 varas, S. 22 deg. W. 94 varas, S. 1 deg. W. 65 varas, N. 60 deg. 30' E. 214.5 varas; thence S. 76 deg. E. 185 varas, thence S. 64 deg. 30' E. 490 varas crossing the railroad, S. 12 deg. W. 104 varas, S. 71 deg. E. 140 varas, S. 25 deg. E. 120 varas, S. 33 deg. 30' E. 53 varas; thence S. 55 deg. E. 540 varas, S. 67 deg. E. 270 varas, from which said 270-vara call the line follows as in the ‘first amended original petition.’ That said plaintiffs further represent that, by reason of an erroneous survey of said line comprising the south boundary line of the Ascarate grant near the beginning point thereof, as above shown, the plaintiffs believed that the land lying south of said line and survey above set forth was not within the boundaries of the Ascarate grant, and have filed in other causes involving the title to said grant pleadings setting forth the said line above described as the south boundary line of the Ascarate grant and the north bank of the Old river; that, by reason of the fact that said land lying between the said boundary line set forth above and the more recent surveys made by R. J. Owen, J. W. Eubank, county surveyor, and Deputy County Surveyor E. E. Baker, correcting the former survey as shown by the above line, the said plaintiffs inserted in their said first amended original petition the field notes of such corrected survey; and plaintiffs further aver that they hereby disclaim for the purpose of this suit only any title, ownership, or possession of the land and premises lying south of the boundary line hereinbefore set forth and shown by the foregoing field notes, and between same and the lines as recently run by the surveyors aforesaid, and they further re-, serve all rights which were available to them under their former pleadings in this cause, except their claim of and to the property hereinbefore described and situated south of the field notes hereinbefore set forth and the line as run by said recent surveys; • but plaintiffs hereby reserve their right to show by the testimony heretofore introduced and by the testimony that may be introduced in the trial of this cause the true boundary line of the said Ascarate grant, and also the true boundary line of the Ysleta grant No. 2, as the same was run by the original surveys of the said grants upon which patents were issued and have been introduced in evidence; and plaintiffs further represent that this trial amendment, is filed for the purposes of this suit only, and that said plaintiffs reserve all their rights in any other suits that are pending or may be brought by the plaintiffs in reference to the said grant made to Juan and Jacinto Ascarate, and in reference to the ownership of plaintiffs thereof, or as to any suits pending or that may be filed against the plaintiffs herein involving the title to said Ascarate grant. Wherefore the said plaintiffs pray judgment of the court decreeing them title to and possession of all the land and premises described in plaintiffs’ first amended original petition filed in this cause on the 20th day of March, 1913, except as to the land and premises shown by the above amendment and disclaimer, and lying southerly of the field notes hereinbefore set forth.”

The effect of the change in the course and distance calls is to lessen the conflict between the land originally claimed by appellees, and that of appellants, as the line fixed by the amendment was north of the south line as originally described by course and distance.

[2] The first four assignments question the sufficiency of the evidence, appellants’ contention being:

Eirst: “That the plaintiffs did not prove that the north line of the Rio Viejo extended along the line alleged by them, and consequently the verdict and judgment are contrary to, and not supported by, the evidence, and should have been for the defendants.”

Second: “That the evidence clearly shows that the north bank of the Rio Viejo extended along the north line of tract claimed by defendants, and consequently the verdict and judgment should have been in their favor.”

There is a mass of evidence in the record bearing upon the question at issue, viz., the location of the Rio Viejo in 1854 from its junction with the present bed of the Rio Grande, downward towards the mouth of the river. This evidence, for the most part, consists of numerous maps and testimony of various surveyors, detailing the result of their efforts to locate the true course of the Rio Viejo. To incumber the record with these maps and extended statement of the testimony of the various witnesses would be profitless. We will therefore confine ourselves to a brief statement of the salient features of the evidence regarded as supporting the verdict. An item of controlling importance is to first locate the junction of the Rio Viejo and present Rio Grande, and light is shed upon this question by deed from town of Ysleta to J. W. Tays, dated August 9, 1873, of a 600-acre tract of land described as “Beginning at a point on the Old river, set for the N. W. corner of lot No. 208 in the new division; thence N. 54° W. 720 varas; thence S. 15° E. 270 varas; thence S. 32° W. 200 varas; thence S. 64° W. 170 varas; thence ¡3. 84° W. 160 varas; thénee S. 62° W. 1,110 varas; thence S. 81° W. 240 varas to the jwnetion of Old, and New river; thence down the river S. 14° E. 300 varas,” etc. At the end of the first call is a stone admitted to be in the bed of the Rio Viejo. W. J. Tays, it seems, was the official surveyor of the town of Ysleta, and a map made by him fixes the junction at the point contended for by appellees. This deed and map is sufficient to support a finding that the junction of the two riyer beds was at the point contended for by appellees, instead of further westward and northward, as appellants contend.

As stated above, there is a stone at end of the first (N. 54° W. 720 varas) call in the Tays deed, and it is admitted that this is in the bed of the Rio Yiejo; so, if it be that the course of the Rio Viejo from the Tays junction downward to this stone be such as to lie southward and eastward of the land in controversy, then necessarily it was situate in the Asearate grant and not in the Ysleta. That it did so run is established: (a) By the Tays map aforesaid, upon which the course of the Rio Yiejo is delineated as lying so as to embrace the controverted premises within the Asearate grant, (b) By the testimony of Benigno Alderete, who, upon being shown the Tays map and his attention called to the Old river indicated thereon, was ashed to state what it indicated and if he was familiar with the line of the Old river, stated: “Yes, I believe it is the Old river.” He was then asked whether the Old river shown on the map represented the river he referred to when he was a boy and saw water in it and stated: “I believe it is.” (c) By the testimony of the surveyor, Owen, according to whose testimony the Rio Viejo, as he identified same by appearances and indications upon the ground, lay to the southward of the line described by course and distance in the trial amendment as the south line of the Asearate grant, and south and east of the land claimed and recovered by appellees.

[3] This court cannot lawfully, and will not, disregard the finding of the jury that the controverted premises were situate in the Asearate grant, in the face of the evidence quoted. The vagrant, wandering nature of the Rio Grande river is well known, and the testimony in the record indicated many old river beds in this vicinity, and.after this great lapse of time it is, of necessity, difficult, if not impossible, to definitely locate the course of the Rio Grande in 1854 between the Asearate and Ysleta grants.

The jury heard all of the evidence, and, while they might not have been able to accurately determine the precise course of the Rio Viejo, yet by their verdict they necessarily found that the land lay to the northward and westward of the Rio Viejo, which would place it within the limits of the As-carate, and without the Ysleta. Their finding is supported by the evidence indicated, and it will not be disturbed.

[4] What has just been said applies also to another position taken by, appellants. It is embraced within their contention first above quoted, and, reduced to its last analysis, it is that there was a failure of proof upon appellees’ part, in thát it is not shown that the course of the Rio Viejo was along the calls for course and distance given in their pleading. This is regarded as- being without merit. The location of the Rio Viejo by course and distance is of no special or practical importance in determining the issues here presented. The controlling issue is the location of the Rio Viejo with reference to the land in controversy, and not with reference to the calls for course and distance. The location of the Rio Viejo would control the course and distance calls, and, if it lay south and east of the premises claimed by appellants, it placed same in the Asearate grant, and it is immaterial whether or not its course corresponded with the course and distance which it is alleged to follow. It involves no question of variance or failure of proof as to the controlling issue in the case. The issue is not the location of the Rio Viejo by course and distance, but as regards the lands sued for. The issue was proven in favor of plaintiffs, when it was shown that it lay south and east of the land in controversy. Bank v. Webb, 128 S. W. 426; Smith v. Olsen, 92 Tex. 181, 46 S. W. 631, at second column page 633; Hanaford v. Morton, 22 Tex. Civ. App. 587, 55 S. W. 987, nt second column page 988; Clark v. Hills, 67 Tex. 141, 148, 2 S. W. 356; Brown v. McDougal, 63 Tex. 193, 196; Duff v. Moore, 68 Tex. 270, 4 S. W. 530, 531.

[5] Those cases cited by appellants, in which it is broadly stated that the boundary lines proven must correspond with the description contained in the petition, are inapplicable to the state of facts here presented. While the allegations and proof must correspond, yet the substance of the allegations only need be proven. What is said above disposes of the questions presented by the first four assignments.

Under the views just expressed,»the court did not err in refusing defendant’s special charge No. 2, reading: “You will not consider in this ease the statement made in the deed introduced in evidence from the town of Ysleta to J. W. Tays that the point at the south or southwest end of the call in same, extending S. 81° W. 240 varas from the west end of the 1,110 varas call was the junction of the Old river and the Rio Grande” — and special charge No. 3, reading: “You are charged that in the year 1854, when the Ysleta grant was confirmed, the west end of the Ysleta grant or place where the Rio Viejo separated from the Rio Grande was (and now is for the purposes of this case) more than one-third mile west of the west end of the land that is claimed by the defendants in this case and called in the evidence the Harris tract” — the refusal of which is made the basis of the fifth and sixth assignments.

[6] Since appellants hold under the town of Ysleta, the statement in its deed to Tays with reference to the point of junction of the Old and New rivers was admissible.

[7] As stated above, the trial amendment did not preclude appellees from showing that the Rio Viejo lay to the south and east of land covered by the disclaimer; that the point in issue in this case is whether the land in controversy lies in the Ascarate or Ysleta grants, and this question is controlled by the location of the Rio Viejo on the ground.

The effect of appellants’ contention is that, if plaintiffs in a boundary suit sue for less land than they are lawfully entitled to recover, they would not be permitted to prove that the boundaries of their grant were more extensive and comprehensive than they had alleged. Manifestly such a position is not well taken. See authorities last above cited.

The fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth special charges, the refusal of which is made the basis of the seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth assignments, were likewise properly refused, for the reason that it was necessary only for plaintiffs to prove that the land claimed lay within the Ascarate grant, and this question was controlled absolutely by the location of the bank of the Rio Viejo; the trial amendment did not alter the fact that such location was the controlling feature in the case. -

[8] Special charge No. 9 which reads, ‘‘You are charged that the bank mentioned by the witnesses as being north of the stone, the beginning corner of the land described in defendants’ answer, was the north or northeast bank of the Rio Viejo in 1854, as shown by the evidence and the plaintiffs’ pleadings, and, if you believe the same bank extended from said place in a westerly direction with the north line of the land claimed by defendants in their answer, you will find for defendants for said land,” was properly refused, since the same bank found at defendants’ beginning corner might have extended along the entire length of the line claimed by them as their north boundary, and still not have marked the course of the Rio Viejo upward. The bank mentioned westward may have been simply the bank of-foothills, and not of the Old river. Furthermore, the issue raised by this charge was fully and admirably covered in appellants’ special charge No. 1 given by the court, and which reads: “You are charged that, if you believe from the evidence that in the year 1854, and prior to that time, the east bank or the northeast bank of the Rio Viejo was at the north line of the tract claimed by the defendants in this case, any change that may have occurred in the course of the Rio Grande after that time or after the time of its separation from the Rio Viejo would be entirely immaterial, and, if you believe that in 1854 the east bank or the northeast bank of the Rio Viejo was at the north or northeast line of the tract claimed by the' defendants in this case,. you will find that the record title to the land claimed by the defendants in this case was in the town of Ysleta at the time of its conveyance to Fruedenthal in the'year 1888,'and will find for the defendants for the land claimed in. their answer.”

[9] Special charges Nos. 10 and 11 were-properly refused; there being no evidence called to the attention of this court showing that any of the surveyors had arbitrarily left the bank of the Rio Viejo at defendants’ beginning corner and sought a bank at some other place, or that field notes and maps had" been made merely to support a theory, as was assumed in the charges. They violate the rule which forbids the court to comment-upon the evidence.

[10,11] The fourteenth assignment complains of the action of the court in peremptorily instructing against appellants upon the issue presented by their plea of the five-year statute of limitation; the fifteenth of the-refusal of a peremptory instruction in their favor upon this issue; the sixteenth of the refusal of a special instruction submitting the issue’to the jury.

The suit was filed July 6, 1909. Appellants, and those under whom they hold, have claimed the land in controversy, under deeds duly registered, paying taxes thereon when due, since May, 1889, when the deed from the town of Ysleta to appellants’ grantor, Fruedenthal, was recorded. The land is specifically described in the deeds by metes- and bounds.

Defendant Harris testified they had a tenant upon the land named Regalado who lived upon the same; that Regalado went there in 1889, and remained there until his death, 3 or 4 years ago. The trial was in 1913 which would fix his death in 1909 or 1910. According to this testimony, Regalado was upon the land continuously for 20 years, beginning 1889. According to the testimony of defendant Matthias, Regalado resided upon the-land as their tenant for about 19 years prior to the filing of the suit. Other -witnesses, testified to occupancy by Regalado as a tenant of appellants. The house occupied by him was situate on the land which lay between-the south line of the Ascarate grant, as described by course and distance in the first amended petition, and the line as described’ in the trial amendment, the title to which land was disclaimed by appellees in the trial amendment. The house was in a northerly direction from the junction of the Old and New rivers, as shown on the Tays map, and apparently upon land within the bounds of the Ascarate grant.

The fifteenth assignment may be disposed, of with the observation that an issue is raised as to the tenancy relationship- of Regala--do,- which alone would render improper a peremptory instruction in appellants’ favofi-upon issue of limitation.

: There is nothing in the record Called to-our attention to show that in 1889 the appel-lees or their grantors were in actual possession of any part of the Asearate grant, and the legal seisin which attached by virtue of their ownership was broken by the entry of Regalado, and appellants, by virtue of such entry, acquired constructive possession of all the land in the Asearate grant to the extent of the boundaries called for in their deeds. Cunningham v. Frandtzen, 26 Tex. 88; Evitts v. Roth, 61 Tex. 84; Cantagrel v. Von Lupin, 58 Tex. 570; Wood on Limitations, § 259. Such actual possession of part, with resulting constructive possession to limits of the boundaries contained in their deed, continued undisturbed until the entry of one Calsadillas, who settled upon northwest corner of land in controversy about 1895 or 1896. His' original entry was tor-tious, apparently without any claim and as a naked trespasser; but about 1898 or 1899 he attorned to the Ascarates. From the date the occupancy of Calsadillas as a tenant of the Ascarates begun, the constructive possession of appellants, by virtue of occupancy of Regalado, was broken, and their seisin was limited to the- part of which Regalado had pedal possession. Parker v. Baines, 65 Tex. 605; Evitts v. Roth, supra. There is nothing in the testimony of the various witnesses quoted by appellees to show any disseisin of appellants’ constructive possession prior to 1898 or 1899.

The testimony of Villareal is almost wholly unintelligible. It gives no accurate idea as regards dates or the location of the land, which he refers to as being in Babbitt’s possession and use. Rogers did not go there until 1907. One Armenia testifies regarding some land he went upon in 1897 and cultivated, but it is not located so that this court can identify it, and further he entered as a trespasser, and there is no pretense of a tenancy under appellees until two years later. Thus it is seen that, from 1889 until 1899, appellants, according to their evidence, were in actual possession by tenant of certain land included within the boundaries of their deeds, and, by virtue thereof, had constructive possession of the whole for a period of more than five years, and had the right to have the issue of limitations under the five-year statute submitted to the jury.

We gather from appellees’ counter proposition, argument, and authorities cited that they rely upon the principle with reference to constructive possession recognized and applied in Turner v. Moore, 81 Tex. 206, 16 S. W. 929; Cook v. Lister, 15 Tex. Civ. App. 31, 38 S. W. 380; Beaumont Pasture Co. v. Polk, 55 S. W. 614; Payton v. Caplin, 24 Tex. Civ. App. 364, 59 S. W. 624; Hess v. Webb, 113 S. W. 618; Blaske v. Settegast, 123 S. W. 220; Lowry v. McDaniel, 124 S. W. 710; Mayhan v. McManus, 130 S. W. 881; and Noland v. Weems, 141 S. W. 1031.

' Had the premises upon which Regalado entered and of which he had actual possession been situate in the Ysleta grant, then, under the authorities cited, it is quite clear his constructive possession would not have extended beyond the limits of the Ysleta, and attached to lands in the Asearate owned by appellees; but apparently such is not the case with reference to the land upon which he actually entered. It is true It was upon land covered by the disclaimer contained in the trial amendment and south of the line there described, but, according to all of the evidence offered by appellees, locating the Rio Viejo so as to embrace within the Asearate the land for which they sued, the house and cultivated lands of Regalado were north of the Rio Viejo and its junction with the New river, which would place him upon the Asearate, and upon land in no wise conflicting with the Ysleta grant. His constructive possession of the premises in controversy was therefore dependent upon whether or not he was upon the Asearate grant, and apparently he was. If he was upon the Asearate, the rule would apply giving constructive possession to all of the land in the Asearate contained in boundaries of appellants’ deeds. He was in actual possession of a part of the Asearate covered by the deed of his landlords, and .the authorities cited by appellees do not support their contention that constructive possession did not extend to all of the land in that grant covered by the deed. ■ Upon the contrary, they expressly recognize its application under the facts here presented. The application of the rule could not be defeated by a mere disclaimer on part of appellees to the land, so in actual possession, and by them giving a course and distance description of the Asearate south line to the north of the true location of the Rio Viejo. The bank of the Rio Viejo was the dividing line between the grants from its junction with the New river; all land to the south of this bank was in the Ysleta grant; that to the north thereof was in the Asearate. Pleadings and disclaimers cannot alter this fact, nor can the rules with reference to constructive possession be thus evaded or defeated. Appellees will not be permitted to recover upon the question of boundary by fixing the Rio Viejo at one point so as to embrace in the Asearate the land for which they sue, and then defeat the application of a well-established rule relating to constructive possession by a disclaimer and description of an imaginary line, so as to apparently place the land in actual possession in another grant. In this connection it may be stated that no such subdivision of the As-carate is shown as would make applicable the rule contended for by appellees. As we understand their contention, it is that the rule applies because the constructive possession would not be permitted to extend to land in the Asearate by virtue of: actual possession in the'Ysleta.. This, it seems, is not the case presented by the facts in evidence, which con.trol the question, rather than the disclaimer ,and description of south line of the Ascarate contained in the trial amendment. The trial : court erred in withdrawing the issue of limi.tation from the Jury.

[12] The court did not err in permitting the witness Owen to testify with reference to the Tays map, as indicated in seventeenth as- ■ signment. The map had been offered in evidence by appellants, and, if it was incorrect, appellees could show that fact by the testi■mony of a surveyor familiar with the facts. The fact that it is a land office archive does •not affect the right to show it to be incorrect.

Considering the charge as a whole, and in ■connection with appellant’s special instruction No. 14, given by the court, we are not prepared to sustain the objection to the eighth paragraph of the general charge, but, upon retrial, suggest that the criticism made be obviated.

[13] Under the twentieth assignment it is urged that the court erred in giving a special instruction of plaintiffs, reading: “You are further instructed, gentlemen of the jury, upon request of the plaintiffs, that the initial :on-beginning, point in any held notes and :maps or surveys, as shown by the evidence introduced before you, are of no greater importance than any other corner or point purporting to be located by such field notes or maps, and you are further instructed that it is permissible and lawful, in making a.survey according to prior existing field notes, to reverse the calls and follow the footsteps of the original surveyor in their reverse order, • as it is to follow the footsteps of such original surveyor by beginning with the initial point and proceeding to survey out the various calls in the order in which such original surveyor made such survey on the ground." The propriety of giving this charge cannot be 'considered, aá' ño assignment of error relat-'.ingithereto was filed in the lower court. The '■question presented is not fundamental in its mature, and we .therefore decline to consider the assignment.

For the error indicated, with respect to the issue of limitation, the cause must be reversed and remanded. The majority of the court hold that the reversal should be a general one, and it is so ordered. The writer is of the opinion that the reversal should be a limited one; that it should be reversed and remanded for a new trial on the issue of limitation, only; and that the issue of boundary be not reopened and submitted. That .this is the proper order that should be entered, I think, is supported by the following authorities:. McConnell v. Wall, 67 Tex. 352, 5 S. W. 681 (see original opinion in 65 Tex. 397); Wells v. Littlefield, 62 Tex. 28 (original opinion in 59 Tex. 556); Telegraph Co. v. Hoffman, 80 Tex. 420, 15 S. W. 1048, 26 Am. St. Rep. 759; Schuster v. Bauman Jewelry Co., 79 Tex. 179, 15 S. W. 259, 23 Am. St. Rep. 327; Shirley v. Ry. Co., 78 Tex. 131, 10 S. W. 543; Id., 24 S. W. 809; Hanrick v. Hanrick, 81 S. W. 795; rule 62a for the Government of Courts of Civil Appeals (149 S. W. x). Nona Mills Co. v. Jackson, 159 S. W. 932; Benjamin v. Ry. Co., 49 Tex. Civ. App. 473, 108 S. W. 408; Marshall v. City of San Antonio, 63 S. W. 138.